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黄金科学技术 ›› 2019, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (4): 609-620.doi: 10.11872/j.issn.1005-2518.2019.04.609

• 采选技术与矿山管理 • 上一篇    下一篇

产业链安全视阈的稀土资源开发负外部性反哺机制研究

许礼刚1,2,3(),王妤歆1(),关景文1   

  1. 1. 江西理工大学经济管理学院,江西 赣州 341000
    2. 江西理工大学矿业发展研究中心,江西 赣州 341000
    3. 北京科技大学金属矿山高效开采与安全教育部重点实验室,北京 100083
  • 收稿日期:2019-02-01 修回日期:2019-06-26 出版日期:2019-08-31 发布日期:2019-08-19
  • 通讯作者: 王妤歆 E-mail:just20040606@163.com;wyx1204@126.com
  • 作者简介:许礼刚(1980-),男,安徽桐城人,副教授,从事矿产环境管理研究工作。just20040606@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    2017年江西省社会科学规划智库重点项目“生态文明视阈下赣南稀土资源开发负外部性补偿策略研究”(17ZK14);2017年度江西省教育厅科学技术研究项目“赣南离子型稀土开发过程中的生态补偿量化研究”(GJJ170506);2017年江西省高校人文社科重点研究基地项目“产业链安全视阈的稀土负外部性补偿机制研究”(KYZX2017-2)

Negative Externality Feedback Mechanism of Rare Earth Resource Development from the Perspective of Industrial Chain Security

Ligang XU1,2,3(),Yuxin WANG1(),Jingwen GUAN1   

  1. 1. School of Economics Management,Jiangxi University of Science and Technology,Ganzhou 341000,Jiangxi,China
    2. Mining Development Research Center,Jiangxi University of Science and Technology,Ganzhou 341000,Jiangxi,China
    3. Key Laboratory of High Efficiency Mining and Safety for Metal Mines (Ministry of Education),University of Science and Technology Beijing,Beijing 100083,China
  • Received:2019-02-01 Revised:2019-06-26 Online:2019-08-31 Published:2019-08-19
  • Contact: Yuxin WANG E-mail:just20040606@163.com;wyx1204@126.com

摘要:

稀土产业是我国战略性支柱产业,其地位重要性突出,但由于其开发过程中的负外部因素长期存在,严重制约着我国稀土产业链的安全健康发展。现阶段,我国稀土资源开发造成的负外部性主要为生态环境破坏。针对这一负外部性对我国稀土产业链安全产生的威胁,结合反哺理论在其他领域的应用,提出构建我国稀土产业链纵向反哺机制,即稀土产业链上下游企业内部的负外部性共担行为。通过对反哺流程、反哺阶段、反哺方式、负外部性计量和反哺标准等进行探讨,主张重点从资金、技术和人才3个方面建立健全我国稀土矿产资源开发反哺机制。研究认为:政府应当通过政策引导等推进稀土产业链反哺机制的建立而不是起主导作用,稀土上下游企业应当减少对政府治理的依赖性,使影响稀土产业链安全的负外部性内部化解决而不涉及或较少涉及稀土以外的产业,在一定程度上调动稀土上下游关联产业治理生态环境破坏的积极性与能动性,减少稀土产业链负外部性,进而推动我国稀土产业链安全健康发展。

关键词: 产业链安全, 稀土, 负外部性, 反哺机制, 生态补偿, 环境治理, 上下游协同

Abstract:

As a strategic pillar industry in China,rare earth industry plays an important role.Rare earth has been widely used in new energy,energy conservation,environmental protection,electronic information and other emerging fields,and is known as the treasure house of new materials in the 21st century and the vitamin of modern industry.The prominent negative externalities in China’s rare earth industry has a long history during the development and utilization of rare earth resource.The negative externalities mainly include short and narrow industrial chain,insufficient research and development technology of high value-added products,and ecological and environmental damage caused by resource development,which seriously restricts the safe and healthy development of China’s rare earth industrial chain.This paper focuses on the impact of the negative externality of ecological environment caused by the development of rare earth on the safety of China’s rare earth industry chain,analyzing the security threats in China’s rare earth industry chain,such as uneven development of upstream and downstream enterprises,the existing mining area governance exist hidden dangers.Therefore,putting forward to construct the vertical feedback mechanism of the rare earth industry chain security.That is,the negative external sharing behavior of the upstream and downstream enterprises in the industrial chain of rare earth.And the feedback process,the feedback stage,the negative externalities measurement and the standard of feedback were discussed.The influence of negative externalities in rare earth industry chain security is solved internalization,so it will not involve or less involve industries other than rare earth.Finally,from the three aspects of capital,technique and talent feedback,the countermeasure and the suggestion of feedback control was put forward,suggest that the government should plays a guiding role through the guidance of policy rather than a leading role in the rare earth industry chain feedback mechanism.And upstream and downstream rare earth enterprises should reduce reliance on the government governance.Solving the internalization of negative externalities affecting the safety of rare earth industry chain and involving little or no factors other than the rare earth industry chain,give play to the role of rare earth coordination between upstream and downstream enterprises feedback.In a certain extent,Feedback mechanism can mobilize the enthusiasm of rare earth associated upstream and downstream industry management of ecological environment destruction and motility.Through the establishment of the vertical feedback mechanism of the rare earth industry chain,a new governance path to offset the positive and negative externalities is sought to provide reference for the safe and healthy development of China’s rare earth industry chain.

Key words: industrial chain security, rare earth, negative externality, feedback mechanism, eco-compensation, environmental governance, upstream and downstream synergy

中图分类号: 

  • F426

表1

稀土“三废”中主要污染物"

三废 含有的主要污染物
废水 化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮、氟化物(液)、总磷、重金属铅、硫酸盐、NH4Cl等
废气 SO2、SO?、氟化物(气)、烟粉尘等
废渣 放射性核素Th、U等的化学废物、稀土抛光粉、钕铁硼废料、钐钴磁体废料

表2

稀土产业链负外部性治理情况及其安全隐患"

序号 治理情况 安全隐患
1 2011年,江西赣州地区因稀土开采造成环境污染所需治理费用高达380亿元,而同年江西省51家主要稀土企业年利润仅为64亿元 稀土矿资源开发的经济效益难以弥补环境治理费用,资金上不具可持续性
2 2013年,四川凉山德昌盛和新材料科技有限公司计划投资2亿元用于稀土尾矿综合利用项目 治理费用高昂,资金上不具可持续性
3 2015年,甘肃陇南尾矿库泄漏事故造成346 km河道受污染,直接经济损失达6 120.79万元,甘肃、陕西、四川三省共同开展治理修复工作 政府失察失管,同时企业自主管理责任意识不强,尾矿库存在安全隐患
4 2016年下半年的首次对稀土六大集团打黑,对全国400多家稀土上游企业内部原材料、环保、能源消耗等方面进行严加管控 产业链上游内部不规范,行业供需格局失衡,稀土价格长期低迷
5 2016年底,广东韶关政府完成对广东粤北地区稀土盗采设施的清理,并转运处理1 000多吨遗留废水 政府管控不到位,开采及处理技术不足导致大量废弃物遗留
6 截至2019年,赣州市累计完成废弃矿山环境治理面积91.27 km2,在资金方面向上争取支持,累计获国家补助资金8.5亿元 政府主导矿山治理,将部分治理任务分配给上游企业,在资金上基本依靠政府支持

图1

稀土产业链上纵向反哺机制流程示意图"

表3

反哺阶段划分"

阶段 定义反哺 主要内容
开发前 防范性反哺 (1)对欲开采稀土矿区的稀土种类及其伴生矿种的赋存条件进行调查;
(2)制定详细、高标准的开采计划招标书(选择何种开采工艺最宜;加强监管规避可控负外部性;设想所有可能状况及其解决方案;计算合理的开采时间间隔和开采量),下游企业提供一定的开发技术及资金支持
开发中 即时性反哺 (1)控制产生的“三废”等污染物的排放量,保持在标准安全范围内;
(2)可利用下游研发的稀土催化、清洁特性的附加值产品应用于上游冶炼分离过程,提高效率
开发后 补偿性反哺

(1)对开发时造成的环境破坏和水资源污染等,通过自筹资金或政府转移支付等货币化方式对稀土矿区进行修复性补偿;

(2)根据下游企业对稀土资源的需求量大小,计算其在稀土矿区治理上的资金反哺比例,上下游共同对稀土矿区进行治理

图2

稀土产业链纵向反哺机制运行体系"

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