In recent years，many types of gold deposits have been found in Wangjiaping-Shangnan area，Shaanxi Province.Due to the lack of detailed antomy of the typical deposits in the region，and insufficient understanding of the ore-controlling factors，occurrence regularity，and genesis of the regional gold deposits，the metallogenic regularity and propecting direction in the region are not clear，which restricts the propecting breakthrough in this area.On the basis of investigating the regional geological structure background，the geological characteristics，ore-controlling factors and ore-bearing laws of typical gold deposits in Wangjiaping-Shangnan area were systematically sorted out.Combined with the characteristics of fluid inclusions in typical gold deposits，the spatial distribution characteristics，metallogenic conditions and the occurrence and mineralization patterns of gold deposits（points）in the area were summarized.The results show that the gold deposits（points） in the area are controlled by the nearly EW-trending Shanyang-Fengzhen fault，Zhen’an Banyanzhen fault，or their secondary fault belts.They are developed in the interlayer faults of specific strata and controlled by dual factors of faults and strata，the gold deposits（spots）in the area are generally enriched in the nearly EW-trending zonal segmentation.The gold orebodies in different sections are controlled by different forms of faults and overall lenticular output.According to the metallogenic characteristics，ore-controlling factors and metallogenic regularity of the mining area，the prospecting prediction model of gold deposits in the area was established，and five prospecting target areas were predicted in combination with the distribution range of strata，structures and geochemical anomalies，which provides new ideas and new directions for the next step of ore exploration work in the area.

The tectonic position of the study area belongs to the junction of the southwest edge of the Yangtze quasi platform and the Youjiang fold belt of the south China fold belt，which is an important component of carlin-type gold deposits area in southwest Guizhou.The deep hidden deposit prospecting has not made a new breakthrough.Based on the recent research on structure-controlled alteration zone （SBT） and the latest theoretical results of multi-level structural slippage metallogenic system of carlin-type gold deposits in Nanpanjiang-Youjiang area，the geological background and geological characteristics of typical deposits are studied through field investigation in the Kawu，Southwestern Guizhou，China.The results further clarified the geological characteristics of gold deposits in the Kawu area and identified the main prospecting criteria，established the core elements of gold prospecting prediction in the Kawu area，and newly identified the existence of SBT between the rock interfaces with large differences in rock competence in the area，providing an important basis for regional prospecting prediction.The gold orebody is deposited in SBT and the high-angle pressure fault and the interlayer fracture zone，system summary Kawu area gold metallogenic elements.The study shows that the regional structural detachment and interlayer fracture zone are the main channel of metallogenic fluid migration and the ore site of gold ore body，the abnormal overlap parts of the metallogenic elements such as Au，As，Sb and Hg are the most favorable parts of mineralization，which is the same metallogenic system as the regional carlin-type gold deposit，and the gold metallogenic conditions are superior.Based on the multi-level structural detachment metallogenic system and the prospecting prediction model，the prospecting prediction was carried out，3 prospecting prediction areas were delineated，the gold resources in Kawu area were predicted as 50 t，and the prospecting direction in the area is defined，so as to provide guidance and reference for the subsequent prospecting work in this area.

The Fuwen gold deposit is located in Fuwen County，central and northern Hainan Province，and also in the northern margin of the Wuzhishan fold belt of the South China fold system.The Early Cretaceous Lumuwan Formation （K₁l） is mainly exposed in the ore district.The structure in this area is developed，the magmatic volcanic movement is more frequent，the gold mineralization points are more，and the metallogenic geological conditions are better.Geological and mineral work was carried out earlier in the area，including geophysical exploration，geochemical exploration，mineral exploration，etc.，but these works focused on the ore fabric characteristics，sulfide characteristics，ore-forming fluid characteristics and isotope date of the deposit，and the research methods of element geochemical testing of gold deposits are less involved.In order to further explore the source of ore-forming materials of Fuwen gold deposit，this paper analyzed the main，trace and rare earth elements of quartz vein type ore，clastic sedimentary rock and magmatic rock of Lumuwan formation.The chemical analysis of the main components of the clastic sedimentary rocks in Lumuwan Formation shows that the weathering and alteration of the source area are weak，which reflects that the sedimentary rocks were first deposited in the active tectonic belt，and the provenance is mainly felsic rocks.The results of chemical analysis of rare earth elements show that REE is characterized by enriched LREE，lost HREE，and right-inclined normalized curve patterns，and the standardized distribution curves of REE in each sample are basically the same.It is inferred that the ore has homology with strata and rock masses.The results of trace element chemical analysis show that the ore，Lumuwan Formation strata and rock mass （quartz diorite，fine-grained granite） are significantly lost in Ba，Nb，Sr，Hf and enriched in Rb，Th，U，Pb，Sm，and their distribution trends are similar.Comprehensive analysis shows that the formation of Fuwen gold ore body in Hainan is closely related to Lumuwan strata and rock mass.Both of them provide ore-forming materials for the formation of ore bodies，and the deposit type is a magmatic hydrothermal deposit.

Pakistan is rich in mineral resources and is one of China’s “all-weather strategic partners” and an important mining investment country.Based on the five risk levels of politics and law，economy and finance，resource extraction，social culture and infrastructure，this paper constructs a mining investment environmental risk evaluation index system in Pakistan from a dynamic perspective.The weight of indicators is determined by the improved CRITIC method，and the index information is collected by the TOPSIS method to explore the possible risk factors of Pakistan’s mining investment environment，so that the evaluation results are more accurate，scientific and referenceable.The deep learning model was used to predict the mining investment environment in Pakistan from 2023 to 2033，which provides a reference for the risk prevention of Pakistan’s mining investment environment in the future.The results show that：（1）Anti-globalization risk，resource abundance，social stability，environmental regulation，credit risk and corruption risk sink are the main influencing factors of Pakistan’s mining investment environment.（2）From 2000 to 2022，Pakistan’s mining investment environment score generally showes a spiraling trend，and the risk level was stable after being reduced to medium risk.In addition to the overall dynamic downward trend of infrastructure risk scores，the political and legal risks，economic and financial risks，social and cultural risks and resource exploitation risk scores all show a fluctuating upward trend.（3）From 2023 to 2033，Pakistan’s mining investment environment will be reduced from medium risk to low risk level，stable and improving.

The Xintianling deposit is one of the largest skarn-type scheelite deposits in South China，and its mineralization has undergone complex magmatic and hydrothermal processes.Taking the skarn garnet in the Xintianling deposit as the research object，the U-Pb dating，in-situ major and trace element analysis of garnet were carried out by EPMA and LA-ICP-MS in-situ micro-area testing techniques.The U-Pb dating reveals that the age of ore-related garnet in Xintianling deposit is ca.（159.5±3.0）Ma，which is consistent with that of the fine-grained porphyritic biotite granite（164~157 Ma）of the Qitianling rock mass，indicating that the Xintianling tungsten mineraliztion is closely related to the Qitianling rock mass.Based on the mineral assemblages and backscattering images，it is determined that there are three generations of garnet in the Xintianling tungsten deposit.According to the structural characteristics of garnets in the backscattered images，the garnets in the Xintianling deposit can be divided into three generations，namely，the early stage dark garnet（Grt1），the middle stage garnet with obvious oscillation zone（Grt2） and the late stage bright garnet （Grt3）.Among them，Grt2 can be divided into Grt2-1 with oscillatory zones and Grt2-2 with thick oscillatory zones.Grt1，Grt2-1and Grt3 show the left-skewed REE patterns with LREE depleted and HREE enrichment.Grt1 has an obvious negative Eu anomaly，Grt2-1 has a weak Eu negative anomaly，and Grt3 has a weak Eu negative anomaly.In contrast，Grt2-2 has a “hump-type” REE pattern with LREE enrichment and HREE depleted，and the weak Eu positive anomaly.From Grt1 to Grt3，the content of Mn in garnet showes a trend of first decreasing and then rising，and the W content in Grt3 is higher than Grt2 but lower than Grt1.These results suggest that the Xintianling deposit has experienced multiple hydrothermal processes，and the oxygen fugacity and temperature of the ore fluid first increas and then decreases，and the pressure pH value first decreases and then increases during the ore-forming processes.Combined with the variations of W content in garnet from different mineralization stages，it is considered that the mineralization of tungsten in the Xintianling deposit mainly occurs in the retrograde metamorphic stage，and undergoes the process of dissolution-reprecipitation in the late retrograde metamorphic stage.

The East Kunlun metallogenic belt is an important gold and other metal metallogenic belt in Qinghai Province，but it is mostly concentrated in the eastern part of the East Kunlun.The western part of the East Kunlun not only has a small number of deposits， but also has a small scale of ore deposits.Meanwhile，the research on the genesis of the deposits is weak and the prospecting potential is unknown，which become the bottleneck restricting the breakthrough of gold prospecting in the western part of the East Kunlun.The discovery of Aqiyin gold ore deposit can not only enrich the types of gold deposit in the East Kunlun metallogenic belt，but also have important scientific research value to improve the understanding of gold mineralization rules in the western part of the East Kunlun.The Aqiyin gold deposit is located in the western part of the East Kunlun metallogenic belt，which is a structural ore-control gold deposit occurred in porphyritic quartz monzonite. In order to determine the metallogenic age of the gold deposit，the ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar age test of sericite in the altered granite-porphyry related to gold mineralization was carried out，and the weighted average ages of sericite are （263.2±4.5）Ma and （268.7±9.7）Ma，respectively. The results show that the main ore-forming age of the Aqiyin gold deposit is the Middle Permian，which is of great significance for further understanding of the genetic mechanism and geodynamic background and regional gold exploration of the gold deposit in the western part of East Kunlun.Meanwhile，enough attention should be paid to whether there is a Middle Permian gold deposit in the East Kunlun area.

The mining industry provides an important material basis for modernization and has become the basic industry for China’s economic construction.In order to promote the high-quality development of mining industry，the construction of green mines is the only way for sustainable development.There are studies on the evaluation of green mine construction，which mainly focus on the content analysis method and case study method，but rarely from the perspective of policy design，while the government is also an important subject to promote green mine construction.In order to improve the adaptability and scientificity of the policies，it is necessary to conduct a systematic evaluation of China’s green mine construction policies.Therefore，this study quantitatively evaluated and assessed the existing green mine construction policies in China，identified the deviations and shortcomings of the existing policies and proposed optimization strategies，which is of great theoretical and practical significance for the development and improvement of green mine policies in the new era.Unlike subjective evaluation methods such as expert scoring，the study analyzed the content of 193 green mine construction policies in China between 2005 and 2021 through social network analysis and text mining，extracted important subject terms，and build a framework for evaluating green mine construction policies on this basis.39 of these policies were selected as samples （13 policies at the central level and 26 policies at the local level）.The Policy Consistency Index Model （PMC），an important modeling method for policy research analysis，was used for quantitative evaluation and comparative analysis.The study found that China’s green mine construction policies are reasonable，but there are still some problems that need to be improved.Among the 39 selected Chinese green mine construction policy texts，8 of them are excellent，31 are acceptable，and there are no perfect and poor policies，while the central government’s policies generally score higher than local governments.At the central and local levels，there are common problems in green mine construction，including the scope of regulation and implementation agencies are small，economic benefits，tourism aspects，long-term planning，talent incentives，laws and regulations need to be improved.At the regional level，there are differences in green mine construction policies，including the lack of effective supervision in the central region，the lack of binding in the northeast region，and the need to improve the policy areas in the eastern and western regions.The research results provide a reference basis for the formulation of green mine related policies in China，and also provide new ideas and methods for the evaluation of green mine construction policies.

In order to identify the occurrence， enrichment， storage conditions and distribution characteristics of rare metal ore in the clay layer，to study the sedimentary characteristics，variation law and metallogenic law of the Qaidam Basin，the evaluation of resource potential were studied in Balunhaima Basin of Qaidam Basin. The investigation and evaluation of lithium rare light metals as the main minerals in Balunmahai salt lake Basin of Qaidam Basin has been carried out， including drilling， sample collection and testing， statistical analysis of data， correlation of rock and ore-bearing clay layers， law summary and research work on the availability of ore-bearing clay. Three layers of ore-bearing clay layers were delineated in the Quaternary Holocene （Qh）， Upper Pleistocene （Qp³） and Middle Pleistocene （Qp²）. It is estimated that the total potential resources of LiCl can reach 1.1441 million tons， which is converted into the total potential resources of Li₂O， Rb₂O and Cs₂O reaching 403 200 tons， 357 200 tons and 31 300 tons respectively.The lithium leaching rate reaches 51%~55% with 10% sulfuric acid concentration，25% pulp concentration，1 hour leaching time and 25 ℃ leaching temperature.The thickness of ore-bearing clay layer and the contents of Li，Rb and Cs are stable. Lithium is mainly composed of Fe-Mn binding state，followed by residue state，Rb and Cs are mainly composed of residue state.The clay minerals are mainly illite，and the contents of Li，Rb and Cs are positively correlated with the clay content. It is concluded that there are both structural lithium and adsorbed lithium in clay-type lithium deposits in this area，which is a kind of clay-type lithium deposits between carbonate clay-type lithium deposits and volcanic clay-type lithium deposits.This type is a new type in Balunmahai Basin，and the mining area has the conditions for extraction and utilization.In this paper，the investigation and evaluation of rare light metal lithium deposits were carried out for the first time in clay layer，and the clay-type lithium rare light metal resources were found.The orebody is associated with liquid ore and solid salt ore，which is an important part of salt lake resources.The research lays a foundation for the overall planning，development and efficient utilization of the evaluation area of the Balunmahai Basin.

The Geita greenstone belt is located in the northwest of Tanzania craton，and developed a world-class large-scale gold deposit with a 387 t gold resources，namely Geita gold deposit.The main rock type of Geita greenstone belt is banded iron formation（BIF），volcanic clastic sedimentation and kavirondian system conglomerate，both with syn-orogenic granite，lamprophyre and trachyandesite.The structure of folds and shear zones are well developed in the area，and the structure directions are mainly NW-SE，NE-SW and nearly E-W.The gold veins are developed in the contact of BIF and lamprophyre，and found in nearby parallel quartz veins.The characteristics of geochemistry shows that the orebodies were formed from the magmatic hydrothermal，and hosted in the shear zone.Based on the study of geology，typical gold deposits and ore-forming age of the Geita greenstone belt，this paper determines the era of mineralization and summarizes the evolutionary history of Geita greenstone belt.As a preliminary view，the evolutionary history of Geita greenstone belt shows many periods，including volcanic activities，deposit formation，tectonic activities，multi-hydrothermal activities and tectonic reworking.For the tectonic reworking of Geita greenstone belt，determines the main era of mineralization is （2 699±9）~（2 617±17）Ma，and the Geita gold deposit is a typical greenstone belt gold deposit of orogenic belt type of Archean.

The demand for cobalt metals has accelerated due to the increased use of cobalt in high-technology industries，thus the security supply of cobalt ore resources has attracted attention worldwide.Cobalt，as one of the critical metals，is in an acute shortage in China.The East Kunlun Orogen is a significant Au-Cu-Fe-Co-Ni-Pb-Zn polymetallic metallogenic belt in western China.The Tuolugou Co（Au） deposit has great reputation as the first large independent cobalt deposit discovered in the northwestern China，whereas the understanding of the metallogenic process of Co is controversial.By combining EPMA and EBSD analyses，together with the field investigation and detailed microscopic observation，the paper revealed the sedimentary exhalative mineralization and superimposed reworking process responsible for the formation of the Tuolugou deposit.The sedimentary exhalative mineralization formed the fine-grained pyrite（PyⅠ），and the superimposed reworking process consists of two mineralizing stages，i.e.，fine-grained pyrite （PyⅡ）+cobaltite+gersdorffite+siegenite+pyrrhotite+minor chalcopyrite stage and coarse-grained pyrite （PyⅢ）+native Au stage.The three generations of pyrite have different chemical compositions，of which PyⅠ has Co contents ranging from 0.03% to 4.86%，PyⅡ ranging from 0.38% to 2.74% and PyⅢ ranging from 0.03% to 0.58%.The obvious negative correlations of Co with Fe uncover that Co exists in the pyrite lattice by stoichiometric substitution of Fe.These results concluded that Co occurs as either independent minerals（e.g.，cobaltite，gersdorffite and siegenite） or cobaltiferous pyrite in the Tuolugou deposit.The EMPA mappings depict that pyrite has complicated textural and chemical compositions，which suggest that the composite pyrite grains were formed by fluid-mediated coupled dissolution-reprecipitation reactions according to the sharp contact boundaries，the distinct chemical compositions，and the consistent morphology and crystallographic orientation among different generations of pyrite in EBSD inverse maps.In combination with the previous work，it is deduced that both the sedimentary exhalative mineralization and subsequent reworking process contributed Co mineralization in the Tuolugou deposit.This study provides a useful guide for the Co mineral exploration and efficient metallurgy in the eastern Kunlun Orogenic Belt.

The raw ore of a carlin gold mine in Guizhou has low gold grade，fine disseminated granularity of valuable minerals and gangue minerals，and high content of harmful elements arsenic and carbon.The recovery rate of conventional fine grinding flotation process is only 80.54% and the gold grade of tailing is 0.97×10^-6，the loss of flotation tailing gold is relatively serious.In order to improve the recovery rate of gold concentrate and reduce the gold grade of flotation tailing，the process mineralogy study of secondary grinding classification overflow and flotation tailing was carried out to find out the gold distribution and loss.The results show that the gold lost in conventional fine grinding flotation tailing is mainly sulfide wrapped gold，which is mainly lost in the poor coenobium of -38 μm grade，accounting for 60.70%，and the lost sulfide gold content is high.Secondly，there are a small amount of dissociated monomer and a small amount of fusant，which are not fully recovered due to the fine particle size，and also lost in the tailings.The main cause of the loss of gold in flotation tailing is that the fine particle minerals cannot be caught by conventional fine grinding flotation.Combined with the site production situation，the JRF micro-bubble flotation was applied to rough selection Ⅰ operation and scavenge Ⅳ tailing for reselection test.The test results show that JRF micro-bubble flotation has a significant catching effect on some fine particle minerals in tailing，which can further strengthen the capture of sulfide poor coenobium of -38 μm grade and a amount dissociation monomer of -20 μm grade in conventional fine grinding flotation scavenge Ⅳ tailing，and reduce the loss of gold in flotation tailing.After the technical transformation，the cumulative recovery rate of gold is 82.39% and the tailing grade is 0.88×10^-6.The recovery rate increased by 1.85 percentage points，and the tailing grade decreased by 0.09×10^-6，and the flotation index was gradually improved，which increased the economic benefits of enterprises.

Due to the long-term mining，the resource crisis in Xishan section of Linglong gold field is becoming more and more serious.The known main veins have been basically explored and mined by pit exploration，finding new resources has become an urgent need for mines.Through regional geological analysis and summary of metallogenic regularity，the veins in the ore-section are sorted out one by one，and it is found that the local geological structure is inconsistent with the regional structural regularity.The researchers selected the 108# vein group with stable overall occurrence but large local changes to study the metallogenic regularity and tectonic movement regularity.Through the study of the movement law of the upper and lower plates of the 108# vein group and the mineralization of 108# vein group，it was found that the main vein of 108# vein is a reverse fault with obvious displacement，while its branch vein 96#，vein 98# and vein 107# are tensile-torsional or tensile faults with no obvious displacement.At the same time，there are obvious differences in mineral structure and mineral composition，so it is speculated that there are a series of structures in the footwall of the western main vein of 108# vein，which are consistent with the structural laws of the branches in the footwall and move downward with the footwall.Therefore，108# blind branches were found in the blind zone prospecting in the speculated area at -50 elevation level of Xishan ore section.The exploration of 108# veins verified the study of this metallogenic regularity and established a branch prospecting model，that is，the upper and lower walls of the main vein of 108# vein have ore-hosting secondary structures corresponding to each other with nearly parallel arrangement and nearly equal spacing distribution，and the blind veins of 108 2# veins and 108 3# veins were successfully explored by this model.At present，the proven metal amount is 2.4 tons，which prolongs the service life of the mine.It is worth mentioning that after the upper and lower wall branches of 108# main vein were dislocated by the fault of 108# main vein，the lower branch vein and the upper branch vein experienced different metallogenic periods.In the later period，the main vein of the 108# vein blocked the ore-forming hydrothermal solution，so that the ore-bearing faults of the lower plate could form better orebodies，and the mineralization of the footwall branches vein at the far end of 108# main vein also confirmed this point.According to the results of this prospecting，the same tectonic regularity and metallogenic environment have been found in other vein groups such as 53#，55# vein group，which points out the direction for the next prospecting.

Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi region，one of the most important gold mineralization areas in China，hosts many high temperature magmatic hydrothermal gold （copper） deposits，such as Pulang gold-bearing porphyry copper deposit，Beiya and Yaoan gold deposits，and low temperature hydrothermal gold deposits，namely carlin-type gold deposit，such as Badu，Nibao and Shuiyindong gold deposits.A lot of chemical studies of minerals，such as magnetite，pyrite and apatite have been carried out，and the abundant mineralogical geochemical data of trace elements in situ have been accumulated. However，the source materials and formation process of the deposits are still be disputed.Therefore，further statistical and comparative analyses of these data may provide a basis for revealing metallogenic information and guiding prospecting exploration.Due to the unique chemical characteristics，apatite can better preserve the important information of magma-hydrothermal evolution process，and is often used to define the fine metallogenic process of ore deposits.In this paper，the trace elements of hydrothermal apatite in high-temperature magma-hydrothermal deposits（Yao’an gold deposit and Pulang gold-bearing copper deposit） and low-temperature carlin-type gold deposits（Badu and Nibao gold deposits） have been collected and analyzed.It is found that the apatite in the high-temperature alkali-rich porphyry gold （copper） deposit is characterized by automorphic shape，high F and Cl contents，enriched LREE，and depleted HREE.In contrast，the apatite in the low-temperature carlin-type gold deposits is characterized by hypautomorphic and xenomorphic shapes，low F and Cl contents，enriched MREE.In addition，the δEu-δCe binary diagram and chondrite-normalized REE patterns revealed that the carlin-type gold deposits have higher oxygen fugacity than magmatic hydrothermal copper and gold deposits.Combined with the geochemical analysis of rare earth elements of stibnite in the Youjiang Basin，it is concluded that the enrichment characteristics of MREE in apatite（including fluorite and calcite） indicate that the low-temperature mineralizing fluid may be related to the special basin basement rock. In conclusion，apatite has unique geochemical characteristics in high temperature-medium and low temperature gold deposits，which can effectively reveal the type of ore deposit and the evolution process of ore-forming fluid.

Yudai copper deposit is a newly discovered and medium-sized copper deposit located in the Kalatag district，northern Dananhu-Tousuquan island-arc belt，eastern Tianshan，NW China.Through field geological survey and laboratory research，the geological characteristics and genesis of the deposit were discussed.The ore-bearing geological formation is a set of volcanic-pyroclastic rocks，and the orebody is hosted in the porphyritic quartz diorite and volcanic rocks of the Daliugou Formation.It is controlled by the faults and is mainly vein and lenticular type.The ore types are mainly disseminated and veined and the structures are mainly granular，disseminated and veined.The metal minerals are mainly chalcopyrite and pyrite，and the gangue minerals are mainly quartz，followed by chlorite and sericite.The ore-forming process can be divided into four stages，namely quartz-magnetite stage，K-feldspar-quartz-pyrite stage，quartz-pyrite-chalcopyrite-molybdenite stage and quartz-carbonate-gypsum stage.The hydrothermal alteration is characterized by K-feldspar，silica，chlorite，epidote，sericite and carbonate.The alteration is typically zoned from center to outer with K-feldspar-silica zone，silica-sericite zone，argillic zone and chlorite-epidote- carbonate zone，and K-feldspar-silica zone，silica-sericite-pyrite zone and chlorite-epidote-carbonate zone from top to bottom. The metallogenic geological conditions，ore body characteristics and hydrothermal alteration of the Yudai copper deposit are consistent with the porphyry copper deposit in the Dananhu-Tousuquan island-arc belt.Therefore，it is considered that Yudai copper deposit belongs to porphyry copper deposit.

With the upgrading of mine production modes and the renewal of business philosophy，the problems that commonly exist in mining enterprises，such as low accuracy in manual calculation of ore blending，large fluctuations in ore grade，unbalanced ore quantities，and fragmentation of production data management，have become more and more obvious.Starting from the blending and production data management of ore management work，the mathematical model of large homogenized joint ore blending was established based on the theory of large homogenized joint ore blending technology and the ant colony-ant cycle algorithm model. The integrated management method of production data integration and sharing was proposed based on the large homogenized joint ore blending technology route and the mine on-site situation，summarizing the process，key data，and hierarchical linkage relationship.A large homogenized joint ore blending and production data integration and sharing system was constructed based on the ant colony-ant cycle model.Firstly，integrating the multi-stage ore blending in the mining site，stockpile，and processing plant，optimizing the blending quantity and ore grade from a global perspective，proposing the theory of a large homogenized joint ore blending technology，and establishing a large homogenized joint ore blending function according to the actual blending.Secondly，using the ant colony-ant cycle algorithm as the modeling framework of the blending model，establishing the mathematical model of large homogenized ore blending based on the large homogenized transformation，taking the large homogenized cycle as the number of iterations，and continuously adjusting the blending quality through the automatic blending order output from the model in the producing cycle. Finally，based on the ASP.NET low-code development platform，the B/S framework，and SQL Server database technology，big data charting combined with analysis technology and integrated data interface technology were introduced to develop a large homogenized joint ore blending and production data integration and sharing system.According to the application of the system at Dabaoshan polymetallic mine，the results show that after the system has been put into use，the whole process of mine ore blending and production has been systematized and streamlined，compared with the original ore blending method，the ore grade has been stabilized and balanced，the comprehensive recovery rate has been initially increased by 0.8%，the fluctuation range of the ore grade has been controlled to not exceed ±10%，and the mine management level and mineral product quality have been improved.

Kuzigan alkaline intrusive complex is the largest Cenozoic alkaline complex in the Taxkorgan area of West Kunlun.In recent years，the research on the Kuzigan alkaline complex has mainly focused on the formation age of the rock mass and the source of magmatic materials，but little research has been done on its rare earth mineralization characteristics.Based on the geological background and petrochemical characteristics of Kuzigan complex，the metallogenic characteristics of this type of rare earth ore in Kuzigan area were discussed by means of field investigation，microscopic identification and main trace element analysis.Three samples were taken from aegirine syenite and one contrast sample was taken from syenogranite.The results show that the total rare earth content of all kinds of rocks in the alkali metasomatic rare earth ore of Kuzigan is rich，mainly manifested as Ce and Y enrichment，and positively correlated with F.The REE content of syenite varies from 888.05×10^-6 to 1 320.17×10^-6，and it is enriched in light rare earth elements（LREE/HREE=13.54~19.65）.The curves in the REE chondrite normalized diagram is generally right-leaning，and the differentiation degree of LREE and HREE is not large as a whole.No obvious anomalies of Eu and Ce are found，which has the common characteristics of alkaline syenite.The range of LREE fractionation parameter （La/Sm）_N is 3.80 to 26.75.The HREE fractionation degree parameter （Gd/Yb）_N varies from 2.94 to 7.98，indicating that the syenite has slight fractionation on both light and heavy rare earths，but the fractionation degree of light rare earth is greater than that of heavy rare earth.The ore-bearing rock of rare earth ore（mineralization） in the Kuzigan alkaline complex is medium-grained aegirine syenite，which contains accessory minerals such as fluorite，apatite and monazite，and is located near the internal contact zone with medium-grained quartz syenite，the two are in gradual contact.The Kuzigan alkaline complex has high REE content and strong LREE enrichment，which is mainly characterized by enrichment of light rare earth elements such as Ce and Y，and is positively correlated with F.It has the prospect of finding alkaline metasomatic rare earth deposits，and should focus on strong potassic，aegirine and carbonate alteration zones.

In view of the difficulties in collecting structural information of deep high-steep rock mass，the cumbersome data acquisition and the operation of personnel in high-risk environment，the contact measurement method has been unable to meet the requirements of collecting structural information of rock mass.Therefore， the chamber face of +650 m level unloading station of Jinchuan No.2 mine was taken as the research object，the 3D laser scanner was used to obtain its surface point cloud data set，and the point cloud data was denoised and spliced.After processing，the information parameters of rock mass structure were extracted，and the reliability of the data was verified by checking algorithm and geological survey results.The results show that：（1）Through rapid processing of high-precision scanning data，the occurrence information of structural plane can be obtained when the control point is known and the control point is unknown，which reduces the risk of personnel acquiring structural plane information.（2）The least square algorithm was used to calculate the attitude，the approximate parallel structural plane group spacing algorithm was used to calculate the spacing，and the measured structural plane attitude was compared with the extracted structural plane information.It is known that the inclination and inclination errors are within ±6°，and the spacing errors are within ±0.03 m，which verifies the reliability of the extracted data.（3）The method proposed in this paper was applied to the extraction of the occurrence of the structural plane of the chamber face of the +650 m level unloading station in Jinchuan No.2 mine，and the occurrence information of the structural plane is effectively recognized.This research work not only avoids the danger，but also improves the accuracy and efficiency.

The Zhengchong gold deposit is a typical gold deposit in northeast Hunan.Its orebodies are controlled by NNE and NW trending faults and occur in Lengjiaxi Group with low metamorphism.The ore-forming age and the source of ore-forming materials are still controversial.In this study，by using the LA-（MC）-ICP-MS analysis method，in situ Rb-Sr dating of sericite in gold-bearing quartz vein and in situ S isotope analysis of pyrite were carried out to determine the ore-forming age and source of ore-forming materials，so as to clarify the genesis of the deposit.According to the ore-vein interpenetrating relationship of ore-veins and mineral paragenesis， the mineralization can be divided into three ore-forming stages，namely quartz-pyrite-gold stage，quartz-pyrite-arsenopyrite-polymetallic sulfide stage，quartz-calcite stage.Microscopic observation show that sericite in stage 1 and stage 2 had a close intergrow with pyrite/arsenopyrite.In situ Rb-Sr dating of sericite show that the ore-forming ages of stage 1 and stage 2 were （219.1±6.0）Ma and （215.8±7.7）Ma，respectively.Three kinds of pyrite were identified under the backscattering （BSE） image.The pyrite （Py1） in stage 1 is mainly eudedral and medium-coarse-grained，with δ³⁴S ranging from -3.86‰ to 1.03‰.The pyrite （Py2） in stage 2 has an euhedral，mesocoarse-grained structure and an obvious core-rim zonation.The core （Py2a） is uniform in the BSE image with δ³⁴S ranging from -1.43‰ to 1.51‰，while the edge （Py2b） has an obvious oscillation zone and other sulfide （galena） inclusions，with δ³⁴S ranging from -3.21‰ to 1.95‰.The δ³⁴S values （-3.85‰~1.95‰） of the three types of pyrite are close to 0 and the negative value moves to positive value，indicating that deep magmatic （or mantle-derived） materials may be the main source of ore-forming materials in Zhengchong gold deposit，and a small amount of stratigraphic material is involved in the mineralization.Based on the geological characteristics，metallogenic chronology and sulfur isotope geochemistry，We believe that the Zhengchong gold deposit was formed in the Indosinian intracontinental orogenic environment and related to deep magmatic activity.

The northern margin of the Qaidam Basin is located in the north of the Qaidam Basin and the south of the Qilian orogenic belt，and in the Qinling-Qilian-Kunlun orogenic belt with strong tectonic-magmatic activity.It is one of the hot areas of geological research in recent years.A large number of early Paleozoic granites are distributed in the Xiaridawu niobium-tantalum mining area in the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin.The analysis of the magma source， formation mechanism and tectonic environment of granites plays an important role in revealing the formation mechanism and tectonic environment of granites，which also plays an important role in revealing the formation and evolution mechanism of continental crust in the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin.Based on the analysis of petrological and geochemical characteristics of granites in Xiaridawu niobium-tantalum mining area on the northern margin of Qaidam Basin，the magma source，formation me-chanism and tectonic environment of granites was analized.It is found that the biotite granite porphyry in the Xiaridawu area has high silicon，high potassium and aluminum，and the other major elements show the characteristics of low magnesium and low manganese，poor phosphorus and titanium.The biotite granite porphyry is enriched in light rare earth elements，while relatively depleted in heavy rare earth elements，REE chondrite-normalized partitioning curve is ‘V’ shaped distribution，and the negative Eu anomaly is obvious.It is relatively enriched in large ion lithophile elements，relatively depleted in high field strength elements. According to the analysis of related parameters of major，trace and rare earth elements， the granite porphyry in the mining area is a highly differentiated S-type peraluminous granite. In addition to the low-temperature melting of crustal materials， the source is not excluded from the contamination of mantle materials， and there are some separated crystallization products， which has a very favorable effect on the mineralization of niobium and tantalum deposits in this area. According to the tectonic environment discrimination of multiple sets of main elements and trace elements，the granite porphyry in the Xiaridawu niobium-tantalum mining area on the northern margin of Qaidam Basin was formed in the collision tectonic environment of the transition from collision orogenic to intraplate.The study has important geological significance for understanding the genesis，provenance，tectonic environment and prospecting direction of granite in this area.

In recent years，with the continuous depletion of shallow mineral resources，there are many theoretical and practical studies on the recovery and utilization of sulfide ores in cyanide tailings.However，the existence of floatable gangue will hinder the recovery of sulfide ore in cyanide tailings.Therefore，it is very important to find out the adsorption mechanism of CN^- on the surface of gangue minerals and the change of surface wettability to identify the cause of low flotation recovery of cyanide tailings.In this paper，three typical gangue minerals，quartz，feldspar and calcite，were used as adsorbent，and NaCN was used as adsorbent.The influence of adsorption time and amount of adsorbent on the adsorption effect of CN^- were investigated.At the same time，the wettability difference before and after the adsorption of CN^- on the surface of gangue minerals was analyzed by using the contact angle detection method of solid droplet，and the adsorption kinetic model was fitted for the adsorption results.The results show that quartz，feldspar and calcite exhibit different degrees of adsorption and selectivity for CN^-.When the mineral dosage was 5 g and the contact time was 12 h，the adsorption rate of CN^- tend to be stable.At this time，the adsorption rates of quartz，feldspar and calcite for CN^- are 43.9%，58.0% and 43.6%，respectively.Through kinetic study，it is found that the adsorption of CN^- by quartz and feldspar is mainly physical adsorption.There is binding adsorption between CN^- and calcite.Finally，according to the contact angle detection，the adsorption of CN^- resulted in the enhancement of the surface hydrophilicity of gangue minerals，and the surface contact angles of quartz，feldspar and calcite decreased from 38.5°，15.6° and 35.4° to 18.6°，14.4° and 20.6°.After the action of SBX flotation reagent，the surface contact angle of gangue minerals increase，but still showes hydrophilic properties.It shows that cyanidation will not cause the following flotation of non-target minerals when recovering sulfide ores from cyanide tailings flotation，which provides theoretical guidance for achieving efficient separation and flotation of metal sulfide ores in cyanide tailings.

In order to improve the utilization rate of blastholes in small section tunnels in a tin mine in Yunnan Province and reduce the unit consumption of explosives，after analysis，it is determined that the four factors of the charge amount，the distance between the charge hole and the empty hole，the hole diameter and the filling length are the test factors.The blast hole utilization rate and the cavity volume are the test indicators，and each factor takes 3 levels.Using the method of repeated orthogonal experiments，the effects of four different factors，namely，the charge amount，the distance between the charge hole and the empty hole，the hole diameter and the packing length，on the blasting hole utilization rate and the cavity volume were studied through the range analysis and variance analysis.The significance of the influence of each test index determine the optimal com-bination of test factors.The research results show that in the range analysis，the distance between the charge hole and the empty hole has the greatest influence on the utilization rate of the undercut blasting hole，followed by the hole diameter，the charge amount is smaller，and the filling length has the least influence. The hole diameter has the largest impact on the groove volume，the distance between the charging hole and the empty hole is second，the packing length is smaller，and the charging amount has the smallest influence.In the variance analysis，the distance between the charge hole and the empty hole has a very significant effect on the blast hole utilization rate，the hole diameter has a significant effect on the blast hole utilization rate，and the charge amount and packing length have no significant effect on the blast hole utilization rate.The hole diameter has a very significant influence on the volume of the cavity，the distance between the charging hole and the empty hole has a significant effect on the volume of the cavity，and the significant effect of the packing length on the volume of the cavity is slightly weaker than the distance between the charging hole and the empty hole.The amount has the least significant effect on the cavity volume.Therefore，for small section roadway excavation，when the hole diameter is 70 mm，the distance between the charge hole and the empty hole is 10 cm，the charge amount is 3 kg，and the mud filling length is 20 cm，the undercut can achieve excellent blasting effect.After several on-site roadway excavation tests，the blasthole utilization rate can be increased from 80% to more than 93%.

Gold plays an important role in maintaining financial stability and risk aversion.It is not only a haven against uncertainty，but also a key factor affecting investors’sentiment and decision-making behavior. The-refore，it is of great value to investigate the impact of uncertainty risk and investors’risk aversion decision on gold price. At present，there is no consensus on the impact of economic policy uncertainty on gold price. Few scholars incorporate economic policy uncertainty and investor sentiment into the research framework at the same time，and few literatures study high uncertainty separately.In order to better explore the above issues，based on risk aversion and expectation theory，economic policy uncertainty and investor sentiment were incorporated into a unified analysis framework.With data from 2011 to 2021 as samples，GARCH-MIDAS model was used to explore the impact of economic policy uncertainty and investor sentiment on gold price volatility. Furthermore，the influence changes under the environment of high economic policy uncertainty were investigated.The results show that：Firstly，gold price fluctuation has autocorrelation，and the long-term impact is positive.Secondly，in the short term，gold prices are affected by economic policy uncertainty and investor sentiment changes，positive shocks can increase the short-term volatility of gold prices，in the long term，gold prices will be negatively affected by economic policy uncertainty，but the long-term impact of investor sentiment is not significant.Finally，high economic policy uncertainty will be more noticeable to domestic investors and reflected in gold price volatility.These contents not only provide a new perspective for the discussion of gold price volatility，but also provide a reference for the realization of risk control or financial stability.

The construction of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor is moving toward high-quality development，and strengthening the trade of mineral products between China and Pakistan is also one of the important contents.Pakistan has good metallogenic conditions and relatively abundant resource reserves such as metal ores.Analyzing the competitive and complementary trade of mineral products between China and Pakistan in order to grasp the new direction of trade cooperation can provide new ideas to solve the problem of tightening mineral resource constraints in China.Based on the trade data in the UN COMTRADE database from 2005 to 2021，this paper measures the relative trade advantage index（RTA） and the bilateral comprehensive complementarity coef-ficient（OBC） to explore the competitiveness and complementarity of China-Pakistan mineral products trade based on the description of the development status and trade structure of bilateral mineral products trade between China and Pakistan，respectively.The results show that the development of China-Pakistan mineral trade is stable，but the trade structures of both sides differ greatly.The mineral products in which China and Pakistan each have trade advantages are different，and Pakistan has a larger number of mineral products with relative trade advantages，and the country mainly takes advantage of the metal mineral category，while China takes advantage of oil and gas products.In general，the competitiveness of China-Pakistan mineral trade is weak，and in the long run，China and Pakistan will form a complementary relationship，mainly focusing on metal ores，refined oil products and oil derivatives，etc.mineral products category.The study finds that China and Pakistan have great potential for cooperation in mineral trade，which can，to a certain extent，provide a new way to alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand of mineral products in China.In the future，China should firmly orient its policies and make full use of the complementary relationship to continue to maintain and develop its mineral products trade exchanges with Pakistan and seek breakthroughs in industrial cooperation and other aspects.

In order to solve the problem of prospecting around and deep prospecting in Daiyinzhang mining area in Wutai County，Shanxi Province，the geoelectrochemical exploration method was carried out in the sections of three profiles 6，8 and 12 lines in the mining area，and the geoelectrochemical exploration method test under the conditions of energization （dipolar geoelectric extraction） and non-energization （foam-plastic adsorption extraction） was compared and analyzed in order to verify the feasibility of the method in the area and the influence of the applied electric field on the exploration effect.The results show that the geoele-ctrochemical extraction anomaly is clearly displayed above the known gold orebody，which corresponds well to the occurrence location of the gold orebody，and the exploration effect is remarkable，and it is effective and feasible to use geoelectrochemical methods to find hidden gold deposits in Wutai area of Shanxi Province.The applied electric field does improve the efficiency of geoelectrochemical extraction，the detection depth is also greater than the adsorption extraction without electricity，which is more sensitive，and it can clearly show the hidden orebody and weak mineralization abnormality.The anomaly corresponds to the burial location of the deep orebody，and the extracted orebody information is more comprehensive and complete，which has a good effect on further analysis of the location and distribution form of the underground orebody，and it can play a good indicator effect in deep prospecting prediction.

The leaching agent cyanide has been on the verge of elimination due to its great harm to the environment and human health.The non-cyanide agent thiocyanate as an efficient and environmentally friendly gold leaching agent has become the object of research by scholars both domestic and foreign.However，the recovery methods from thiocyanate leachate are less studied，and there are problems with low efficiency and high cost of gold recovery.Therefore，it is urgent to find a highly productive，low-cost，and simple method to recover gold from leaching solution efficiently.On the basis of the above problems，ammonium thiocyanate was used for the leaching test of bio-oxidized slag from a difficult gold concentrate，and recovered gold from the leaching solution by electrodeposition.The single factor method was used to study the influence of various factors on the gold deposition rate.The results show that the self-made electrode with a large surface area，good corrosion resistance，and high metal deposition efficiency is an excellent cathode.The graphite rods with good conductivity，not involved in the reaction process，reused，is a good choice for anode materials.Stainless steel rods are not suitable as electrode materials due to their susceptibility to corrosion.Under the conditions of electrode spacing of 10 mm，cell voltage of 4 V，solution pH value of 12，and solution temperature of 35 ℃，using a graphite rod as an anode and a self-made electrode as a cathode，the gold deposition rate can reach 98.95%.The interaction between tank voltage，solution pH value，and solution temperature and the effect on gold deposition rate were investigated by response surface methodology，and the electrodeposition gold response surface regression model was established.The P value and mismatch value of the model are within a reasonable range，and the predicted value and actual value of the gold deposition rate basically fell in a straight line，shows that the model fits well and is highly reliable.The correlation between the test factors and the gold deposition rate can be described.The final results show that the degree of each factor on the gold deposition rate is cell voltage>solution pH value>solution temperature，among them，the interaction between cell voltage and solution pH value is the most significant，and the interaction between solution pH value and solution temperature is the least significant.Under the optimal conditions of cell voltage 4.10 volts，solution pH value of 12.40，and solution temperature of 39.58 ℃，the predicted value of the model is 99.06%，and the experimental average value is 99.04%.The two results are remarkably close，which proves that the model can accurately analyze and predict the gold deposition rate.This study further improves the theoretical system of thiocyanate gold extraction process.

As an important geological prospecting method，geochemical survey has been widely used in regional mineral prospect survey with its fast and efficient characteristics，and has achieved good geological prospecting results.At present，the main methods used include river sediment survey，soil survey，rock survey，etc.The southern belt of Beishan，Gansu Province，is an important metallogenic belt in the Beishan area of Gansu Province，belonging to the arid desert Gobi landscape area，with poor natural conditions and low degree of geological work.In the area，the development of river system is generally short，and the primary and secondary river systems are the main ones. The river sediment can well reflect the mineralization information in the catchment area. The 1∶50 000 stream sediment survey was carried out in the selected blocks in the research area，and the content information of 14 elements in the research area was obtained，such as Au，Ag，Cu，Pb，Zn，Co，Ni，Hg，Sb，As，Mo，W，Sn，Bi. The obtained geochemical data were processed in combination with the strata，structure，and distribution of magmatic rocks in the research area.The elements in the research area have obvious classification characteristics，in which Au，Ag，As，Sb，Hg are a group of medium-low temperature hydrothermal elements，Cu，Pb，Zn，Mo，Ni，Co are a group of medium-high temperature hydrothermal elements and basic elements in basic and ultrabasic rocks，which are related to hydrothermal activities and basic and ultrabasic dikes controlled by NW and NE trending fault structures in the research area.W，Sn and Bi are a group of high-temperature element combinations，representing W mineralization in the research area.According to the distribution characteristics of the elements and the geological background，five comprehensive anomalies were delineated in the research area，including two Class B1 anomalies，two Class B2 anomalies，and one Class C3 anomaly. Through the general inspection and key inspection of the anomalies，Huayaoshan tungsten deposit was found in the HS-3 anomaly，and Dakouzi Dongshan tungsten deposit and Huayaoshan toxic placer deposit were found in the HS-4 anomaly.In the research area，three prospecting prospects with tungsten ore as the main ore were divided.It shows that the measurement of stream sediment has good geological prospecting effect in the southern belt of Beishan，and provides basic data for further geological prospecting work in the research area. At the same time，combined with the geological prospecting results in the southern belt of Beishan in recent years，the authors comprehensively analyzed the metallogenic geological background，metallogenic environment，mineralization，and metallogenic law in the research area，and put forward new prospecting directions and suggestions for the next step，which has reference significance for carrying out mineral prospecting in the arid desert Gobi natural landscape area of Beishan in Gansu Province.

The underground environment of mine is special，and the mining process is often accompanied by toxic and harmful gases.For the collection and transmission of such environmental parameters，the common wireless communication technology has the disadvantages of short communication distance and poor anti-interference.To solve this problem，a mine environment monitoring system based on LoRa and IOT technology was designed to monitor the underground environment in real time and transmit through LoRa modules.The monitoring system includes three parts，namely data collection end，aggregation terminal，and data monitoring platform，and the data monitoring platform includes cloud platform and WeChat applet.The data collection end is paired with environmental multi-sensors and transmits monitoring point data by arranging multiple LoRa relay nodes to achieve longer distance wireless transmission.The aggregation terminal sends the data to the cloud platform through WIFI after processing.The WeChat applet data is obtained by calling the cloud platform data and finally completes the storage and visualization of monitoring data.The test results show that the system is functionally stable，can realize the environmental monitoring function of underground，and it is easy to install，easy to secondary development and no need to line up underground.This study provides a reference for the design of underground environmental monitoring systems in similar mines.This study can improve the mine safety monitoring system and enhance the capacity of mine disaster prevention and emergency rescue.

The sublevel open stoping with delayed filling mining method has the advantages of large production capacity，high efficiency and low cost，and it is widely used in underground metal mines.However，at the same time，this method has a large amount of blasting charge and poor flexibility in application of the method，which puts forward higher requirements for blasting control.In particular，the cutoff slot blasting to provide the initial free surface and the blasting compensation space for the mining blasting is more important for the successful application of this method.When this type of mining method is used for cutoff slot blasting，it is easily confinement by surrounding rock，which can easily lead to over blasting and under blasting of cutoff slot，or even failure of cutoff slot blasting.The traditional long hole VCR method for cutoff slot blasting is limited by the blasting free surface，and the blasting effect is difficult to guarantee.In view of this problem，this paper taked Xincheng gold mine as the engineering background，analyzed the existing problems of traditional long hole VCR method for cutoff slot blasting，and proposed a new method for large-diameter long hole cutoff slot blasting method without cutting wells.Based on Livingston’s blasting filler theory，combined with the current production experience，the blast hole diameter，hole arrangement parameters，explosive unit consumption，primary blasting height，charge and packing parameters for large-diameter deep hole cutoff slot blasting were calculated.The traditional vertical deep hole retreat blasting method and the“Pin”-shaped retreat blasting method were compared and analyzed. The results show that when the “Pin”-shaped retreat blasting method is adopted，not only the free space in the lower part of the stope is used，but also the advanced free surface and compensation space created in the center due to the “Pin”-shaped layout，which can significantly improve the effect of deep hole blasting without cutoff well.At the same time，in order to improve the blasting effect of the central cut blasting hole，four blasting space compensation blasting holes are set between the blasting holes.Based on the above analysis results，a field industrial test was carried out in the -380 m sublevel of Xincheng gold mine.The blasting height is 3~6 m，the blast hole diameter is 100 mm，the row spacing and hole spacing of the blasting holes are 1.5 m respectively，the distance between the blasting side holes and the blasting boundary is 0.5 m，and the distance of space compensation hole and the blasting hole is 1.0 m，and the thickness of the blasting top is 6.75~12.75 m in the large-diameter deep hole cutoff slot blasting of Xincheng gold mine.The field industrial test results show that the designed caving amount of cutting slot is 4 105 t，the actual ore caving amount is 4 300 t，and the unit explosive consumption is 0.85 kg/t.The shape and size of the open stoping after blasting meet the blasting design requirements.

It is very important to study the lateral trending regularity of orebodies for metallogenic prediction，especially the factors controlling the lateral direction.However，previous studies mostly focused on orebodies controlled by faults，and regularity of orebodies controlled by stratum remains poorly understood. The Darongxi scheelite deposit in Anhua，Hunan Province is the most economically important scheelite deposit in the Au-Sb-W metallogenic belt in western Hunan，the historical mining and current reserves are 38 146 t WO₃. This deposit occurs in Sinian Nantuo sandstone in the outer contact zone of the Dashenshan rock mass.The thickness of four scheelite orebodies in the deposit is 1.12~5.96 m，and the grade is 0.12%~1.02% WO₃，which is similar to the occurrence wall rock of the Sinian Nantuo sandstone.The lateral trending regularity of the orebodies is still unclear，and the genesis of this deposit has been controversial.Based on comprehensive analysis of statistics，visualization and analysis on a large number of original basic data during the development and utilization period of the Darongxi scheelite deposit and 1 997 scheelite samples from 9 middle sections，the lateral trending regularity of orebodies was studied，and the mineralization process of Darongxi scheelite deposit and its relationship with Dashenshan rock mass were discussed. It is considered that the pitch direction of orebody is NE （42°） and it is controlled by Dashenshan rock mass.The western boundary of the scheelite enrichment area shows a similar shape to that of the Dashenshan rock mass.The slope at the west boundary is more disordered，while those at the east boundary fall off a cliff from ≥0.4% in the west of the boundary to <0.2% in the east.Moreover，the eastern boundary of the enriched orebodies is more than 200 meters away from the Dashenshan rock mass.The ore-forming materials of the Darongxi scheelite deposit are considered to be mainly derived from the sandstone of Nantuo Formation，and the Dashenshan rock mass provides a thermal and dynamic field for the activation，migration and re-enrichment of ore-forming materials.Combined with previous research，Jieshan area and Baishaxi area located respectively in north and in south of the Dashenshan rock mass are considered to have a good metallogenic prospect and suggested to be prospected for concealed orebodies in deep，because they are located in the thermal field of the Dashenshan rock and have similar metellogenic conditions wtih Darongxi scheelite deposit.

As a type of slow-change geological hazard，ground subsidence have an important impact on people’s production and life.Since the establishment of Global Positioning System （GPS） monitoring of ground subsidence within the impact area of underground mining at Sanshandao gold mine in September 2012，significant ground subsidence has been monitored.In order to grasp the characteristics and patterns of ground subsidence in the mine area，this paper obtained the spatial and temporal variation of ground subsidence in the Sanshandao gold mine area by summarizing and analyzing the results of previous multi-period monitoring，and briefly discussed the direct and indirect factors causing the ground subsidence phenomenon，and finally proposed suggestions to mitigate the ground subsidence in the mine area.The results show that：（1）The trend of the subsidence extent in the study area is consistent since September 2012，and the center of subsidence is located in the upper disk area of the orebody，500 m to 600 m east of Sanshandao village committee. （2）The morphology of the ground subsidence basin has evolved from a nearly circular shape at the beginning to an elliptical shape at a later stage，i.e.，along the southeast side of the subsidence basin. （3）The subsidence contours are denser on the side close to the F₁ ore-control fracture and sparser on the side far from the F₁ fracture. （4）The cumulative sedimentation value of the sedimentation center becomes larger and larger over time，and the sedimentation velocity changes significantly，with a faster sedimentation velocity at first，then a slower sedimentation velocity，and an increase in the sedimentation velocity in recent years.According to the settlement velocity，the cumulative settlement curves can be divided into three stages.The first stage，between September 2012 and September 2016，the cumulative settlement is about 337 mm，with an average annual settlement of about 84 mm.The second stage，between September 2017 and September 2020，the cumulative settlement is about 73 mm，with an average annual settlement of about 24 mm.The third stage，from September 2020 to September 2021，the average annual subsidence is approximately 68 mm.The ground subsidence of Sanshandao gold mine is the product of the combined effect of mining disturbance force and self-gravity of the overlying rock.The movement deformation of the overlying rock in the mining area and the compression deformation of the overlying softer quaternary sediments will lead to the ground subsidence.The direct mining influences on ground subsidence can be divided into the shape of the orebody deposit，depth of burial，geological stress environment，presence of faults，and infill mining methods，while the indirect non-mining influences can be summarized as anthropogenic social factors，i.e.，the ground subsidence phenomenon is also aggravated by the economic development of mining，the increase of buildings，and the pumping of groundwater.

The surrounding rock of the underground tunnel is distributed with structural planes of different occurrences and sizes. The structural planes determine the deformation characteristics and stress-strain mode of the rock mass to a certain extent，which weaken the stability of the rock mass locally，which has a significant impact on the safety of the tunnel engineering. It is very necessary to carry out the engineering geological survey of the underground tunnel and the quantitative analysis of the rock mass structure. To get the structural plane information of the underground tunnel accurately and do stability analysis for the surrounding rock of the tunnel，a three-dimensional laser scanner was used to obtain the point cloud data of the surrounding rock structural plane in the 775 m level drift of the Dahongshan iron mine in Yunnan. A series of work such as correction，structure surface data extraction，point cloud splicing，filtering and thinning，etc.，carried out statistical analysis based on the processing results. According to this statistical result，the discrete element software 3DEC is used to establish the discrete structure network model and a coupling model of an underground tunnel，and numerical simulation of the instability probability of the tunnel under its own weight and blasting vibration is carried out. The results show that the 3D laser scanning technology can better obtain the rock mass discontinuities information of the drift，and the discrete block unit calculation software can further analyze the stability of the drift rock block. The self-stabilizing ability of the surrounding rock in the analyzed area is good，but the instability probability increases greatly under the influence of blasting vibration. The research result can provide theoretical guidance for the support design of the tunnel.

The governance of large and complex goaf groups is a long-term process.Aiming at the mined-out area groups at different control stages，the formulation of scientific and reasonable control plans plays a vital role in the safety of mine production.After years of mining in an underground mine，a large number of mined-out areas have been formed.Due to the long existence of the mined-out areas，the upper and lower middle sections of some mined-out areas and adjacent panels have caving through，forming a large and complex group of mined-out areas，which seriously threatens the safe production of the mine.At present，numerical simulation is one of the effective methods to analyze the stability of the goaf.However，in the process of numerical analysis，for complex and large goaf groups，there is a direct conversion of the three-dimensional laser point cloud data into a computable grid model.Difficulties such as huge number of grids，long calculation time，inability to converge or even calculation.In order to obtain a calculable high-precision goaf group model，first use 3D laser scanning to scan and detect the goaf group to obtain an accurate 3D model of the goaf.Due to the large amount of point cloud data from the 3D laser scanning，it is passed through Geomagic-Midas Coupling modeling，processing the model under the condition of ensuring that the basic shape of the model is not distorted，and obtaining a computable numerical model of the goaf group.Then use FLAC3D to perform numerical calculations on the goaf group，according to the stress cloud diagram，displacement cloud diagram and plasticity area distribution map，preliminary analysis of the entire goaf group.And at the same time，according to the displacement instability criterion，the roof hidden danger areas of No.1 large goaf and No.3 medium goaf are determined.The simulation calculation results were compared with the site caving detection results verifies the reliability of the numerical simulation method.Due to the occurrence of local caving，the roof stress of the goaf group is redistributed，so the secondary numerical simulation of the goaf group after the caving was carried out，and the scope of the hidden danger area was predicted.The research results provide a scientific basis for the identification of safety hazards and the formulation of control measures in the mine goaf.

In order to accurately describe the whole process of rock stress-strain curve，a statistical damage contitutive model considering the effect of rock microdefects was proposed.Firstly，rocks containing microdefects are analysed and abstracted into a rock skeleton part and a defective part without microdefects.The rock microdefects include initial microdefects and new microdefects added to the rock by loading，which can only generate strain but not stress.The strain generated by the initial microdefects is negatively exponential to the stress during the compression-density stage，and the model parameters n and V_m are obtained by fitting the experimental curve of closed strain-stress for the microdefects.After the compression-density stage，the initial micro-defects are completely closed and the resulting strain is a constant.As additional micro-defects are mainly generated in large numbers in the post-peak stage，the effect of additional micro-defects on the post-peak stage is mainly considered.A variable b in the range of 0 to 1 is used to represent the weakening effect of the strain formed by the additional micro-defects on the strain generated in the rock.Different values of b can reflect the degree of strain softening in the rock，and a method for determining the value of b is given to obtain the value of b under different stress states for different rocks.The deformation of the rock skeletal part without micro-defects and whose damage conforms to the Weibull probability distribution，the deformation of the rock skeletal part and the micro-defective part make up the deformation of the rock，which leads to the derivation of the damage constitutive model of the rock，and the specific determination method of the parameters m and F₀ of this damage constitutive model is given.The parameters of the model are discussed.The smaller the value of b，the greater the strain generated by the new microcracks in the rock and the more obvious the strain softening is.The damage variables of the rock are analysed for different values of b.The smaller the value of b，the faster the damage value of the rock reaches 1 and the faster the skeletal part of the rock is damaged.The damage costitutive model in this paper takes into account the compression-density phase，the strain-softening phase，the effect of residual strain，and can characterise all phases of the rock stress-strain curve，and the model parameters are small and the method of determination is clear.Finally，the model is validated with sandstone and saprolite test data，and the test data agree with the theoretical results，indicating the reasonableness of the model.

In order to study the crushing characteristics of ore （siliceous rock） in a mine under quasi-static loading，a crushing model of ore particle group was established by using Tavares crushing model on the basis of cylinder loading test，and the crushing characteristics of cylinder loading test and crushing simulation analysis were compared and analyzed.The results show that：（1） The breakage of ore particle group can be divided into three stages.In the tight stage，the void fraction of ore group is decreasing，and the breakage process of ore particle group basically does not occur.In the crushing stage，the void fraction further decreases，the stress on the contact points between ore increases，and some ore begin to break.In the agglomerating stage，the stress of ore particle group will increase rapidly，a large number of fine powder particles will be produced，and the agglomeration phenomenon will occur.（2） When the maximum loading pressure is 400 kN，with the decrease of the feeding particle size of ore with narrow particle size （2 mm range），the higher the proportion of small particles after crushing，the proportion of crushed ore of -6 mm under different particle sizes of -18+16 mm，-16+14 mm and -14+12 mm is 25.63%，29.45% and 33.46%，respectively.（3） The effectiveness of the Tavares model is verified by the comparison between simulation and experiment，and the simulation parameters of ore in a mine are calibrated，which provides a new method for the simulation of ore particle crushing，and the research results provide a new idea for the subsequent design of crusher.

Many gold deposits have been found in the western section of East Kunlun Mountains in Qinghai Province.This area is characterized by complex geological structure，frequent magmatic activity and excellent metallogenic conditions.The geology and prospecting potential of gold deposit were carried out and the metallogenic regularity of gold deposits was preliminarily summarized in this area.However，the late discovery of the deposit and inconvenient natural conditions restrict the systematic study of the genetic types of gold deposits and the establishment of the metallogenic model of the main types of gold deposits in the area，which seriously restricts the breakthrough of gold exploration.Based on the classification of gold deposits at home and abroad and the 27 gold deposits（points） discovered in the study area，this paper determines that the genetic types of gold deposits in the study area are orogenic type，contact metasomatic type，post magmatic medium and low temperature hydrothermal type and mechanical sedimentary type.Among the 27 deposits，there are 18 orogenic gold deposits，accounting for two-thirds.The estimated resource of orogenic gold deposits accounts for 51%.Therefore，orogenic gold deposits are the most important type in the western section of East Kunlun.Through the analysis of metallogenic environment，it is considered that orogenic gold deposits in the area mainly formed in the Late Triassic.Deep fault is the main ore controlling structure，while ductile shear zone，secondary brittle fault，structural fracture and interlayer fracture zone are good ore storage structures.The ore-forming materials come from the background of post collision compression strike slip，and tectonism provides the basis for the accumulation and precipitation of ore-forming materials.Through the study，the metallogenic model of gold deposit in the study area is preliminarily established.Regional metallogenic model of gold deposit manifested as：In the Triassic collision-post collision stage，the regional crust mantle interaction strongly formed the mantle crust derived granite and its related gold mineralization system.The main types of gold deposits are contact metasomatic type and post magmatic medium and low temperature hydrothermal type，which occur in the outer contact zone of the rock mass and the top of the rock mass respectively.The former is such as Haxiyatu deposit and Tawenchahanxi deposit，and the latter is such as Kude’erte deposit.At the same time，the whole region is under the condition of compressive strike slip deformation tectonic stress，and the deep and large fault activity is strong，which leads to the deep metamorphic hydrothermal solution and controls the development of ductile shear zone.The deep metamorphic hydrothermal fluid moves upward under the control of the ductile shear zone. In the process of metamorphism，the ore-forming materials dispersed in the formation rocks are activated into the metamorphic fluid and become the gold initially enriched in the ore bearing hydrothermal medium basic volcanic rocks and other rocks，forming the gold bearing metamorphic hydrothermal fluid.In the ductile brittle deformation transition zone of ductile shear zone，or its side brittle fracture，structural fracture and interlayer structural zone，due to the reduction of pressure and the temperature of gold bearing metamorphic hydrothermal solution，gold and other metallogenic elements precipitated and formed orogenic gold deposits.After the Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic orogeny，the region continued to develop intracontinentally （basin mountain transformation），the mountains rose strongly，and placer gold deposits were formed in Cenozoic.

The Kudeerte gold deposit is a medium-sized gold deposit newly discovered in the western section of East Kunlun.Granodiorite is the host rock of gold deposit，but the petrogenesis，tectonic background and its relationship with mineralization are still unclear.The above questions have been discussed by studying the petrogeochemistry，U-Pb zircon geochronology，and Hf isotopes of the granodiorite in Kudeerte.The petrogeochemical characteristics show that the Kudeerte granodiorite is a set of quasi-aluminum-potassium basalt rocks，showing a right-inclined distribution pattern of light rare earth enrichment，with obvious negative Eu anoalies.The relative enrichment of elements such as large-ion lithophile elements Rb and K，the active incompatible elements Th and U，the depleted high field strength （Nb，Ta，Ti），HREE，and Sr elements，with the characteristics of shell-derived magma.Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating showes that the age of granodiorite was （242.9±1.3）Ma（n=20，MSWD=0.65）.The Kudeerte granodiorite is a Ⅰ-type granitic rock series of aluminous high potassium calc-alkaline rocks formed in the Middle Triassic.The tectonic environment is the transition environment between subduction and collision of oceanic plate.

A series of hydrothermal cobalt polymetallic deposits in northeastern Hunan Province occurr along the Changsha-Pingjiang fault zone，the middle section of the Jiangnan orogen belt. These deposits are hosted in the tectonic-hydrothermal alteration belt at the footwall of the Changsha-Pingjiang fault zone，and controlled by the fault zone and its secondary structures.However，the occurrence state of cobalt and cobalt-containing minerals in the whole belt isn’t sufficient，which restricts the understanding of the metallogenic process of cobalt in the belt.The detailed mineralogical observation，TIMA analysis and EPMA showed that the pyrite is the main sulfide and also an important cobalt-containing mineral in the Hengdong deposit.It exhibits a complex textural characteristics，that is，the cobalt-rich pyrite with silk-shaped，ring-shaped or irregularly at the edge replaced by the cobalt-poor pyrite at the core.The cobalt-rich pyrite has a clear oscillating zone exhibits high Co （up to 3.52%） but low Ni contents （≤0.09%）. The complex zoning indicated that fluid-coupled dissolution and precipitation mechanism was responsible for the formation of Co-rich pyrite. In comparison，cobaltite ore is the most important cobalt-bearing mineral in the Jintang cobalt polymetallic deposit，which is closely related to pyrite，marcasite，and arsenopyrite，and occurs as an isolated granular form or wrapped in arsenopyrite particles.The particle size of cobaltite is between 3 μm and 45 μm. The contents of Co，Fe，and Ni of cobalt vary from 9.51% to 23.21%（average is 15.50%），4.33% to 17.66%（average is 9.46%），and 5.52% to 15.24%（average is 9.31%），respectively.Combied with the occurrence form of cobalt in the Jingchong cobalt-copper polymetallic deposit，it could be concluded that the cobalt-containing minerals vary from cobaltite to pyrite along the Changsha-Pingjiang fault zone from southwest to northeast.Furthermore，the Co contents in cobaltite increases tend to while Ni contents decreases，and the high content of Co in pyrite decreases.The mineralizing disparity could be explained by controlling factors such as ore-forming fluid migration direction and physical-chemical conditions（e.g.，pH value and f_S2）. Combined with Co（-polymetallic） orebodies controlled by the NE-trending Changsha-Pingjiang deep fault zone，it was proposed that the southwestern part of the deep fault in Lianyunshan area would be the focus of next cobalt exploration in northeastern Hunan Province.

In order to improve the prediction accuracy of loose zone of excavation damaged zone around roadways and provide more scientific guidance for surrounding rock support and ground pressure management，a new prediction method was proposed.The improved Adaboost regression algorithm was used to integrate and optimize three machine learning algorithms，the optimal value of the error rate threshold was found to achieve the global optimal integration of Adaboost.The grid search was used to optimize the hyperparameters of BP，SVM and RF，and the regression prediction models of BP-Adaboost，SVM-Adaboost and RF-Adaboost were established.The results show that the prediction performance of BP-Adaboost is the best，it had the lowest error rate at 7.65 percent.The verification analysis was carried out based on the test example of excavation damaged zone around roadway，the results show that the mean relative error is 4.15%.Therefore，the model proposed in this paper can provide reference for the excavation damaged zone around roadway and meet the needs of engineering applications.

Rare，scattered and rare earth non-ferrous metals is new strategic key mineral resources.At present，some research understandings and breakthroughs have been made in the mineralization and prospecting of key metal deposits in China.Pegmatite type deposit is one of the main sources of rare metal mineral resources，and the rare metal deposits is the most typical of pegmatite types in western China.The magmatic activities are very frequent，and the magmatic rocks are widely distributed，mainly medium-acidic rocks，and very few basite and ultrabasic rock in the Wulan Chakabeishan area of the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin.The main types of rocks with good conditions for forming rare metal deposits，which include syenite granite，monzonitic granite，granodiorite，quartz diorite，tonalite，diorite，gabbro，etc.In order to further understand the geochemical characteristics of the ore-bearing pegmatites in the research area and deepen the understanding of regional tectonic evolution，the mineralization of rare metals and the ore-controlling conditions，the ore-bearing pegmatite was taken as the research object，and the rock mineral features，main trace and rare earth elements composition were analyzed.In the study area，pegmatite vein was band-distributed，outputed in clusters，various types，morphological pulse，beads，lens，and under obvious structural control.The types of pegmatite that closely related to the mineralization of rare metals include mainly muscovite-biotite granite，syenite granite pegmatite，monzonitic granite pegmatite，quartz diorite pegmatite and granodiorite pegmatite.The study found that the ore-bearing pegmatites have high total alkali content，which is similar to the diagenesis characteristics formed in the continental arc or plate collision environment.The partition curve of rare earth is right-leaning，and the light and heavy rare earth fractionation is obvious，and the Eu with medium negative anomaly，it is speculated that the ore-bearing pegmatite source area is not only related to the crust，but also has the possibility of mantle source mafic magma was participated.The results show that the pegmatites were classified and named by the total alkalisili-con （TAS） classification map of the igneous rock system，the samples all fall in the granite-quartz monzonite-syenite area，which belongs to the sub-alkaline rock，and ore-bearing pegmatites have the characteristics of high silicon and overaluminum，and the pegmatites may have experienced the crystallization and separation of mica and feldspar.In this research region，the light rare earth elements is enriched，the heavy rare earth elements is lossed and the fractionation degree is high about ore-bearing pegmatite，it reflects that the mantle source material may be involved in the mineralization of rare metals and rare earth in the magma evolution and diagenetic process of pegmatite.The mineralization is more likely about Rb，Th，Cs，Ce and other rare metal，Ba，Zr，Hf，Nb，Ta，Li and other rare metals have potential for mineralization，and Sr，Y and other rare metals mineralization is little possibility.It is considered that the material source of pegmatites is related to the crust and the participation of mantle source material，and it is inferred that the geological tectonic environment of ore-bearing pegmatites may be post-collision or post-collision extension.The results of the research can provide a theoretical basis for the prospecting of pegmatite type rare metal deposits in the later stage.

Rubidium，as one of the rare metals，plays an increasingly prominent role in military and civilian fields.The granite rubidium deposit is the main type of rubidium ore with high economic value.Recently，lots of exploration achievements and research progress have been made in the granite rubidium deposit，but there is no systematic summary and review.In addition，as the national strategic resource and an important reserve base of critical metals，the prospecting direction of rubidium deposit in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are still unclear.This paper summarized and reviewed the granite type rubidium deposit from the metallogenic age，geological background，ore-controlling structure，ore-bearing rocks，geological characteristics of deposit and metallogenic mechanism.Then，combined with the new exploration achievements of rubidium deposit in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau，reveal its metallogeny and exploration direction of rubidium deposit. For the subsequent exploration evaluation and theoretical research of granite-type rubidium deposits，the occurrence state，fluid characteristics and source of rubidium can be identified by mineralogical evidence，such as microscopic identification，backscattering and scanning electron microscopy，combined with current cutting-edge analytical techniques and methods，such as electron probe，LA-ICP-MS analysis and in-situ O isotope analysis.Furthermore，the process and genesis mechanism of rubidium mineralization were revealed.According to the specific geological characteristics of different metallogenic zones，based on the study of regional geological background，magmatic activity，rock properties and tectonic interpretation，the metallogenic dynamic background of different zones was summarized.A systematic comparative study was carried out on the ore-bearing and non-ore-bearing rock masses of several large and ultra-large granitic rubidium deposits to reveal their petrogeochemical characteristics in detail and clarify the mineralization specificity.At the same time，it is recommended to use the frontier conventional and unconventional isotope analysis，such as micro situ oxygen isotope，lithium isotope，etc.，to explore the source of ore-forming materials （rubidium，fluid） in detail.According to the research results，three prospecting direction are recommended.The first is by looking for the high differentiation granite as the rubidium vision area.The second is，by combining with the comprehensive analysis of infrared spectral characteristics，to explore albitization，greisenization，Tianhe petrochemical altered minerals and fluorite，topaz and other fluorides.The last is to use geophysical prospecting method for delineating magnetic anomaly and IP anomaly center，these methods have a good indicative significance for finding granitic rubidium deposits.