To establish a foundation for assessing the feasibility of comprehensive utilization of mineral resources in a lead-zinc ore, an extensive investigation into process mineralogy and beneficiation testing was conducted. This study employs a range of analytical techniques, including chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy micro-area composition analysis, and mineral liberation analysis (MLA), to examine the chemical composition, mineral composition, and occurrence state of the primary minerals—lead, zinc, and silver—within the ore. The research focuses on identifying the key mineralogical factors influencing mineral processing efficacy. Subsequently, the beneficiation process and achievable separation indices of the ore were determined through beneficiation testing. The findings indicate that the mineral composition of the ore is relatively complex, with the predominant metal minerals being galena, sphalerite, and pyrite, while argentite is the sole silver mineral present. The gangue minerals predominantly comprise feldspar (including both potassium feldspar and plagioclase feldspar), quartz, and chlorite, with subordinate amounts of sericite, biotite, rhodochrosite, and fluorite. The principal recoverable elements in the ore, through beneficiation, are lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and silver (Ag), with concentrations of 2.72%, 2.28%, and 65.00×10-6, respectively. Lead is primarily present as lead sulfide, constituting 89.34%, followed by lead sulfate at 7.72%. Zinc predominantly occurs as zinc sulfide (sphalerite), accounting for 95.61% of its presence. Silver is mainly found as silver sulfide (argentite), comprising 65.68% of its occurrence. This ore is characterized as a silver-bearing primary lead-zinc sulfide ore with a typical disseminated structure.The primary mineralogical factors influencing the beneficiation outcomes are as follows: Firstly, the complex and irregular output forms of galena and sphalerite within the ore, along with their intricate intergrowth, significantly impact the quality and recovery rates of lead and zinc concentrates. Secondly, the close association between argentite and galena, followed by sphalerite, dictates the pathway for silver enrichment. Based on the ore’s characteristics and preliminary exploratory tests, beneficiation research was conducted utilizing a priority flotation process, specifically prioritizing lead flotation followed by zinc activation. This approach yielded stable test indices. The closed-circuit flotation test achieved a lead concentrate with a grade of 65.08% Pb and a recovery rate of 91.32%, and a zinc concentrate with a grade of 41.70% Zn and a recovery rate of 85.96%. Additionally, the valuable metal silver was significantly enriched in the lead concentrate, with a content of 1 323.80×10-6 and a recovery rate of 79.28%. The outcomes of the beneficiation tests exhibit a high degree of consistency and alignment with the predictions made by process mineralogical studies.