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Gold Science and Technology ›› 2023, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (4): 646-658.doi: 10.11872/j.issn.1005-2518.2023.04.030

• Mining Technology and Mine Management • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Environmental Risk Assessment and Prediction of Mining Investment in Pakistan Under the Background of the Belt and Road

Minggui ZHENG1,2(),Xinyue WANG2(),Dongming GU2,Yanbo ZHANG2   

  1. 1.Center for Pakistani Studies, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
    2.School of Economics and Management, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
  • Received:2023-02-22 Revised:2023-05-28 Online:2023-08-30 Published:2023-09-20
  • Contact: Xinyue WANG E-mail:mgz268@sina.com;wxy1073090801@163.com

Abstract:

Pakistan is rich in mineral resources and is one of China’s “all-weather strategic partners” and an important mining investment country.Based on the five risk levels of politics and law,economy and finance,resource extraction,social culture and infrastructure,this paper constructs a mining investment environmental risk evaluation index system in Pakistan from a dynamic perspective.The weight of indicators is determined by the improved CRITIC method,and the index information is collected by the TOPSIS method to explore the possible risk factors of Pakistan’s mining investment environment,so that the evaluation results are more accurate,scientific and referenceable.The deep learning model was used to predict the mining investment environment in Pakistan from 2023 to 2033,which provides a reference for the risk prevention of Pakistan’s mining investment environment in the future.The results show that:(1)Anti-globalization risk,resource abundance,social stability,environmental regulation,credit risk and corruption risk sink are the main influencing factors of Pakistan’s mining investment environment.(2)From 2000 to 2022,Pakistan’s mining investment environment score generally showes a spiraling trend,and the risk level was stable after being reduced to medium risk.In addition to the overall dynamic downward trend of infrastructure risk scores,the political and legal risks,economic and financial risks,social and cultural risks and resource exploitation risk scores all show a fluctuating upward trend.(3)From 2023 to 2033,Pakistan’s mining investment environment will be reduced from medium risk to low risk level,stable and improving.

Key words: Pakistan, mining investment climate, risk assessment, CRITIC method, TOPSIS method

CLC Number: 

  • F426.1

Table 1

Risk assessment index system of mining investment environment in Pakistan"

准则层指标层指标度量数据来源指标属性
政治法律风险矿业政策矿业投资政策感知指数Fraser研究所
腐败风险政府官员腐败情况WGI数据库
信用风险主权信用评级联合信用评级有限公司
环境规制环境可持续性政策和制度评级WGI数据库
经济金融风险经济发展水平人均GDPWDI数据库
物价风险按GDP平减指数衡量的通货膨胀WDI数据库
汇率风险人民币兑换美元汇率的标准差系数世界银行
逆全球化风险直接投资净流出/直接投资净流入WDI数据库、WTO数据库
资源开采风险资源丰富度矿产资源单位面积的蕴藏量USGS、WDI数据库
国内生产能力矿产在生产份额中所占的比例USGS数据库
储采比矿产开采年限USGS数据库
采选技术采选技术水平高低专家调查
社会文化风险社会稳定社会治安状态UNODC数据库
劳动力水平劳动力平均受教育年限WDI数据库
基尼系数贫富差距程度世界发展指数
基础设施风险交通便利度货柜码头吞吐量WDI数据库
网络覆盖程度互联网个人用户数/总人口WDI数据库
能源供应通电率世界银行

Table 2

Weight of risk assessment index of mining investment environment in Pakistan"

准则层指标层

指标

变异性

指标

冲突性

信息量权重
政治法律风险矿业政策0.30815.8984.9000.056
腐败风险0.29517.1615.0660.058
信用风险0.27917.9915.0280.058
环境规制0.32718.8326.1540.071
经济金融风险经济发展水平0.23418.4664.3280.050
物价风险0.21319.3954.1310.047
汇率风险0.30514.1964.3230.050
逆全球化风险0.32421.7977.0600.081
资源开采风险资源丰富度0.31719.9856.3400.073
国内生产能力0.30913.6714.2250.048
储采比0.21219.9464.2300.048
采选技术0.30813.8554.2710.049
社会文化风险社会稳定0.29221.4936.2690.072
劳动力水平0.31414.0764.4240.051
基尼系数0.33813.5954.6020.053
基础设施风险交通便利度0.31713.6764.3340.050
网络覆盖程度0.29313.6744.0110.046
能源供应0.25114.2323.5730.041

Table 3

Classification standards of risk stage"

相对贴近度风险等级
0~0.2高风险
0.2~0.4较高风险
0.4~0.6中等风险
0.6~0.8较低风险
0.8~1.0低风险

Table 4

Comprehensive scores of mining investment environment risk assessment in Pakistan"

年份正理想解距离负理想解距离相对贴近度风险等级
20000.7700.4970.392较高风险
20010.7160.5320.426中等风险
20020.6710.5700.459中等风险
20030.7110.5340.429中等风险
20040.6420.5980.483中等风险
20050.6510.5630.464中等风险
20060.6050.5630.482中等风险
20070.5480.5860.517中等风险
20080.5930.5590.485中等风险
20090.5410.5780.517中等风险
20100.5150.5600.521中等风险
20110.5430.5380.497中等风险
20120.5590.6220.527中等风险
20130.5440.6310.537中等风险
20140.5270.6290.544中等风险
20150.4540.6480.588中等风险
20160.4790.6390.572中等风险
20170.5120.6100.544中等风险
20180.5190.6340.550中等风险
20190.5190.5820.528中等风险
20200.6110.6090.499中等风险
20210.5090.6710.569中等风险
20220.5200.6930.571中等风险

Fig.1

Risk score"

Fig.2

Prediction process of GAN model"

Fig.3

Loss changes of generator and discriminator"

Table 5

Comparison of prediction results of three models"

模型RMSEMAPE
WGAN0.0326965420.483403340
LSTM0.0456634040.502774728
GRU0.0385634110.523065860

Fig.4

Comparison of prediction results of WGAN model"

Fig.5

Comparison of prediction results of LSTM model"

Fig.6

Comparison of prediction results of GRU model"

Fig.7

Risk forecast of mining investment in Pakistan from 2023 to 2033"

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