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Gold Science and Technology ›› 2018, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (4): 492-502.doi: 10.11872/j.issn.1005-2518.2018.04.492

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Review and Exploration of Current Situation of Backfill Mining in Hard Rock Mines

Xibing LI(),Bing LIU   

  1. 1School of Resources and Safety Engineering，Central South University，Changsha 410083，Hunan，China
  • Received:2018-03-14 Revised:2018-04-25 Online:2018-10-10 Published:2018-10-17

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Abstract:

With the deep mining of mineral resources，the backfill mining method would be the first choice of mining method in the future.Based on the development history and application status of mine backfill mining technology，the challenges posed by the characteristics of high mining depth and high crustal stress to the existing mine backfill technology were analyzed systematically.What’s more，various kinds of problems in deep mine backfill were put forward and discussed.Combined with circular economy and green mining，the selection of backfill materials shall be harmless and diversified.In addition，the legal system and standard related to mine backfill are urgently needed to be established，and the filling theories still need to be improved.

Key words: hard rock mines, cemented backfill, backfill material, paste-like backfill, paste backfill, deep mine backfill, industrial tail waste, circular economy

CLC Number: 

  • TD853

Fig.1

Development of backfill mining technology[9,10,11]"

Table 1

The first time of paste backfill technology"

国家 时间 矿山 充填材料
德国 1979 Bad Grund(铅锌矿) 全尾砂
美国 1985 Lucky Friday 全尾砂
加拿大 1992 Creighton 全尾砂
中国 1999 金川镍矿二矿区 全尾砂
澳大利亚 1998 Mount Isa 全尾砂

Fig.2

The reform of backfill technology in major mining countries in foreign countries[24,25,26,27,28]"

Table 2

Typical hard rock mine adopted paste（paste-like）backfill technology[9,29,30]"

矿山名称 建成时间/年 充填浓度/% 流动性（塌落度）/cm 充填材料
山东莱芜矿业 2014 56~58 22~24 尾砂，水泥
中色非洲矿业 1998 65~70 18~23 铜尾砂，水泥
五矿闪星锑业 2009 68~76 23 锑尾矿，水泥，粉煤灰
新疆伽师铜矿 2014 78~80 26 全尾砂、戈壁集料、水泥
会泽铅锌矿 2007 79~81 18~23 全尾砂、水泥
金川镍矿 1999 77~79 20~23 全尾砂、水泥

Table 3

Problems occurred in the operation of paste backfill technology in China[29,30,31]"

矿山名称 充填浓度/% 膏体充填试验中出现的问题
云南会泽铅锌矿 79~81 堵管问题：膏体系统投产之初，堵管事件频繁发生，主要为钻孔堵塞和充填管线全线、局部堵管；2007~2010年，每年堵管8~12次；2011年后，全线堵管每年1次，采场局部堵管每年发生3~4次
甘肃金川镍矿 77~79 建设周期漫长：1987年，开展对全尾砂膏体充填进行研究；1992年，膏体充填系统的建设；1999年膏体充填进入试产；又经过6年多不间断试验和技术改造，2005年开始正常生产；2011年达到设计能力
大冶铜绿山铜矿 84~86 1999年铜绿山铜矿进行了膏体充填工业试验，但膏体充填未能进入工业化生产

Fig.3

(a)Full pipe flow feeding system[33]；(b)Relationship between phosphogypsum filling slurry concentration and pressure drop[34]"

Fig.4

(a)Pipeline layout of Kidd Creek deep mine filling system in Canada[24]；(b)paste backfill pipeline wear in shallow and deep mine[36]；(c)schematic diagram of ultra high strength backfill in TauTona gold mine[36]"

Fig.5

（a）“Python”integration system of mining and processing (modified by reference [38])；（b）Compressive strength of phosphogypsum backfill in 2007~2011[34]"

Table 4

Substituted material adopted in mine backfill at home and abroad[11,49,50]"

矿山名称` 充填骨料 胶结材料 年份
开阳磷矿 磷石膏 黄磷渣水泥 2004
瓮福磷矿 磷尾砂 粉煤灰水泥 2015
山东铝业 水淬渣 赤泥 1990
金川镍矿 淬渣尾砂 粉煤灰水泥 1991
张马屯铁矿 全尾砂 高炉水渣 1994
加拿大Louvicourt 尾砂 硅粉 1998
加拿大Kidd Creek 尾砂 炉渣粉煤灰 1982
澳大利亚Mount Isa 铜尾砂 铜炉渣 1988
芬兰奥托昆普公司 尾砂 高炉渣 1978
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