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黄金科学技术, 2019, 27(3): 315-327 doi: 10.11872/j.issn.1005-2518.2019.03.315

矿产勘查与资源评价

招平断裂带中段金矿床控矿条件与成矿规律研究

孙伟清,1, 刘燊,2, 冯彩霞2, 范焱2, 刘永昌3

1. 山东省地质科学研究院,国土资源部金矿成矿地质过程与资源利用重点实验室,山东省金属矿产成矿地质过程与资源利用重点实验室,山东 济南 250013

2. 西北大学地质学系,陕西 西安 710069

3. 中国冶金地质总局山东正元地质勘查院,山东 烟台 264000

Research on Ore-Control Conditions and Metallogenic Law of Gold Deposits in Central Zhaoping Fault,Eastern Shandong Province

SUN Weiqing,1, LIU Shen,2, FENG Caixia2, FAN Yan2, LIU Yongchang3

1. Shandong Institute of Geology Sciences,Key Laboratory of Gold Mineralization Process and Resources Utilization,Ministry of Land and Resources,Key Laboratory of Metal Mineralization Geological Processes and Resources Utilization in Shandong Province,Jinan 250013,Shandong,China

2. Department of Geology,Northwest University,Xi’an 710069,Shaanxi,China

3. Shandong Zhengyuan Geological Exploration Institute,General Administration of Metallurgical Geology of China,Yantai 264000,Shandong,China

通讯作者: 刘燊(1974-),男,陕西西安人,教授,从事地球化学研究工作。liushen@nwu.edu.cn

收稿日期: 2019-01-02   修回日期: 2019-03-21   网络出版日期: 2019-07-08

基金资助: 中国地质调查局老矿山找矿项目“山东省招远市招平断裂带中段深部金矿战略性勘查”.  1212011220694

Received: 2019-01-02   Revised: 2019-03-21   Online: 2019-07-08

作者简介 About authors

孙伟清(1970-),男,山东济南人,高级工程师,从事矿床学研究工作swq_1970@163.com , E-mail:swq_1970@163.com

摘要

招平断裂带中段为胶东地区重要的金成矿带,目前已查明的金矿床主要包括夏甸大型金矿床和大尹格庄特大型金矿床,姜家窑和曹家洼中型金矿床,以及焦格庄小型金矿床。研究人员对招平断裂带中段各类金矿床的构造控矿条件、分布规律和矿体赋存规律仍缺乏较系统的认识,亟待开展进一步研究。通过对金矿区地质特征、金矿床地质特征、构造控矿特征和金矿成矿规律进行分析和总结,得出大尹格庄特大型金矿主要受招平主干断裂控制;夏甸大型金矿床主要受控于主干控矿断裂下盘伴生、派生的低级和低序次断裂,夏甸北耩矿体主要受控于主断裂下盘岩体局部张性显微裂隙带;招平断裂带中段大尹格庄特大型金矿床、夏甸特大型金矿床和焦格庄中、小型金矿床大致呈等间距分布,近EW向断裂与招平断裂的交会部位是有利成矿部位;断裂的拐弯或交会部位为主要赋矿部位。

关键词: 金矿床 ; 控矿条件 ; 成矿规律 ; 矿体赋存规律 ; 招平断裂带 ; 山东省

Abstract

As one of the famous gold-enriched areas in China,a large number of super-large,large and medium-sized gold deposits have been discovered in Jiaodong Peninsula.Some research had been carried out on the formation mechanism,metallogenic epoch,material source,division of regional metallogenic belt and the temporal-spatial relationship between main geological bodies and gold mineralization in Jiaodong Peninsula.But there is still a lack of detailed understanding of the tectonic ore-controlling conditions,distribution regularities and occurrence regularities of gold deposits in this area.In this study,the regional geological characteristics,the geological characteristics of gold deposits and the ore-controlling characteristics of faulted structures and the metallogenic regularity of gold deposits are discussed,which will provide a reasonable explanation for the above-mentioned scientific problems,and hopefully provide a possible guidance for later prospecting.The middle section of Zhaoping Fault is an important gold metallogenic belt in Jiaodong Peninsula.The following typical gold deposits have attracted possible concerns:(1)Xiadian super large gold deposit and Dayingezhuang super large gold deposit;(2)Jiangjiayao,Caojiawa and Jiaogezhuang medium and small gold deposits.Nevertheless,the structural ore-controlling conditions,distribution regularity and ore body occurrence regularity of various gold deposits distributed in the middle part of the fault zone are still the main problems to be solved urgently.Based on the analysis and summary of the geological characteristics,gold deposit geological characteristicsBased on the analysis and summary of the geological characteristics,gold deposit geological characteristics,structural ore-controlling characteristics and gold metallogenic regularity of Xiadian large-scale gold deposit,Dayingezhuang super large scale gold deposit and Jiaogzhuang small-sized gold deposit,the following results and understandings are obtained.Dayingezhuang super large gold deposit is mainly controlled by Zhaoping main fault.Xiadian super large gold deposit is mainly controlled by main ore-controlling faults associated with lower wall,derived low-grade and low-order faults.Xiadian Beiqu orebody is controlled by local tensional micro-fracture zone of rock mass in lower wall of main fault.The Dayingezhuang,Xiadian and Jiaogezhuang gold deposits in the middle section of Zhaoping Fault zone are approximately isometric.The intersection of nearly EW-trending faults and Zhaoping Faults is favorable for mineralization.The bend or intersection of faults is the main ore-hosting part.

Keywords: gold deposit ; ore control conditions ; metallogenic law ; ore-body occurrence law ; Zhaoping fault ; Shandong Province

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孙伟清, 刘燊, 冯彩霞, 范焱, 刘永昌. 招平断裂带中段金矿床控矿条件与成矿规律研究[J]. 黄金科学技术, 2019, 27(3): 315-327 doi:10.11872/j.issn.1005-2518.2019.03.315

SUN Weiqing, LIU Shen, FENG Caixia, FAN Yan, LIU Yongchang. Research on Ore-Control Conditions and Metallogenic Law of Gold Deposits in Central Zhaoping Fault,Eastern Shandong Province[J]. Gold Science and Technology, 2019, 27(3): 315-327 doi:10.11872/j.issn.1005-2518.2019.03.315

招平断裂带中段地处华北板块胶北隆起区[1],是著名的金矿成矿带和我国金矿富集区之一[2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9],控制着夏甸、大尹格庄、姜家窑和焦格庄等不同规模的金矿床。前人已对胶东地区大部分金矿床的形成机制(如,幔源C-H-O流体分异、减压增温体系)[10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26]、成矿时代[27,28,29]、物质来源(如,幔源和壳源及壳幔混合源)[10,11,12,13,14,15]、区域成矿带划分和主要地质体与金矿化的时空关系(混合岩化、岩浆热液成矿、大陆地壳深部成矿和煌斑岩辅助成矿)[16,23,26]进行了研究,但对于招平断裂带中段金矿床的构造控矿条件、矿床分布规律及矿体赋存规律仍缺乏较详细的认识。因此,本研究主要从区域地质特征、金矿床地质特征、构造控矿特征和金矿成矿规律等方面入手进行探讨,为上述存在的科学问题提供合理的解释,同时有望为后期找矿提供可能的指导。

1 矿区地质

招平断裂中段已查明的金矿床共10余处。本研究主要涉及大尹格庄特大型金矿床、夏甸特大型金矿床和焦格庄小型金矿床。

1.1 地层

研究区地层归属胶东地层小区[30,31,32],主要包括新太古代胶东岩群和第四纪沉积层。胶东岩群呈包体形态赋存于新太古代栖霞序列和玲珑序列中,并受变质、变形及岩浆改造作用影响,原岩层序无法恢复。岩石类型主要有黑云变粒岩、磁铁石英岩、斜长角闪岩和角闪变粒岩,原岩为基性—中酸性火山岩夹含铁碧玉岩建造[33]。另外,第四纪残坡积物和洪积物广泛发育。残坡积物主要为含砾砂岩黏土;冲积物和洪积物包括含黏土砾石层、砂质黏土和亚黏土。第四纪沉积层主要有沂河组、临沂组和山前组[34],矿产包括砂金和建筑用砂。

1.2 构造

作为金成矿的典型地区,胶东金矿区构造分布复杂,构造控矿存在多层次性,总体体现在胶东地区金成矿与构造断裂带[1,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46]、韧—脆性剪切带和压扭性碎裂岩[44,45,47]、地幔热柱[43,48]及正断层为主的伸展构造及构造裂隙等有着密切的联系。虽然如此,鉴于金矿床类别的差异和研究重点的不同,构造控矿方面仍存在一定的不确切性,对金矿床的主导性控制因素仍缺乏足够的认识,这也就成为后续亟待解决的科学问题。研究区构造异常发育,可划分为近EW向褶皱及断裂、NNE-NE向断裂和NW向断裂。其中NNE-NE向断裂(如,焦家断裂、招平断裂)最为发育,已有研究表明,这些广泛发育的NNE-NE向断裂直接控制着研究区的金成矿作用(图1[8]。研究区褶皱主要为呈EW向弧形展布的波状弯曲背斜。焦家断裂南起莱州朱桥,北至龙口黄山馆,总长约为27 km,多被第四系覆盖,地表断续出露,总体走向40°,倾向NW,倾角为30°~48°。招平断裂为研究区重点控矿断裂,其北起口七甲,南至平度麻湾,总长约为20 km,断续出露,总体走向15°,倾向SE,倾角为20°~60°[1,3,49,50]

图1

图1   胶东西北部地质及金矿床分布图[25]

Fig.1   Geological and gold deposits distribution map of northwestern Jiaodong

注:1.新太古代;2.中生代文登群;3.中生代玲珑群;4.中生代郭家岭群;5.金矿床;6.断层


1.3 岩浆岩

研究区内岩浆岩主要包括中太古代官地洼序列,新太古代马连庄序列和栖霞序列,古元古代大柳行序列和莱州序列,中生代文登序列、玲珑序列及派生脉岩。中太古代官地洼序列(黎儿埠和官家单元)分布于曹孟东黎儿埠一带,岩性主要有橄榄岩和变辉长岩,且多呈包体状零星出露,主要由超基性和基性岩浆侵位而成,经历了区域高温中压麻粒岩相变质作用。新太古代马连庄序列主要为栾家寨单元,岩性以变辉长岩为主,为超基性岩浆直接结晶的产物,并经历了角闪岩相及后期变质变形作用。新太古代栖霞序列位于招平断裂带以东的大范围区域,呈NEE-EW向带状展布,主要包括新庄和回龙夼单元,为一套中酸性变质变形侵入岩,是金矿形成的主要金物质源岩。古元古代大柳行序列分布于毕郭镇腾家南,呈岩株状产出,岩石组成为片麻状二长花岗岩,包含奥长花岗岩、斜长角闪岩和黑云变粒岩包体,该序列受吕梁旋回中期变质变形作用及深熔作用影响,幔源岩浆被动侵位后经结晶作用而成。中生代文登序列分布于招远阜山、扒山河潘家店一带,包括扒山河冶口单元,岩性主要为含斑中粒白云二长花岗岩和中粗粒二长花岗岩,为陆壳重熔“S”型花岗岩。中生代玲珑序列主要分布于招平断裂带以西。中生代脉岩主要侵入于玲珑序列之中,对矿液运移起阻隔屏障作用,岩性有闪长玢岩、煌斑岩和石英脉,走向NNE,倾向NW,倾角为50°~80°。

1.4 含矿蚀变岩带

研究区金矿床皆赋存于蚀变岩带中,蚀变岩带的空间分布和产状均与招平断裂带特征一致。蚀变岩带主要分布于栖霞岩体与玲珑岩体接触带内,蚀变岩带类型包括黄铁绢英岩化斜长角闪岩带、黄铁绢英岩化花岗岩带和黄铁绢英岩带。其中,黄铁绢英岩带为蚀变岩型金矿体的主要赋存空间。与金成矿相关的蚀变岩包括黄铁绢英岩、黄铁绢英岩化碎裂岩和黄铁绢英岩化花岗岩。矿区围岩蚀变类型较复杂,主要有钾长石化、黄铁绢英岩化、碳酸盐化、绿泥石化和硅化,其中与金矿化关系密切的蚀变类型有钾长石化、黄铁绢英岩化和硅化。

2 典型矿床地质特征

2.1 大尹格庄特大型金矿床

大尹格庄特大型金矿床南起勾山水库,北至道头南,区内岩浆岩(二长花岗岩、英云闪长岩和脉岩)广泛发育,并伴有较多脉岩出露,韧性变形及脆性断裂发育[51]。大尹格庄断裂将金矿体南北错断为①号和②号矿体,矿体厚度变化较大(3.74~40.90 m),金品位变化范围为2.0×10-6~4.0×10-6

(1)矿体特征。矿床共圈定2个矿体,即①号和②号矿体以大尹格庄断裂为界,大尹格庄断裂以南为①号矿体,以北为②号矿体。

①号矿体分布于56~76线的+12~-110 m标高范围内,距地表最近处垂深为130 m,沿走向最大长度为990 m,最小长度为450 m,平均长度为730 m,斜深范围为247~1 253 m,深部未封闭,为大型矿体,矿体向北东侧伏,侧伏角为42°。矿体呈规则的脉状和似层状沿走向和倾向呈舒缓波状延伸,局部见分支现象,具有形状较复杂且分布较稳定的特点。矿体走向18°~42°,由浅而深其产状变缓,矿体厚度为3.74~15.79 m,厚度变化系数为98%,属厚度较稳定型矿体。矿体最高金品位为6.72×10-6,最低金品位为1.01×10-6

②号矿体分布于66~98线的-26~-140 m标高范围内,距地表最近处垂深为166 m,最大走向长度为1 057 m,最小走向长度为260 m,平均长度为765 m,斜深范围为251~1 450 m,平均为740 m。矿体呈不规则大脉状产出,沿走向及倾向呈舒缓波状延伸,分支现象明显。矿体向北东侧伏,侧伏角为42°。矿体平均金品位为2.72×10-6,属有用组分分布均匀型矿体。

(2)矿石特征。矿石按类别和相对含量划分,主要包括银金矿和自然金,其次为金银矿,自然铋含量极少。矿石矿物包括黄铁矿、石英、绢云母、菱铁矿和银金矿。其中,黄铁矿包括4期:(1)一般粒径数毫米至2.0~3.0 cm,呈斑点状聚集于白色石英脉中;(2)半自形粒状黄铁矿,一般粒径范围为0.5~4.0 μm;(3)充填状方铅矿和黄铜矿,粒径为0.1~0.5 μm[图2(a)],自然金主要分布于黄铁矿中[图2(b),2(c)];(4)粒径<0.1 μm,常被包裹于黄铜矿等硫化物内,可被后者熔蚀。黄铜矿多为他形[图2(d)]或不规则状。方铅矿呈他形粒状产出[图3(a),3(b)]。矿石中最重要的脉石矿物为石英,研究表明,石英具有重要的成矿指示性。斜长石多呈碎斑状,具聚片双晶现象,双晶纹发生弯曲或被错断[图3(c)],且具绢云母化及碳酸盐化现象。绢云母常可见于岩石裂隙中,也具有重要的成矿作用[图3(d)]。方解石也存在于岩石裂隙之中,为有利的成矿脉岩。矿石结构以晶粒状为主[图4(a)],同时包含压碎[图4(b)]、填隙、浸蚀、包含及乳浊状结构,矿石构造以浸染状和细脉状为主。光谱组合分析结果(表1)表明,矿石中金为主要有用组分,平均品位为2.8×10-6,银为次要组分(12.5×10-6),铜(0.07%)、铅(0.09%)、锌(0.04%)和硫(1.42%)的品位均未达到综合回收的要求。矿体埋深及矿石物相特征表明,金矿石全部为浸染状、脉状和细脉状原生矿石。

图2

图2   大尹格庄特大型金矿黄铁矿和黄铜矿显微照片

Fig.2   Photomicrograph of pyrite and chalcopyrite in Dayingezhuang super large gold deposit

注:Py-黄铁矿;Ccp-黄铜矿;Gal-自然金


图3

图3   大尹格庄特大金矿方铅矿和绢云母显微照片

Fig.3   Photomicrograph of galena and sericite in the Dayingezhuang super large gold deposit

注:(a)黄铁矿呈半自形晶粒状分布;(b)自然金分布于黄铁矿中;(c)黄铁矿呈自形立方体分布;(d)黄铜矿呈他形粒状分布Py-黄铁矿;Gal-自然金;Pl-斜长石;Kf-钾长石;Ser-绢云母;Q-石英


图4

图4   大尹格庄特大型金矿矿石结构和构造图

Fig.4   Ore structure and tectonic map of the Dayingezhuang super large gold deposit

注:(a)粒柱状变晶结构;(b)碎裂机构;(c)自然金分布于黄铁矿裂隙中;(d)自形立方体黄铁矿Py-黄铁矿;Pl-斜长石;Hb-角闪石;Kf-钾长石;Q-石英;Ch-绿泥石;Ep-绿帘石;Ser-绢云母;Ccp-方解石;Gl-蓝闪石


表1   矿石组合分析对比

Table 1  Analysis and comparison of ore combination(×10-6

元素核实报告品位本次报告品位
Au2.82.74
Ag12.4914.11
Cu700120
Pt900490
Zn400190
S14 2008 760

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(3)矿床储量。经估算,大尹格庄金矿累计查明资源储量如下:(111b+122b+333)矿石量30 849 013 t, 金属量87 798 kg,平均品位为2.85×10-6;(2S11+2S22+333(D))矿石量4 244 038 t,金属量6 010 kg,平均品位为1.41×10-6。其中,(111b)矿石量9 322 915 t,金属量为26 597 kg,平均品位为2.85×10-6;(122b)矿石量为8 065 427 t,金属量21 699 kg,平均品位为2.69 g/t;(333)矿石量13 460 671 t,金属量39 502 kg,平均品位为2.93×10-6;(2S11)矿石量721 223 t,金属量984 kg,平均品位为1.36×10-6;(2S22)矿石量844 379 t,金属量1 117 kg,平均品位为1.32×10-6;(333(D))矿石量2 678 436 t,金属量3 909 kg,平均品位为1.45×10-6

2.2 夏甸特大型金矿床地质特征

(1)矿体特征。夏甸金矿共圈定出Ⅱ号、Ⅶ号和北耩3个矿体,其中Ⅶ号矿体为主矿体,Ⅱ号矿体为次生矿体。矿体严格受构造控制,主要分布于主断面下盘距主裂面100 m的范围内,主裂面由陡变缓部位有利于成矿。Ⅱ号和Ⅶ号金矿体最大厚度为47.61 m,金平均品位为4.0×10-6~8.0×10-6。Ⅱ号矿体分布于459~469线,赋存标高为100~ -550 m,呈脉状出露于主裂面下盘1.0~37.0 m范围内。矿体走向延长250 m,平均斜深为180 m,最大斜深为545 m,走向为25°~42°,倾向SE,平均倾角约为47°。矿体厚度在0.86~16.85 m之间,平均厚度为6.6 m,厚度变化系数为97%,属厚度较稳定型矿体。北耩金矿体分布于495~562线,赋存标高为-600~-1 300 m,并靠近主裂面展布。矿体呈脉状产出,走向长度为1 260 m,控制斜深为1 390 m。总体走向45°,倾向SE,倾角为36°~50°。单工程真厚度平均为14.02 m,厚度变化系数为89%,属厚度相对稳定型矿体。金平均品位为3.36×10-6,品位变化系数为129%,属有用组分分布较均匀型矿体。北耩矿体地处招平断裂带下盘,分布于黄铁绢英岩化破裂岩中,规模较小,最大的5号矿体控制走向长90 m,斜深为120 m,倾向SE,倾角约为50°,平均厚度为1.73 m,金平均品位为9.21×10-6

(2)矿石特征。矿石主要分为自然矿石和工业矿石两类,该矿体的金品位变化范围较大(10-6~10-5数量级),矿石中硫化物(黄铜矿、黄铁矿和闪锌矿等)品位为0.50%~5.37%,属稳定矿石工业类型。非金属矿物以石英为主。灰白色或烟灰色硅化石英与黄铁矿等硫化物构成含金矿石。方解石呈白色—灰白色半自形菱面体脉状,可与石英共生形成石英方解石脉。含金矿物以银金矿为主,含少量自然金。

(3)矿床储量。目前,累计查明夏甸金矿区金资源储量(111b+122b+333)矿石量7 695 486 t,金属量30 331 kg,平均品位为3.94×10-6。其中,(111)矿石量3 695 935 t,金属量14 858 kg;(122)矿石量1 724 137 t,金属量5 671 kg;(111b)矿石量3 894 650 t,金属量15 657 kg;(122b)矿石量1 816 793 t,金属量5 976 kg;(333)矿石量1 984 043 t,金属量8 698 kg。

2.3 焦格庄小型金矿床

(1)矿体特征。焦格庄金矿位于招远城南,总体走向约10°,倾向SE,倾角为20°~35°。招平断裂带沿栖霞序列与玲珑花岗岩体接触带呈波状展布。主裂面多发育厚度为0.5~2.0 m的灰黑色断层泥或灰色—灰白色糜棱岩。矿床内部共圈定出金矿体6个(编号为Ⅰ~Ⅵ)(表2)。最大矿体分布于15~40线之间,赋存标高为-377~-736 m,控制走向长550 m,倾角由浅及深有陡—缓—陡的变化规律。矿体总体呈NE走向(5.0°~10°),倾向SE,倾角为20°~38°,矿体厚度变化稳定,金平均品位为2.52×10-6,品位变化系数为55%,属有用组分分布均匀型矿体。

表 2   焦格庄小型金矿床矿体特征

Table 2  Orebody characteristics of Jiaogezhuang small gold deposit

矿体编号勘探线矿体长度/m形状走向倾向倾角/(°)矿体厚度/m平均金品位/(×10-6斜向长度/m斜深/m
15~40359鞍状SESE20~382.622.42550740
19~18227透镜状SESE28~343.752.23378441
20~40174透镜状SESE33~371.62.05194303
1860透镜状SESE340.831.5145120
V4~1143透镜状SESE27~311.092.2914089
043透镜状SESE310.861.9260120

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(2)矿石特征。矿石主要包括银金矿和少量自然金[图4(c)],且含金矿物依次为石英、黄铁矿、方解石、黄铜矿和方铅矿(表3)。金属矿物主要有淡黄色中细粒黄铁矿,呈浸染、细脉或团块状。黄铁矿以立方体—五角十二面体聚形为主,其次为立方体晶形、五角十二面体、六面体—八面体聚形和八面体。另外,若黄铁矿晶型简单,则金品位较低;晶型复杂,则金品位较高。富矿黄铁矿以聚形为主。黄铜矿、方铅矿和闪锌矿含量较少,常呈半自形—他形分布于黄铁矿中[图4(d)]。非金属矿物以石英为主,在金成矿过程占重要地位。方解石常呈白色—灰白色半自形菱面体脉状分布,部分可与石英共生形成石英—方解石脉。另外,矿石结构类型多且相对复杂,但矿石构造类型较单一,呈浸染状和细脉状。

表 3   焦格庄小型金矿床矿石矿物成分统计

Table 1  Mineral composition statistics of Jiaogezhuang small gold deposit

矿物种类矿石矿物碳酸盐矿物脉石矿物
金属矿物硫化矿物氧化矿物
主要矿物银金矿黄铁矿-菱铁矿石英
次要矿物-方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铜矿褐铁矿-绢云母
少量矿物-辉铜矿、斜方辉铅铋矿铜蓝-钾长石、绿泥石

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(3)矿床储量。焦格庄金矿床预测深部找矿远景区1个(编号为YJQ-J-1),金矿体深部24~96线之间(-600~-1 300 m);小体积质量采用焦格庄矿床浅部平均值2.74 t/m3。预测资源量(334)矿石量为1 466 440 t,金属量为3 695 kg。

3 构造控矿特征与金矿成矿规律

3.1 招平断裂带中段构造控矿特征

(1)蚀变岩型金矿床。该类矿床受主干断裂严格控制,矿床规模相对较大,分布规律较单一,但成矿过程不存在中断现象,矿质组成相对一致,所占比例变化不大(如大尹格庄特大型及夏甸特大型金矿床)。

(2)受主干控矿断裂下盘伴生、派生和低序列断裂控制的细网脉状矿床。受压扭外力作用的影响,随着矿质及有利成矿组分在矿液中的不断充填和沉淀,形成规模较大、分布形态单一、矿化不间断、矿质组成不均一和厚度变化较大的细网脉状金矿床(如夏甸特大型金矿床Ⅶ-3矿体)。

(3)石英脉型矿床。在与主断裂统一的外部力作用下,形成大范围张性裂隙,并产生一系列充填含金石英脉的巨大张性空间,从而生成规模较小、形态多样和矿化连续的脉型金矿床,具体表现为组分变化较大的脉群或单脉型金矿床(如夏甸北耩矿体)。

(4)浸染型矿床。含矿热液导致围岩发生微弱的钾化蚀变现象,矿质在裂隙带内充填并向周围小范围渗滤扩散,从而形成与裂隙带规模、形态和产状相协调的显微细脉浸染型囊状和脉带状矿体。

3.2 招平断裂带中段主要金矿化

(1)韧性剪切型金矿化。招平断裂带内矿化岩石发生韧性形变[图5(a)],形成褶皱[图5(b),5(c)]。

图5

图5   招平断裂带中段金矿体和金矿化特征

Fig.5   Characteristics of orebodies and gold minerralization in the middle section of Zhaoping fault zone

注:(a)夏甸特大型金矿床主井强韧性变形带;(b)道北庄子金矿矿化岩石发生褶皱变形;(c)大尹格庄特大型金矿床绢英岩上叠加的石英脉发生褶皱;(d)夏甸特大型金矿7号支脉强应变带中的矿体;(e)夏甸特大型金矿床7号脉硅化花岗岩中的黄铁绢英岩呈脉状产出;(f)夏甸金特大型金矿床钾化花岗岩与黄铁绢英岩接触面


(2)钾化花岗岩和黄铁绢英岩型金矿化。该类金矿化受招平断裂带主断裂及其下盘次级断裂严格控制[图5(e),5(f)]。

(3)碎裂岩型金矿化。主要为黄铁绢英岩化花岗质碎裂岩型金矿体,距离主裂面较远。主要包括两类:脆性岩石之上的网脉型矿体[图6(a)]和构造透镜体控制形成的裂隙矿化[图6(b),6(c)]。

图6

图6   招平断裂带中段碎裂岩和石英脉型金矿化

Fig.6   Clastic rock and quartz vein type gold mineralization in the middle section of Zhaoping fault zone

注:(a)夏甸特大型金矿黄铁绢英岩中网脉状矿化;(b),(c)夏甸特大型金矿床7号支裂隙矿;(d)夏甸特大型金矿床富黄铁矿石英脉及旁侧挤压片理;(e)夏甸特大型金矿床7号矿脉致密的黄铁矿化


(4)石英脉型金矿化。该类矿化主要沿裂隙充填[图6(d)],沿微细构造面充填则形成致密块状矿化[图6(e)]。

3.3 招平断裂带中段金成矿规律

(1)矿床分布规律。招平断裂带中段金矿床主要分布于栖霞序列英云闪长岩与玲珑序列花岗岩接触带内,受NE-NNE向招平断裂带和NW向基底构造控制。大尹格庄、夏甸和焦格庄金矿床大致呈等间距分布,其中大型矿床间距为10~12 km,小型矿床间距为2.0~4.0 km(图7)。另外,近NW向断裂与招平断裂(或其他NE向断裂)的交会部位是有利成矿部位。

图7

图7   招平断裂带中段金矿床分布规律

Fig.7   Distribution regularity of gold deposits in the middle section of Zhaoping fault zone


(2)矿石类型。受招平主断裂及次级断裂共同控制的金矿床以蚀变岩型矿石为主,同时包含蚀变岩—石英脉混合型矿石(如,夏甸金大型矿床);受招平断裂带下盘次级断裂控制的金矿床以石英脉型矿石为主,其次为蚀变岩型矿石。矿体规模显示,受大构造控制的矿床产出大矿体(如,夏甸和大尹格庄特大型金矿床),而受次级断裂控制的矿床矿体规模较小,但数量较多,并具斜列现象,呈串珠状产出(图8)。

图8

图8   招平断裂带中段金矿体分布规律

Fig.8   Distribution regularity of gold orebodies in the middle section of Zhaoping fault zone


(3)矿体赋存规律。研究显示,由招平断裂带主断裂控制的矿体多具侧伏规律,矿体倾向SE且向NE侧伏,侧伏角为41°~55°。同一矿床和赋矿部位有多个矿体出现时,矿体通常具有等距斜列现象(图7图8)。支断裂控制的矿体规模较小,且在小范围内金矿床普遍具斜列现象。

(4)成矿阶段。根据穿插特征,研究区金矿床内生成矿期次可划分为黄铁矿—石英、金—石英—黄铁矿、金—石英—多金属硫化物和石英—方解石4个热液阶段。

4 结论

(1)大尹格庄特大型金矿①号和②号矿体以及夏甸大型金矿床Ⅱ号和Ⅶ号矿体为浸染状破碎带蚀变岩型金矿床,主要受控于招平主干断裂;夏甸特大型金矿床Ⅶ-3号矿体为细网脉状金矿床,主要受控于主干断裂下盘伴生、派生的低级和低序次断裂;夏甸北耩矿体群为石英脉型金矿床;囊状显微细脉浸染型金矿则主要受控于主断裂下盘岩体局部张性显微裂隙带。

(2)招平断裂带中段大尹格庄特大型金矿床、夏甸特大型金矿床和焦格庄中、小型金矿床大致呈等间距分布。近EW向断裂与招平断裂(或其他NE向断裂)交会部位是有利成矿部位,可作为后期重要的找矿远景区。

(3)断裂的拐弯或交会部位为主要赋矿部位。矿体多具有明显的侧伏规律,支断裂控制的矿体规模较小,在矿床小范围内多具有斜列现象。

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