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黄金科学技术 ›› 2020, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (1): 70-81.doi: 10.11872/j.issn.1005-2518.2020.01.044

• 采选技术与矿山管理 • 上一篇    下一篇

金属矿山地下采空区问题研究现状与展望

程力(),刘焕新,朱明德,吴钦正   

  1. 山东黄金集团有限公司深井开采实验室,山东 烟台 264000
  • 收稿日期:2019-05-06 修回日期:2019-11-11 出版日期:2020-02-29 发布日期:2020-02-26
  • 作者简介:程力(1987-),男,湖北黄冈人,工程师,从事采矿与岩石力学方面的研究工作。Chl777@163.com

Current Situation and Prospect of Research on Underground Goaf in Metal Mines

Li CHENG(),Huanxin LIU,Mingde ZHU,Qinzheng WU   

  1. Laboratory on Deep Mining of Shandong Gold Group Co. ,Ltd. ,Yantai 264000,Shandong,China
  • Received:2019-05-06 Revised:2019-11-11 Online:2020-02-29 Published:2020-02-26

摘要:

为了系统研究金属矿山地下采空区所面临的问题与解决措施,从地下采空区的探测技术、稳定性评价技术、治理技术及监测技术等方面进行综合评述,阐述了采空区关键技术的研究现状及存在的不足。研究指出,以空区智能综合探测为基础,通过智能算法、工程可靠性等现代科学稳定性分析方法,结合矿山地质采矿工艺等实际情况,加强采空区信息化与智能化监测,是现阶段空区治理的有效措施。同时提出,今后研究的重点方向:(1)以大数据为基础,人工智能算法为核心,可靠度为保障,对采空区问题进行全面、客观、准确地分析研究;(2)研究深部多介质、多场耦合作用下采空区顶板及围岩稳定性控制方法;(3)构建非线性空区稳定性分析模型,加强对采空区稳定性在线监测预警方法研究,实现空区监测数据与在线分析管控平台的动态模拟;(4)引进灾害链理论,构建采空区链式效应理论模型,从源头上实施断链减灾,提出可靠的采空区治理技术;(5)制定相应规范或通用技术标准,为采空区治理提供指导。

关键词: 金属矿山, 采空区, 稳定性分析与处理, 预警监测, 智能算法, 灾害链

Abstract:

With the rapid development of economy and society,the demand for mineral resources is increasing,and the mining intensity is increasing.However,as time goes by,a large number of goafs has been left,which easily lead to deformation of pillars and collapse of the roof.The accident seriously affected the safe production of the mine.In order to systematically study the problems and solutions of underground mine goafs in metal mines,a comprehensive review of the detection technology,stability evaluation technology,treatment technology and monitoring technology of underground goafs was carried out,and the research status and shortcomings of the key technologies of goafs were expounded.It is pointed out that based on the intelligent comprehensive detection of goaf,through the modern scientific stability analysis methods such as intelligent algorithm and engineering reliability,combined with the actual situation of mine geology and mining technology,strengthening the information and intelligent monitoring of goaf is an effective measure for goaf governance at this stage.At the same time,the key research directions in the future were proposed:(1)Based on big data,with artificial intelligence algorithm as the core and reliability as the guarantee,analyze and study the problems of goaf comprehensively,objectively and accurately;(2) Study on the control method of roof and surrounding rock stability under deep multi-media and multi-field coupling;(3)Build a non-linear goaf stability analysis model,strengthen the research on online monitoring and early warning methods of goaf stability,and realize the dynamic simulation of goaf monitoring data and online analysis control platform; (4) Introduce the theory of disaster chain,construct the theoretical model of chain effect of goaf,implement the disaster reduction by breaking the chain at the source,and put forward the corresponding and reliable management technology of goaf;(5)Formulate corresponding specifications or general technical standards to provide guidance for goaf treatment.

Key words: metal mine, goaf, stability analysis and processing, early warning monitoring, intelligent algorithm, disaster chain

中图分类号: 

  • TD325

图1

采空区探测方法一览[23]"

图2

CMS探测原理图[29]"

表1

采空区稳定性影响因素"

序号影响因素
内在因素外在因素
1矿岩物理力学性质、岩石物质组成与抗风化能力采空区上覆岩层厚度与爆破震动[22]
2矿岩完整性程度与自稳性[6]岩层隔水性能及水的弱化
3岩层结构与断层构造分布情况[22]采空区自然环境风化
4矿岩产状与节理裂隙发育程度采空区地表作业设备大小与功率
5采空区几何参数,包括跨度、埋深、空区高度与顶板暴露面积等[25]采空区岩层上方外力大小

表2

采空区危害形式、原因与范围"

危害形式发生原因危害范围
冲击气浪顶板垮塌整个矿区地下作业 人员、设施
矿震垮落岩石造成的机械冲击和岩爆复合作用整个矿区地下作业 人员、设施
突水采空区积水突然涌出整个矿区地下作业 人员、设施
串风通风路线紊乱整个矿区地下作业 人员、设施
应力集中采空区存留加剧岩爆的发生局部作业人员
自燃采空区内氧化物反应热量得不到及时的扩散局部作业人员

图3

典型矿床开采模型"

图4

顶板简化分析模型a-顶板长度;b-顶板宽度;h-顶板厚度;q(x,y)-顶板上部荷载"

图5

相似物理模型试验图[48]"

图6

人工矿柱支撑采空区示意图"

图7

崩落法处理采空区示意图"

图8

矿区采空区稳定性监测系统"

表3

不同采矿方法空区成因、特点及处理方法"

采矿方法采空区成因采空区特点采空区处理方法
空场采矿法开采矿房矿柱,形成采空区空区围岩稳固、形态大小易于观测矿房出矿完毕回采结束后进行嗣后处理采空区;空区暴露时间长,回采矿柱和处理采空区同时进行
崩落采矿法在崩落回采矿体过程中,因围岩稳固,围岩滞后崩落而形成形态大小体积难以观测回采过程中即时处理采空区,空区暴露时间短;在落矿过程中,用崩落围岩(覆岩)充填采空区
充填采矿法因充填料接顶不好,残留部分采空区空区量有限随回采工作面的推进,逐步用充填料充填采空区。空区暴露时间很短就可以得到即时处理
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