柴达木巴伦马海盆地锂稀有轻金属黏土型矿赋存特征

doi:10.11872/j.issn.1005-2518.2023.03.137

Abstract

Abstract:

In order to identify the occurrence， enrichment， storage conditions and distribution characteristics of rare metal ore in the clay layer，to study the sedimentary characteristics，variation law and metallogenic law of the Qaidam Basin，the evaluation of resource potential were studied in Balunhaima Basin of Qaidam Basin. The investigation and evaluation of lithium rare light metals as the main minerals in Balunmahai salt lake Basin of Qaidam Basin has been carried out， including drilling， sample collection and testing， statistical analysis of data， correlation of rock and ore-bearing clay layers， law summary and research work on the availability of ore-bearing clay. Three layers of ore-bearing clay layers were delineated in the Quaternary Holocene （Qh）， Upper Pleistocene （Qp³） and Middle Pleistocene （Qp²）. It is estimated that the total potential resources of LiCl can reach 1.1441 million tons， which is converted into the total potential resources of Li₂O， Rb₂O and Cs₂O reaching 403 200 tons， 357 200 tons and 31 300 tons respectively.The lithium leaching rate reaches 51%~55% with 10% sulfuric acid concentration，25% pulp concentration，1 hour leaching time and 25 ℃ leaching temperature.The thickness of ore-bearing clay layer and the contents of Li，Rb and Cs are stable. Lithium is mainly composed of Fe-Mn binding state，followed by residue state，Rb and Cs are mainly composed of residue state.The clay minerals are mainly illite，and the contents of Li，Rb and Cs are positively correlated with the clay content. It is concluded that there are both structural lithium and adsorbed lithium in clay-type lithium deposits in this area，which is a kind of clay-type lithium deposits between carbonate clay-type lithium deposits and volcanic clay-type lithium deposits.This type is a new type in Balunmahai Basin，and the mining area has the conditions for extraction and utilization.In this paper，the investigation and evaluation of rare light metal lithium deposits were carried out for the first time in clay layer，and the clay-type lithium rare light metal resources were found.The orebody is associated with liquid ore and solid salt ore，which is an important part of salt lake resources.The research lays a foundation for the overall planning，development and efficient utilization of the evaluation area of the Balunmahai Basin.

Key words: clay-type lithium ore, occurrence characteristics, sedimentary lithium ore, rare metal deposits, resource potential, investigation and evaluation

CLC Number:

P618.71

Tong PAN,Jianzhou CHEN,Chengwang DING,Yuliang MA,Hui LIANG,Tao ZHANG,Xiaochun DU. Occurrence Characteristics of Lithium Rare Light Metal Clay-type Deposits in Balunmahai Basin of Qaidam Basin[J].Gold Science and Technology, 2023, 31(3): 359-377.

Figures/Tables 23

Fig.1

Fig.2

Table 1

Fig.3

Fig.4

Table 2

Statistics on the characteristics of various clay layers and ore-bearing clay layers in the evaluation area of Balunmahai Basin"

黏土层分类	控制工程数/个	分布深度/m	单工程或含矿黏土层厚度/m			LiCl含量/（×10^-6）			Rb₂O含量/（×10^-6）			Cs₂O含量/（×10^-6）			岩石组合、结构构造特征
黏土层分类	控制工程数/个	分布深度/m	最小值	最大值	平均值	最小值	最大值	平均值	最小值	最大值	平均值	最小值	最大值	平均值	岩石组合、结构构造特征
褐色黏土	87	0~44.80	0.72	22.35	10.2	243.09	477.01	352.26	62.73	215.40	120.08	5.40	19.74	10.12	岩石组合：灰褐色含石膏黏土、含粉砂黏土、含石盐黏土等
灰绿色黏土	64	0.75~36.10	0.54	10.10	4.14	163.69	447.09	324.73	48.23	138.88	91.28	4.22	13.26	8.92	岩石组合：灰绿色含石膏黏土、含粉砂黏土、含石盐黏土等
黑色含炭黏土	38	0.45~42.10	0.51	10.95	4.06	160.63	461.99	345.44	40.14	134.58	94.06	4.04	13.26	8.84	岩石组合：含石盐含炭黏土、含粉砂含炭黏土、含石膏含炭黏土、黑色含炭黏土等
含粉砂黏土	67	3.40~40.30	0.82	17.68	6.38	228.51	477.01	331.54	66.40	154.20	117.82	3.42	15.26	10.4	岩石组合：灰褐、灰绿色含粉砂黏土、含炭含粉砂黏土、粉砂—黏土等
含石膏黏土	70	2.10~35.10	0.76	20.92	7.69	245.72	455.02	356.48	53.70	155.56	106.18	4.56	13.28	9.09	岩石组合：含石膏黏土、含粉砂石膏黏土、含石膏石盐黏土、含石膏含炭黏土等
含石盐黏土	44	0~38.10	0.70	22.80	4.56	149.64	517.02	333.06	44.40	219.11	103.07	3.54	18.13	8.37	岩石组合：灰褐、灰绿色含石盐黏土、含石膏石盐黏土、含粉砂石盐黏土等
N_Ⅳ含矿黏土层	13	-	0.51	11.05	12.55	298.05	422.16	351.4	64.36	140.68	106.92	5.11	13.26	8.84	岩石组合：灰褐、灰绿色含石盐石膏黏土、灰黑色含炭黏土、棕褐色含石膏黏土、黑色含粉砂含炭黏土等；结构构造：不含夹石，结构简单，属于中厚含矿黏土层，大部分可采，多为粉砂泥质结构，松散
N_Ⅲ含矿黏土层	87	-	0.82	30.40	14.11	204.78	624.85	346.94	61.90	151.06	107.55	5.01	13.26	9.32	岩石组合：灰褐—灰绿—灰黑色含石膏黏土、灰褐—灰绿—灰黑色含石盐黏土、灰褐—灰绿色含粉砂黏土、含石膏—含石盐—含粉砂黑色含炭黏土；结构构造：全区可采，含矿黏土层较为稳定，厚度较大，属于中厚含矿黏土层，含夹石多为1层，局部3~5层，结构为简单—较简单含矿黏土层，多为粉砂泥质结构、泥质结构，松散
N_Ⅱ含矿黏土层	14	-	0.60	8.00	2.9	238.20	478.80	348.34	72.90	153.10	111.8	5.49	13.01	9.32	岩石组合：灰褐色含粉砂黏土、灰褐色含石膏石盐黏土、灰褐色含石膏粉砂黏土、灰绿色含石膏粉砂黏土；结构构造：大部分可采，不含夹石，结构简单，多为粉砂泥质结构，松散

Table 2

Fig.5

Fig.6

Fig.7

Fig.8

Fig.9

Fig.10

Fig.11

Fig.12

Table 3

Table 4

Fig.13

Table 5

Table 6

Table 7

Fig.14

Table 8

Table 9

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黏土层编号	样品数/个	厚度/m		面积/km²		体重/（t·m^-3）		湿度/%		湿度校正系数
黏土层编号	样品数/个	范围	平均值	范围	平均值	范围	平均值	范围	平均值	范围	平均值
N_Ⅳ	8	0.51~5.68	2.59	0.126~1.973	0.945	2.06~2.12	2.07	16.39~16.75	16.62	81.33~83.54	83.38
N_Ⅲ	36	1.95~20.25	9.82	0.201~24.841	5.029	1.96~2.08	2.06	16.12~19.37	16.72	82.11~83.88	83.28
N_Ⅱ	10	0.78~6.00	3.48	0.329~4.053	1.245	2.05~2.10	2.06	16.01~16.46	16.36	83.54~83.99	83.64

类别	含量指标	Li	Rb	Cs	Li₂O	Rb₂O	Cs₂O
全区	最大值	93.80	174.00	17.60	201.90	190.29	18.66
	最小值	2.93	4.28	0.30	6.31	4.68	0.32
	平均值	49.84	89.71	7.61	107.28	98.11	8.07
粉砂层	最大值	71.80	118.00	7.90	154.55	129.05	8.38
	最小值	12.40	30.60	1.30	26.69	33.47	1.38
	平均值	31.77	75.25	3.51	68.38	82.30	3.72
石盐层	最大值	46.30	98.80	3.50	99.66	108.05	3.71
	最小值	2.93	4.28	0.30	6.31	4.68	0.32
	平均值	18.44	38.51	1.52	39.69	42.12	1.62
全区黏土层	最大值	92.50	174.00	16.30	199.11	190.29	17.28
	最小值	19.30	22.40	1.00	41.54	24.50	1.06
	平均值	56.35	99.18	8.92	121.29	108.47	9.46
灰褐色黏土	最大值	92.20	174.00	17.60	198.46	190.29	18.66
	最小值	24.50	40.60	1.00	52.74	44.40	1.06
	平均值	57.58	107.09	9.28	123.94	117.12	9.84
灰绿色黏土	最大值	86.50	142.00	14.20	186.19	155.30	15.05
	最小值	21.30	25.00	2.64	45.85	27.34	2.80
	平均值	53.12	83.09	8.36	114.34	90.87	8.86
黑色含炭黏土	最大值	92.50	143.00	14.20	199.11	156.39	15.05
	最小值	19.30	22.40	1.87	41.54	24.50	1.98
	平均值	54.84	85.67	8.31	118.04	93.69	8.81
含粉砂黏土	最大值	84.90	174.00	16.30	182.75	190.29	17.28
	最小值	26.80	42.80	3.87	57.69	46.81	4.10
	平均值	54.75	107.28	9.79	117.85	117.33	10.38
含石膏黏土	最大值	93.80	164.00	15.80	201.90	179.36	16.75
	最小值	21.30	39.20	2.60	45.85	42.87	2.76
	平均值	57.88	97.02	8.55	124.59	106.10	9.06
含石盐黏土	最大值	91.80	162.00	14.20	197.60	177.17	15.05
	最小值	23.90	25.00	2.64	51.44	27.34	2.80
	平均值	56.26	93.63	7.86	121.10	102.40	8.33

矿物名称	灰褐色黏土+灰绿色黏土+黑色含炭黏土	黑色含炭黏土	灰褐色黏土+灰绿色黏土
石膏	19.1	19.6	4.9
石盐	18.0	14.9	19.5
石英	20.0	20.3	20.8
文石	3.2	0	5.0
斜长石	5.6	5.7	8.3
菱铁矿	0	0	0
光卤石	4.6	3.4	7.4
白云石	2.4	3.6	3.2
方解石	3.6	3.2	5.6
黄铁矿	1.2	0.2	1.7
黏土矿物	22.3	29.2	23.6

样品编号	黏土矿物相对含量
样品编号	伊蒙混层	伊利石	高岭石	绿泥石
6号样	16	60	9	15
7号样	21	60	7	12
8号样	14	64	8	14

化学物相态	Li		Rb		Cs
化学物相态	含量 /（×10^-6）	分配率 /%	含量 /（×10^-6）	分配率 /%	含量 /（×10^-6）	分配率 /%
总量	111.12	100.00	51.17	100.00	4.27	100.00
离子结合态	5.69	5.12	0.57	1.12	0.00	0.00
碳酸盐结合态	5.72	5.15	0.76	1.48	0.00	0.00
铁锰结合态	75.91	68.31	5.35	10.46	0.28	6.62
有机结合态	4.23	3.81	2.67	5.21	0.96	22.60
残渣态	19.57	17.61	41.82	81.73	3.02	70.79

Occurrence Characteristics of Lithium Rare Light Metal Clay-type Deposits in Balunmahai Basin of Qaidam Basin

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	Li	Be	Na	Mg	Al	Si	S	K	Ca	Mn	Fe	Co	Ni	Cu	Zn	Rb	Cs
Li	1
Be	0.1516	1
Na	0.1157	0.0159	1
Mg	0.7513	0.1249	0.1611	1
Al	0.7939	0.1598	0.1474	0.7326	1
Si	0.7723	0.1641	0.1622	0.7036	0.8975	1
S	0.4946	0.0992	0.2504	0.4779	0.5899	0.5860	1
K	0.7950	0.1635	0.2209	0.7139	0.8893	0.8678	0.5213	1
Ca	-0.4988	-0.1011	-0.2709	-0.4829	-0.5851	-0.5807	-0.9398	-0.5359	1
Mn	0.4517	0.0735	0.0955	0.4988	0.4094	0.4124	0.2929	0.4056	0.2975	1
Fe	0.5565	0.08333	0.0834	0.7733	0.4850	0.4593	0.3400	0.4399	0.3620	0.4542	1
Co	0.3348	0.0564	0.0574	0.3082	0.27923	0.2840	0.1821	0.2827	0.1838	0.2133	0.2727	1
Ni	0.4082	0.07678	0.0313	0.4065	0.3580	0.34381	0.2308	0.3429	0.2194	0.2128	0.3426	0.1805	1
Cu	0.2461	0.04687	-0.0023	0.2457	0.2118	0.2073	0.1274	0.2146	0.1545	0.1486	0.2528	0.1210	0.1323	1
Zn	0.1873	0.01353	-0.0741	0.31982	0.1239	0.1077	-0.0091	0.1031	0.0373	0.1752	0.3774	0.0993	0.1372	0.0809	1
Rb	0.5845	0.1249	0.1070	0.4802	0.6340	0.6205	0.4061	0.6585	0.4032	0.2979	0.2933	0.2242	0.2845	0.1610	0.0511	1
Cs	0.7428	0.1414	0.1054	0.5745	0.7028	0.7071	0.4403	0.7409	0.4324	0.3607	0.3760	0.3269	0.3549	0.2242	0.1033	0.5902	1

样品类型	粒级/mm	产品产率/%	品位/（×10^-6）			回收率/%
样品类型	粒级/mm	产品产率/%	Li	Rb	Cs	Li	Rb	Cs
混合样品	-1.000+0.335	57.05	71.49	63.35	5.86	57.95	54.01	53.74
	-0.335+0.200	13.78	73.57	69.11	6.89	14.41	14.23	15.27
	-0.200+0.125	7.72	86.25	69.94	6.71	9.46	8.06	8.33
	-0.125+0.100	4.15	60.38	66.73	6.19	3.56	4.14	4.13
	-0.100+0.074	3.80	60.74	70.76	6.22	3.28	4.02	3.80
	-0.074+0.038	6.10	52.63	74.31	6.27	4.56	6.78	6.15
	-0.038	7.41	64.45	79.18	7.21	6.78	8.76	8.59
	原矿	100.00	70.37	66.92	6.22	100.00	100.00	100.00
黑色含炭黏土	-1.000+0.335	60.96	68.15	61.07	5.96	59.99	57.59	57.74
	-0.335+0.200	14.19	63.32	66.91	6.41	12.97	14.69	14.45
	-0.200+0.125	6.78	103.62	72.94	7.69	10.15	7.65	8.29
	-0.125+0.100	3.74	67.45	65.38	6.29	3.64	3.78	3.74
	-0.100+0.074	3.47	66.95	67.08	6.44	3.35	3.60	3.55
	-0.074+0.038	5.17	63.57	68.96	6.58	4.75	5.52	5.41
	-0.038	5.68	62.67	81.52	7.56	5.14	7.17	6.83
	原矿	100.00	69.25	64.64	6.29	100.00	100.00	100.00

分类特征	成矿作用	成矿地质体	矿体形状及规模	矿石结构构造（水化学类型）	矿石矿物	有用组分的赋存形式
第四纪现代盐湖矿床	蒸发沉积作用	盐湖卤水、盐岩	形状：盐湖盆地控制液相，固体呈似层状、透镜状；规模：大型、超大型	固液相共存，以液相为主。固相呈自形、半自形结构，粒状、块状、层状构造	KCl、NaCl、MgCl₂、MgSO₄等，钾石盐、光卤石、石盐、芒硝	晶间卤水、孔隙卤水；盐类矿物
砂砾孔隙卤水矿床	化学沉积作用	承压卤水	形状：由含水层控制；规模：小型、中型、大型	液相	KCl、NaCl、MgCl₂、MgSO₄等	晶间卤水、孔隙卤水、裂隙水
古近纪—新近纪盐类矿床	化学沉积作用	盐岩	形状：似层状、层状、透镜状；规模：小型、中型、大型、超大型	固相，自形、半自形结构，粒状、块状、层状构造	天青石、菱锶矿、石膏、石盐	盐类矿物
黏土型矿床	沉积吸附作用	黏土层	形状：似层状、层状；规模：大型、超大型	固相，粉砂泥质结构、泥质结构，松散	含Li、Rb、Cs、Sr、B的伊利石、绿泥石、高岭石、伊蒙混层	吸附于黏土矿物中或赋存于矿物晶格中，与黏土矿物含量呈正比

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