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Gold Science and Technology ›› 2022, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (2): 196-208.doi: 10.11872/j.issn.1005-2518.2022.02.168

• Mining Technology and Mine Management • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Study on the Structure and Evolution of Rare Earth Trade Network Along the Belt and Road

Shuitai XU1(),Caiwei MA1,Wenxing ZHU2,3()   

  1. 1.School of Economic and Management,Jiangxi University of Science and Technology,Ganzhou 341000,Jiangxi,China
    2.School of Business,Jiangxi University of Science and Technology,Nanchang 330013,Jiangxi,China
    3.Nonferrous Metals Industry Development Research Institute,Jiangxi University of Science and Technology,Ganzhou 341000,Jiangxi,China
  • Received:2021-11-15 Revised:2022-03-09 Online:2022-04-30 Published:2022-06-17
  • Contact: Wenxing ZHU E-mail:stxu@jxust.edu.cn;81536597@qq.com

Abstract:

Rare earth is a strategic and key metal mineral resource that promotes high-quality development of national economy and global economic restructuring. The Belt and Road Initiative provides major opportunities for rare earth trade among countries. Based on the trade data of rare earth related products along the Belt and Road from 2013 to 2019 in UN Comtrade, the network structure characteristics and evolution process of rare earth trade along the Belt and Road were explored from individual and overall levels by using complex network analysis method. At the individual level, the position and evolution trend of countries along the route in the rare earth trade network were explored based on the degree centrality, intermediate centrality, proximity centrality and point intensity of network nodes. At the overall level, the characteristics of network density, small-world network, and community structure were analyzed to explore the overall characteristics and evolution rules of network. The results show that: (1)From 2013 to 2019, the Rare earth trade network of the Belt and Road presents the characteristics of a “small world”, but the network density is low and the accessibility of the overall network structure is weak. (2)As an important participant in the Belt and Road rare earth trade, China has always played a core role in the trade network and has absolute influence and control over rare earth trade. (3)Due to industrial proximity, trade and transportation costs, cultural differences, countries with similar geographical locations have closer rare earth trade links.(4)The trade of rare earth terminal application products is the main aspect that affects the development of rare earth trade in the Belt and Road. Therefore, the research believes that the following measures can provide a basis for China’s rare earth trade strategy and policy formulation and the optimization of rare earth trade pattern. Firstly, strengthen infrastructure construction and reduce the impact of geographical location on the Belt and Road rare earth trade cooperation.Secondly, strengthen rare earth trade links among core countries in various regions to further consolidate China’s core position in the Belt and Road rare earth trade network.Thirdly, reduce rare earth trade barriers, improve the smooth flow of rare earth trade activities and the development of trade networks along the Belt and Road.Finally, expand rare earth trade cooperation partners and promote the diversification of rare earth trade market targets along the Belt and Road.

Key words: the Belt and Road, rare earth trade, rare earth industry chain, complex network theory, network structure, network evolution

CLC Number: 

  • F746.18

Table 1

Scope of the Belt and Road Countries"

地区国家
东亚(2个)中国、蒙古国
东南亚(11个)新加坡、印度尼西亚、马来西亚、泰国、越南、柬埔寨、菲律宾、缅甸、文莱、老挝、东帝汶
南亚(8个)印度、巴基斯坦、孟加拉国、阿富汗、不丹、马尔代夫、斯里兰卡、尼泊尔
中亚(5个)哈萨克斯坦、土库曼斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦
西亚北非(19个)阿联酋、约旦、以色列、格鲁吉亚、卡塔尔、阿曼、土耳其、沙特阿拉伯、阿塞拜疆、埃及、伊朗、伊拉克、 巴林、也门、巴勒斯坦、叙利亚、黎巴嫩、亚美尼亚、科威特
中东欧(20个)阿尔巴尼亚、俄罗斯、白俄罗斯、乌克兰、保加利亚、马其顿、黑山、塞尔维亚、摩尔多瓦、波黑、罗马尼亚、 克罗地亚、拉脱维亚、匈牙利、斯洛伐克、捷克、斯洛文尼亚、波兰、立陶宛、爱沙尼亚

Table 2

Rare earth related products and customs HS codes"

阶段稀土相关产品海关HS编码
稀土原材料生产稀土矿、独居石矿、稀土高炉渣等253090、262099
稀土冶炼分离稀土盐类、稀土氧化物、稀土金属等280530、284190、284210、284440、284610、284690
稀土终端应用传统领域:冶金或机械制品、石油或化工制品、玻璃或陶瓷制品、农轻纺添加剂等310390、310590、320420、320650、320720、360690、690320、690912、 701810、720299、720429、720521、722410、750220、846420、847490
新材料领域:荧光材料、抛光材料、永磁材料、储氢材料、催化材料等340590、381512、680690、850511、900110、900190、901320

Table 3

Description of related structural characteristics indicators"

层面指标公式含义
个体层面度数中心度

入度中心度:Kiin=j=1NajiN-1

出度中心度:Kiout=j=1NaijN-1

度数中心度表示某一节点与其他节点相连接边的数量占比。在“一带一路”稀土贸易网络中,度数中心度越高,表示该节点国家与其他沿线国家存在稀土贸易关系的数目越多,影响力和覆盖范围越大。其中,N为“一带一路”国家总数;aijaji 为“一带一路”稀土贸易网络邻接矩阵 At 的数值
介数中心度Bjki=gjkiN-1N-2gjk介数中心度表示某一节点作为其他任意2个节点间最短路径桥梁的次数占比。在“一带一路”稀土贸易网络中,介数中心度越高,表示该节点国家对其他沿线国家间稀土贸易的控制程度越高。其中,gjkj国家与k国家间所有最短的稀土贸易路径数;gjki)为j国家到k国家最短稀土贸易路径中经过i国家的路径数
接近中心度Ci=1N-1j=1Ndij接近中心度表示某一节点到其他节点最短路径的平均距离占比。在“一带一路”稀土贸易网络中,接近中心度越高,表示该节点国家在网络中获取资源和信息的路径越短,越不容易受到其他沿线国家间稀土贸易的影响。其中,diji国家到j国家的最短路径长度,当i国家到j国家不存在稀土贸易关系时,dij =∞
点强度

入强度:Siin=i=1Nwji

出强度:Siout=i=1Nwij

点强度又称为加权度,表示某一节点与之相连所有连边的权重之和。在“一带一路”稀土贸易网络中,点强度越大,表示该节点国家在网络中的重要性越大。其中,wjiwij 为“一带一路”稀土贸易网络邻接矩阵 Gt 的数值
整体层面网络密度Δ=ENN-1网络密度表示网络中各节点间关系的紧密度。在“一带一路”稀土贸易网络中,网络密度越接近1,网络密度越高,各国家间的活动越频繁;网络密度越接近0,稀土贸易发生的可能性越小。其中,|E|为网络中实际存在的连边数
小世界网络

平均聚类系数:

CC=iNEi12kiki-1N

平均路径长度:

L=dij12NN-1

小世界网络有较大的平均聚类系数和较短的平均路径长度。在“一带一路”稀土贸易网络中,平均聚类系数越大,表示各国家间集结成团的程度越高;平均路径长度越短,表示各国家间贸易效率越高,越具有“小世界”性质。其中,kii国家的度值;Eii国家与邻居节点两两相连的实际连边数
社团结构模块度:Q=12mijNaij-kikj2mδCi,Cj模块度表示网络中社团划分的程度。在“一带一路”稀土贸易网络中,模块度越大,表示网络划分的社团结构准确度越高。其中,m为最多可能存在的关系总数

Table 4

Top 6 countries in the centricity degree indexes of rare earth trade network of the Belt and Road"

中心度指标年份123456
入度中心度2013印度中国俄罗斯土耳其阿联酋新加坡
0.5470.5470.5160.5000.4690.453
2014中国印度俄罗斯土耳其阿联酋捷克
0.6090.5630.5310.5310.4840.484
2015阿联酋俄罗斯印度中国土耳其捷克
0.5630.5160.5160.5160.5000.469
2016印度中国俄罗斯土耳其阿联酋捷克
0.5780.5780.5310.5160.5000.484
2017中国印度俄罗斯捷克土耳其阿联酋
0.6410.5940.5310.5310.5160.484
2018印度中国俄罗斯土耳其阿联酋捷克
0.6090.5940.5630.5470.5000.500
2019俄罗斯中国阿联酋印度土耳其沙特阿拉伯/乌克兰
0.5470.5470.4840.4840.4690.453
出度中心度2013中国土耳其捷克印度波兰新加坡
1.0000.8910.8750.8440.7810.719
2014中国捷克波兰土耳其印度俄罗斯
1.0000.8910.8750.8750.8440.734
2015中国土耳其捷克波兰印度俄罗斯
1.0000.9220.8750.8440.8130.750
2016中国土耳其捷克印度波兰俄罗斯
1.0000.9060.8750.8590.8440.781
2017中国土耳其捷克印度波兰俄罗斯
1.0000.9060.8910.8910.8590.719
2018中国土耳其捷克印度波兰俄罗斯
1.0000.9060.8910.8910.8590.813
2019中国波兰土耳其捷克印度俄罗斯
1.0000.9220.9220.8590.8590.813
介数中心度2013中国印度土耳其新加坡捷克俄罗斯
0.0970.0850.0560.0380.0330.029
2014中国印度土耳其捷克俄罗斯新加坡
0.1180.0650.0550.0370.0330.033
2015中国印度土耳其阿联酋捷克新加坡
0.0850.0730.0530.0430.0400.036
2016中国印度土耳其泰国新加坡捷克
0.0940.0650.0480.0400.0380.036
2017中国印度土耳其捷克泰国阿联酋
0.0910.0750.0490.0380.0360.029
2018中国印度俄罗斯土耳其泰国捷克
0.0690.0650.0540.0380.0360.030
2019中国俄罗斯新加坡阿联酋印度土耳其
0.0800.0570.0370.0330.0320.028
接近中心度2013也门中国土耳其捷克印度波兰
1.0001.0000.9010.8890.8650.821
2014中国捷克波兰土耳其印度俄罗斯
1.0000.9010.8890.8890.8650.790
2015中国土耳其捷克波兰印度俄罗斯
1.0000.9280.8890.8650.8420.800
2016中国土耳其捷克印度波兰俄罗斯
1.0000.9140.8890.8770.8650.821
2017中国土耳其捷克印度波兰俄罗斯
1.0000.9140.9010.9010.8770.780
2018中国土耳其捷克印度波兰俄罗斯
1.0000.9140.9010.9010.8770.842
2019中国波兰土耳其捷克印度俄罗斯
1.0000.9280.9280.8770.8770.842

Fig.1

Evolution process of the rare earth trade relationship number and average centricity degree indexes in the Belt and Road from 2013 to 2019"

Table 5

Top 6 countries in intensity indexes of rare earth trade network points of the Belt and Road"

点强度指标年份123456
入强度2013中国印度泰国越南马来西亚印度尼西亚
76 602.45366 484.30544 569.15642 511.28429 656.32728 918.096
2014中国印度泰国越南马来西亚俄罗斯
81 662.29367 579.65342 968.04541 331.24331 874.70928 606.154
2015中国印度泰国越南马来西亚印度尼西亚
87 600.37266 402.98544 929.99640 446.70739 005.91426 916.440
2016中国印度越南泰国马来西亚捷克
68 239.43530 558.72328 377.18126 075.38126 062.45520 274.416
2017中国马来西亚越南印度泰国捷克
88 478.14339 021.44435 954.42833 319.54628 180.21227 390.561
2018中国马来西亚越南印度泰国捷克
70 875.77342 176.42741 431.15339 223.26237 224.31232 394.918
2019中国越南马来西亚印度泰国捷克
65 085.88843 443.71340 042.12239 604.04635 074.65730 322.958
出强度2013中国以色列新加坡马来西亚捷克俄罗斯
20 0533.28280 843.90045 353.24131 906.10124 485.08822 493.861
2014中国以色列新加坡马来西亚捷克俄罗斯
23 7361.47263 963.10044 954.68436 747.33325 397.86325 368.913
2015中国以色列马来西亚新加坡俄罗斯捷克
252 297.74259 191.20041 637.62941 590.34725 830.52518 023.983
2016中国以色列俄罗斯波兰新加坡马来西亚
121 690.46645 153.40033 537.34126 189.69120857.52019 074.993
2017中国以色列俄罗斯波兰马来西亚新加坡
151 574.98644 987.90037 490.90230 897.72130 854.88328 843.088
2018中国以色列波兰俄罗斯马来西亚印度
181 451.15150 964.30038 651.23732 166.19428 796.66517 763.582
2019中国以色列波兰俄罗斯马来西亚捷克
182 297.28347 722.50042 012.59635 212.56928 448.38417 827.414

Fig.2

Evolution process of rare earth trade volumes in the Belt and Road and typical countries from 2013 to 2019"

Fig.3

Evolution process of rare earth trade relationship number and trade network density in the Belt and Road from 2013 to 2019"

Fig.4

Evolution process of average clustering coefficient and average path length of rare earth trade network in the Belt and Road from 2013 to 2019"

Table 6

Module degree and community structure of rare earth trade network in the Belt and Road from 2013 to 2019"

年份模块度社区数各社区中的国家数
20130.1652[39,26]
20140.2003[37,24,4]
20150.1573[35,26,4]
20160.2854[25,20,10,10]
20170.3354[30,17,14,4]
20180.1994[26,24,8,7]
20190.2113[28,26,11]

Fig.5

Rare earth trade network of the Belt and Road in 2013 and 2019"

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