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Gold Science and Technology ›› 2019, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (4): 609-620.doi: 10.11872/j.issn.1005-2518.2019.04.609

• Mining Technology and Mine Management • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Negative Externality Feedback Mechanism of Rare Earth Resource Development from the Perspective of Industrial Chain Security

Ligang XU1,2,3(),Yuxin WANG1(),Jingwen GUAN1   

  1. 1. School of Economics Management,Jiangxi University of Science and Technology,Ganzhou 341000,Jiangxi,China
    2. Mining Development Research Center,Jiangxi University of Science and Technology,Ganzhou 341000,Jiangxi,China
    3. Key Laboratory of High Efficiency Mining and Safety for Metal Mines (Ministry of Education),University of Science and Technology Beijing,Beijing 100083,China
  • Received:2019-02-01 Revised:2019-06-26 Online:2019-08-31 Published:2019-08-19
  • Contact: Yuxin WANG E-mail:just20040606@163.com;wyx1204@126.com

Abstract:

As a strategic pillar industry in China,rare earth industry plays an important role.Rare earth has been widely used in new energy,energy conservation,environmental protection,electronic information and other emerging fields,and is known as the treasure house of new materials in the 21st century and the vitamin of modern industry.The prominent negative externalities in China’s rare earth industry has a long history during the development and utilization of rare earth resource.The negative externalities mainly include short and narrow industrial chain,insufficient research and development technology of high value-added products,and ecological and environmental damage caused by resource development,which seriously restricts the safe and healthy development of China’s rare earth industrial chain.This paper focuses on the impact of the negative externality of ecological environment caused by the development of rare earth on the safety of China’s rare earth industry chain,analyzing the security threats in China’s rare earth industry chain,such as uneven development of upstream and downstream enterprises,the existing mining area governance exist hidden dangers.Therefore,putting forward to construct the vertical feedback mechanism of the rare earth industry chain security.That is,the negative external sharing behavior of the upstream and downstream enterprises in the industrial chain of rare earth.And the feedback process,the feedback stage,the negative externalities measurement and the standard of feedback were discussed.The influence of negative externalities in rare earth industry chain security is solved internalization,so it will not involve or less involve industries other than rare earth.Finally,from the three aspects of capital,technique and talent feedback,the countermeasure and the suggestion of feedback control was put forward,suggest that the government should plays a guiding role through the guidance of policy rather than a leading role in the rare earth industry chain feedback mechanism.And upstream and downstream rare earth enterprises should reduce reliance on the government governance.Solving the internalization of negative externalities affecting the safety of rare earth industry chain and involving little or no factors other than the rare earth industry chain,give play to the role of rare earth coordination between upstream and downstream enterprises feedback.In a certain extent,Feedback mechanism can mobilize the enthusiasm of rare earth associated upstream and downstream industry management of ecological environment destruction and motility.Through the establishment of the vertical feedback mechanism of the rare earth industry chain,a new governance path to offset the positive and negative externalities is sought to provide reference for the safe and healthy development of China’s rare earth industry chain.

Key words: industrial chain security, rare earth, negative externality, feedback mechanism, eco-compensation, environmental governance, upstream and downstream synergy

CLC Number: 

  • F426

Table 1

Main pollutant of rare earth “three wastes”"

三废 含有的主要污染物
废水 化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮、氟化物(液)、总磷、重金属铅、硫酸盐、NH4Cl等
废气 SO2、SO?、氟化物(气)、烟粉尘等
废渣 放射性核素Th、U等的化学废物、稀土抛光粉、钕铁硼废料、钐钴磁体废料

Table 2

Negative externality management and its safety hidden danger on the rare earth industry chain"

序号 治理情况 安全隐患
1 2011年,江西赣州地区因稀土开采造成环境污染所需治理费用高达380亿元,而同年江西省51家主要稀土企业年利润仅为64亿元 稀土矿资源开发的经济效益难以弥补环境治理费用,资金上不具可持续性
2 2013年,四川凉山德昌盛和新材料科技有限公司计划投资2亿元用于稀土尾矿综合利用项目 治理费用高昂,资金上不具可持续性
3 2015年,甘肃陇南尾矿库泄漏事故造成346 km河道受污染,直接经济损失达6 120.79万元,甘肃、陕西、四川三省共同开展治理修复工作 政府失察失管,同时企业自主管理责任意识不强,尾矿库存在安全隐患
4 2016年下半年的首次对稀土六大集团打黑,对全国400多家稀土上游企业内部原材料、环保、能源消耗等方面进行严加管控 产业链上游内部不规范,行业供需格局失衡,稀土价格长期低迷
5 2016年底,广东韶关政府完成对广东粤北地区稀土盗采设施的清理,并转运处理1 000多吨遗留废水 政府管控不到位,开采及处理技术不足导致大量废弃物遗留
6 截至2019年,赣州市累计完成废弃矿山环境治理面积91.27 km2,在资金方面向上争取支持,累计获国家补助资金8.5亿元 政府主导矿山治理,将部分治理任务分配给上游企业,在资金上基本依靠政府支持

Fig.1

Flow diagram of vertical regurgitation-feeding on the rare earth industry chain"

Table 3

The stage of regurgitation-feeding"

阶段 定义反哺 主要内容
开发前 防范性反哺 (1)对欲开采稀土矿区的稀土种类及其伴生矿种的赋存条件进行调查;
(2)制定详细、高标准的开采计划招标书(选择何种开采工艺最宜;加强监管规避可控负外部性;设想所有可能状况及其解决方案;计算合理的开采时间间隔和开采量),下游企业提供一定的开发技术及资金支持
开发中 即时性反哺 (1)控制产生的“三废”等污染物的排放量,保持在标准安全范围内;
(2)可利用下游研发的稀土催化、清洁特性的附加值产品应用于上游冶炼分离过程,提高效率
开发后 补偿性反哺

(1)对开发时造成的环境破坏和水资源污染等,通过自筹资金或政府转移支付等货币化方式对稀土矿区进行修复性补偿;

(2)根据下游企业对稀土资源的需求量大小,计算其在稀土矿区治理上的资金反哺比例,上下游共同对稀土矿区进行治理

Fig.2

Feedback mechanism operating system of rare earth industry chain"

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