img

QQ群聊

img

官方微信

高级检索

黄金科学技术 ›› 2018, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (4): 492-502.doi: 10.11872/j.issn.1005-2518.2018.04.492

• • 上一篇    下一篇

硬岩矿山充填开采现状评述与探索

李夕兵(),刘冰   

  1. 1 中南大学资源与安全工程学院,湖南 长沙 410083
  • 收稿日期:2018-03-14 修回日期:2018-04-25 出版日期:2018-10-10 发布日期:2018-10-17
  • 作者简介:李夕兵(1962-),男,湖南宁乡人,教授,从事金属矿床深部硬岩开采及灾害控制研究工作。xbli@csu.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目“深部高应力诱导与能量调控理论”(2016YFC0600706);和国家自然科学基金项目“深部资源开采诱发岩体动力灾害机理与防控方法研究”(41630642)

Review and Exploration of Current Situation of Backfill Mining in Hard Rock Mines

Xibing LI(),Bing LIU   

  1. 1School of Resources and Safety Engineering,Central South University,Changsha 410083,Hunan,China
  • Received:2018-03-14 Revised:2018-04-25 Online:2018-10-10 Published:2018-10-17

摘要:

随着矿产资源开发走向深部,充填采矿法将是未来矿山采矿方法的首选。以国内外矿山充填采矿技术的发展历史和应用现状为基础,系统分析了深部矿山高采深、高地应力特点对现有充填采矿技术提出的挑战,详细列举了目前深井充填可能面临的各种问题,并探讨了解决对策;同时结合循环经济和绿色开采,提出矿山充填材料选择应向多元化和无害化方向发展,并指出与充填采矿相关的法律制度亟需制定,充填标准亟待建立,充填理论尚需完善。

关键词: 硬岩矿山, 胶结充填, 充填材料, 似膏体充填, 膏体充填, 深井充填, 工业尾废, 循环经济

Abstract:

With the deep mining of mineral resources,the backfill mining method would be the first choice of mining method in the future.Based on the development history and application status of mine backfill mining technology,the challenges posed by the characteristics of high mining depth and high crustal stress to the existing mine backfill technology were analyzed systematically.What’s more,various kinds of problems in deep mine backfill were put forward and discussed.Combined with circular economy and green mining,the selection of backfill materials shall be harmless and diversified.In addition,the legal system and standard related to mine backfill are urgently needed to be established,and the filling theories still need to be improved.

Key words: hard rock mines, cemented backfill, backfill material, paste-like backfill, paste backfill, deep mine backfill, industrial tail waste, circular economy

中图分类号: 

  • TD853

图1

充填工艺的发展历程[9,10,11]"

表1

主要采矿国家首次采用膏体充填方式时间[11,22,23]"

国家 时间 矿山 充填材料
德国 1979 Bad Grund(铅锌矿) 全尾砂
美国 1985 Lucky Friday 全尾砂
加拿大 1992 Creighton 全尾砂
中国 1999 金川镍矿二矿区 全尾砂
澳大利亚 1998 Mount Isa 全尾砂

图2

国外主要采矿国家充填技术变革历程[24,25,26,27,28]"

表2

国内采用膏体(似膏体)充填的金属矿山[9,29,30]"

矿山名称 建成时间/年 充填浓度/% 流动性(塌落度)/cm 充填材料
山东莱芜矿业 2014 56~58 22~24 尾砂,水泥
中色非洲矿业 1998 65~70 18~23 铜尾砂,水泥
五矿闪星锑业 2009 68~76 23 锑尾矿,水泥,粉煤灰
新疆伽师铜矿 2014 78~80 26 全尾砂、戈壁集料、水泥
会泽铅锌矿 2007 79~81 18~23 全尾砂、水泥
金川镍矿 1999 77~79 20~23 全尾砂、水泥

表3

国内膏体充填生产中出现的问题[29,30,31]"

矿山名称 充填浓度/% 膏体充填试验中出现的问题
云南会泽铅锌矿 79~81 堵管问题:膏体系统投产之初,堵管事件频繁发生,主要为钻孔堵塞和充填管线全线、局部堵管;2007~2010年,每年堵管8~12次;2011年后,全线堵管每年1次,采场局部堵管每年发生3~4次
甘肃金川镍矿 77~79 建设周期漫长:1987年,开展对全尾砂膏体充填进行研究;1992年,膏体充填系统的建设;1999年膏体充填进入试产;又经过6年多不间断试验和技术改造,2005年开始正常生产;2011年达到设计能力
大冶铜绿山铜矿 84~86 1999年铜绿山铜矿进行了膏体充填工业试验,但膏体充填未能进入工业化生产

图3

(a)料浆满管流输送[33];(b)磷石膏充填料浆浓度与沿程阻力关系曲线[34]"

图4

(a)加拿大Kidd Creek深井充填系统管道布置图[36];(b)浅井正常管道磨损和深井膏体充填管道磨损[24];(c)南非TauTona金矿的超高强度回填充填原理图[36]"

图5

(a)“Python”采选一体化系统(据文献[38]修改);(b)2007~2011年磷石膏充填体的抗压强度[34]"

表4

国内外部分矿山采用的充填替代材料[11,49,50]"

矿山名称` 充填骨料 胶结材料 年份
开阳磷矿 磷石膏 黄磷渣水泥 2004
瓮福磷矿 磷尾砂 粉煤灰水泥 2015
山东铝业 水淬渣 赤泥 1990
金川镍矿 淬渣尾砂 粉煤灰水泥 1991
张马屯铁矿 全尾砂 高炉水渣 1994
加拿大Louvicourt 尾砂 硅粉 1998
加拿大Kidd Creek 尾砂 炉渣粉煤灰 1982
澳大利亚Mount Isa 铜尾砂 铜炉渣 1988
芬兰奥托昆普公司 尾砂 高炉渣 1978
1 杨文衡.中国古代科技成就[M]//杨文衡.中国古代的矿物学和采矿技术.北京:中国青年出版社,1995:311-327.
Yang Wenheng .Scientific and Technological Achievements in Ancient China[M]//Yang Wenheng.Ancient Chinese Mineralogy and Mining Technology.Beijing:China Youth Press,1995:311-327.
2 杨永光,李庆元,赵守忠.铜录山古铜矿开采方法研究[J].有色金属工程,1980(4):88-92.
Yang Yongguang , Li Qingyuan , Zhao Shouzhong .Study on mining method of Tonglushan bronze mine[J].Nonferrous Metal Engineering,1980(4):88-92.
3 Pariseau W , Kealy C. Support potential of hydraulic backfill[C]//The 14th United States Symposium on Rock Mechanics (USRMS). Pennsylvania:American Rock Mechanics Association ,1972:11-14.
4 李夕兵,周健,王少锋,等.深部固体资源开采评述与探索[J].中国有色金属学报,2017,27(6):1236-1262.
Li Xibing , Zhou Jian , Wang Shaofeng ,et al.Review and practice of deep mining for solid mineral resources[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2017,27(6):1236-1262.
5 李夕兵,古德生.深井坚硬矿岩开采中高应力的灾害控制与碎裂诱变[C]//香山第175次科学会议.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002:101-108
Li Xibing , Gu Desheng .The hazard control and cataclastic mutagenesis induced by high stress in hard rock mining at depth[C]//The 175th Xiangshan Science Congress. Beijing:China Environmental Science Press ,2002:101-108.
6 李夕兵,刘志祥,古德生.矿业固体尾废与采空区互为资源战略的思考[J].矿冶工程,2005,25(6):1-5.
Li Xibing , Liu Zhixiang , Gu Desheng .Thought of the strategy of utilizing solid tailings in mined-out area[J].Mining and Metallurgical Engineering,2005,25(6):1-5.
7 国务院. 循环经济发展战略及近期行动计划[EB/OL].( 2013-02-05) [2018-03-05].
State Council of China .Circular economy development strategy and recent action plan[EB/OL].(2013-02-05) [2018-03-05].
8 The top ten deepest mines in the world-mining technology[EB/OL].(2013-09-11)[2018-03-05].http:/www.mining-technology.com/features/feature-top-ten-deepest-mines -world-south-africa/
9 Benzaazoua M , Fall M , Belem T. A contribution to understanding the hardening process of cemented pastefill[J].Minerals Engineering,2004,17(2):141-152.
10 Sivakugan N , Veenstra R , Naguleswaran N. Underground mine backfilling in Australia using paste fills and hydraulic fills[J].International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering,2015,1(2):1-7.
11 刘同有.充填采矿技术与应用[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2001.
Liu Tongyou .Filling Technology and Its Application[M].Beijing:Metallurgical Industry Press,2001.
12 Robinsky E I .Thickened discharge:A new approach to tailings disposal[J].Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Bulletin,1975,68:47-53.
13 Yilmaz E , Kesimal A , Ercikdi B , et al. The use of paste for disposal of mill tailings[C]//International Scientific Conference Modern Management of Mine Producing.Geology and Environmental Protection,2003.
14 Brackebusch F W .Basics of paste backfill systems[J].Mining Engineering,1994,46(10):1175-1178.
15 Jiang H Q , Fall M. Yield stress and strength of saline cemented tailings in sub-zero environments:Portland cement paste backfill[J].International Journal of Mineral Processing,2017,160(5):68-75.
16 Debreczeni E ,Á ebreczeni A. Environmentally friendly transport and landfilling of dense fly ash/slag slurries[M].Scotland:Thomas Telford,2001.
17 Jewell J , Fourie A B .Paste and Thickened Tailings:A Guide[M].3rd edition.Crawley:Australian Centre for Geomechanics,2015.
18 Tariq A , Yanful E K .A review of binders used in cemented paste tailings for underground and surface disposal practices[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2013,131(8):138.
19 黄玉诚.矿山充填理论与技术[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2014:55-76.
Huang Yucheng .Theory and Technology of Mine Backfill[M].Beijing:Metallurgical Industry Press,2014:55-76.
20 Clark C C , Vickery J D , Backer R R .Transport of total tailings paste backfill:Results of full-scale pipe test loop pumping tests[R].Washington:U.S.Department of the Interior Bureau of Mines,1995.
21 Mehling Environmental Management Inc .Paste backfill geochemistry-environmental effects of leaching and weathering MEND Report 10.2[R].Vancouver:Mine Environment Neutral Drainage (MEND) Program,2006.
22 Belem T , Benzaazoua M. Design and application of underground mine paste backfill technology[J].Geotechnical & Geological Engineering,2008,26(2):147-174.
23 Sivakugan N , Rankine R M , Rankine K J ,et al.Geotechnical considerations in mine backfilling in Australia[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2006,14(12/13):1168-1175.
24 Maureen M A .Wear Profile of the Kidd Mine Pastefill Distribution System[D].Monteal:McGill University,2013.
25 Steward N , Spearing A. Wear of backfill pipelines in south African gold mines[C]. Australia:Institution of Engineers ,1992:11-13.
26 Hollinderbaeumer E W , Kraemer U. Waste disposal and backfilling technology in the German hard coal mining industry[J].Bulk Solids Handling,1994,14(4):795-798.
27 德国经济部.德国采矿工业发展现状及政策走向[EB/OL].(2008-04-30 )[2018-03-05].http://de.mofcom.gov.cn /article/ztdy/200804/ 20080 405506959.shtml
German Economic Ministry .Development status and policy direction of German mining industry[EB/OL]. (2008-04-30)[2018-03-05].http://de. mofcom.gov.cn / article/ztdy/200804/ 20080 405506959.shtml
28 Williams T J , Denton D K , Larson M K ,et al.Geomechanics of reinforced cemented backfill in an underground stope at the Lucky Friday mine,Mullan, Idaho[R].Washington:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,2001.
29 杨志强,高谦,王永前,等.金川镍矿尾砂膏体充填采矿技术进步与展望[J].徐州工程学院学报(自然科学版),2014(3):1-8.
YANG Zhiqiang , Gao Qian , Wang Yongqian ,et al.On the technological progress and prospects of paste backfilling in Jinchuan nickel mine[J].Journal of Xuzhou Institute of Technology,2014(3):1-8.
30 王新民,古德生,张钦礼.深井矿山充填理论与管道输送技术[M].长沙:中南大学出版社,2010:88-95.
Wang Xinmin , Gu Desheng , Zhang Qinli .Theory of Backfilling Activity and Pipeline Transportation Technology of Backfill in Deep Mines[M].Changsha:Central South University Press,2010:88-95.
31 沈家华.深井矿山膏体充填系统增阻减磨试验研究[J].黄金,2013,34(2):31-34.
Shen Jiahua .Experimental study on improving resistance and reducing wearing in paste filling system of deep mines[J].Gold,2013,34(2):31-34.
32 Cooke R , Lazarous J H .Hydraulic transport systems for the backfilling of deep mines[J].Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,1993,93(2):25-30.
33 Thomas E G , Nantel J H , Notley K R .Fill Technology in Underground Metalliferous Mines[M].Kingston:International Academic Services,1979.
34 李夕兵,刘冰,姚金蕊,等.全磷废料绿色充填理论与实践——以开阳磷矿为例[J].中国有色金属学报(待刊).
Li Xibing , Liu Bing , Yao Jinrui ,et al..From theory to practice:A case study of green backfill with whole phosphate waste at the Kaiyang phosphate mine[J].Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals(In press).
35 Belem T , Benzaazoua M. An overview on the use of paste backfill technology as a ground support method in cut-and-fill mines[C]//Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Ground Support in Mining and Underground Construction.London:Tayler & Francis Group,2004:637-650.
36 Pityana S M .Integrated report[R].South Africa:Anglo Gold,2015.
37 孙传尧,宋振国.地下采选一体化系统的研究及应用概况[J].矿冶,2017,26(1):1-6.
Sun Chuanyao , Song Zhenguo .Development and application outline of integrated underground mining-processing system[J].Mining and Metallurgy,2017,26(1):1-6.
38 Dominy S C , Hughes T R , Grigg N J ,et al.Development of underground gravity gold processing plants[R].Falmouth:Physical Separation Conference Proceedings,2009.
39 朱德馨,陆长龙.思山岭铁矿地下选矿厂工艺设计[J].现代矿业,2016(5):80-82.
Zhu Dexin , Lu Changlong .Design of underground mining processing system in Sishanling iron mine[J].Modern Mining,2016(5):80-82.
40 兰文涛.充填体碳化及其机理研究[D].淄博:山东理工大学,2014.
Lan Wentao .Study on Carbonization and Mechanism of Backfill[D].Zibo:Shandong University of Technology,2014.
41 Meek M E , Newhook R , Liteplo R G ,et al.Approach to assessment of risk to human health for priority substances under the Canadian environmental protection act[J].Journal of Environmental Science & Health Part C Environmental Carcinogenesis & Ecotoxicology Reviews,1994,12(2):105-134.
42 Hull C D , Burnett W C .Radiochemistry of Florida phosphogypsum[J].Journal of Environmental Radioactivity,1996,32(3):213-238.
43 USEPA.Potential uses of phosphogypsumand associated risks .Background information document[S].EPA 402-R92-002.USEPA,Washington,DC.,1992.
44 Longo S , Pigeon P , Pretorius C. Paste technology-not just for mining anymore[C]//20th International Seminar on Paste and Thickened Tailings.2017:235-242.
45 陈兴.辩证看待充填采矿法与环保的关系[J].江西理工大学学报,2016,37(2):104-110.
Chen Xing .The dialectical relationship between mine backfill law and environmental protection[J].Journal of Jiangxi University of Science and Technology,2016,37(2):104-110.
46 曹学章,刘庄,唐晓燕.美国露天采矿环境保护标准及其对我国的借鉴意义[J].生态与农村环境学报,2006,22(4):94-96.
Cao Xuezhang , Liu Zhuang , Tang Xiaoyan .Environmental protection standards for surface mining in the United States and their significance as reference to China[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2006,22(4):94-96.
47 习近平.加快生态文明体制改革,建设美丽中国[R].北京:中国共产党第十九次全国代表大会,2017.
Xi Jinping .Accelerate reform of the ecological civilization system and build a beautiful China[R].Beijing:The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,2017.
48 Li X , Du J , Gao L ,et al.Immobilization of phosphogypsum for cemented paste backfill and its environmental effect[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2017,156:137-146.
49 Kesimal A , Yilmaz E , Ercikdi B. Evaluation of paste backfill mixtures consisting of sulphide-rich mill tailings and varying cement contents[J].Cement & Concrete Research,2004,34(10):1817-1822.
50 Sadhasivam S , Chen J C , Savitha S ,et al.Synthesis of partial stabilized cement-gypsum as new dental retrograde filling material[J].Materials Science and Engineering:C,2012,32(7):1859-1867.
51 Pearce D W , Turner R K .Economics of Natural Resources and the Environment[M].Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1989.
52 陈锐,牛文元.循环经济:21世纪的理想经济模式[J].中国发展,2002(2):12-17.
Chen Rui , Niu Wenyuan .Recycling economy:An ideal economic model in the 21st century[J].China Development,2002(2):12-17.
53 李夕兵,屈庆麟,赵国彦,等.磷化工全废料自胶凝充填采矿技术[Z].贵州开磷(集团)有限责任公司,中南大学,2010.
Li Xibing , Qu Qinglin , Zhao Guoyan ,et al.Self-adhesive mine backfill technology of total phosphorus chemical waste[Z].Guizhou Kaiyang Phosphate Mine Group Co.,Central South University,2010.
54 Garg R , Narayanan C , Subramaniam S. A numerically convergent Lagrangian:Eulerian simulation method for dispersed two-phase flows[J].International Journal of Multiphase Flow,2009,35(4):376-388.
[1] 胡建华,任启帆,亓中华,张纪伟. 卧虎山铁矿采场极限暴露面积回归优化模型[J]. 黄金科学技术, 2018, 26(4): 503-510.
[2] 史采星,郭利杰,陈鑫政. 采场充填料浆流动与离析规律的试验研究[J]. 黄金科学技术, 2018, 26(4): 520-527.
[3] 李文臣,郭利杰,陈鑫政,李宗楠,李欣. 尾砂胶结充填体三维空间强度分布相似模拟试验研究[J]. 黄金科学技术, 2018, 26(4): 528-534.
[4] 王新民, 赵茂阳, 荣帅, 王浩, 张云海. APAM对全尾砂胶结充填体早期强度影响研究[J]. 黄金科学技术, 2018, 26(3): 305-311.
[5] 胡桂英, 刘科伟, 杜鑫, 李萧翰. 光面掏槽爆破技术的研究及其在巷道掘进中的应用[J]. 黄金科学技术, 2018, 26(3): 349-356.
[6] 胡华瑞, 李旭东, 陈庆发, 高飞红. 金属矿床地下采矿方法分类表的修订[J]. 黄金科学技术, 2018, 26(3): 387-394.
[7] 史采星, 郭利杰, 李文臣, 张丹. 铅锌冶炼渣充填胶凝材料研究及应用[J]. 黄金科学技术, 2018, 26(2): 160-169.
[8] 林格, 宫凤强. 不同受力维度下红砂岩失稳评判指标研究[J]. 黄金科学技术, 2018, 26(2): 195-202.
[9] 刘定一, 王李管, 陈鑫, 钟德云, 徐志强. 地下矿中长期计划多目标优化及应用研究[J]. 黄金科学技术, 2018, 26(2): 228-233.
[10] 曹世荣,韩建文,李永欣,王晓军 *,冯萧,卓毓龙. 基于声发射概率密度函数固废胶结充填体损伤分析[J]. 黄金科学技术, 2017, 25(6): 92-98.
[11] 李宗楠,郭利杰*,余斌,史采星 . 基于宾汉姆体的高浓度尾砂浆剪切变稀规律研究[J]. 黄金科学技术, 2017, 25(4): 33-38.
[12] 丁剑锋. 某金矿矿仓治理研究[J]. 黄金科学技术, 2017, 25(4): 52-57.
[13] 白朝阳,王国伟,张鹏,刘拴平. 水平采空区群条件下矿柱回采爆破位置研究[J]. 黄金科学技术, 2017, 25(4): 81-86.
[14] 王新民,荣帅,赵茂阳,张钦礼. 基于变权重理论和TOPSIS的尾砂浓密装置优选[J]. 黄金科学技术, 2017, 25(3): 77-83.
[15] 徐怀浩,李进友. 大尹格庄金矿磨矿系统增产降耗的应用实践[J]. 黄金科学技术, 2017, 25(3): 116-120.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited

  Shared   
  Discussed   
[1] 孙刚,曲声,高臣. 四山林场铜矿地质特征及找矿标志[J]. J4, 2008, 16(3): 40 -42 .
[2] 崔永霞, 沈艳. 难处理金矿石提炼技术研究进展[J]. J4, 2007, 15(3): 53 -57 .
[3] 曾妙先. 金矿石品位和磨矿细度、浮选指标的关系研究[J]. J4, 2003, 11(4): 28 -34 .
[4] 迟继松,郭伟,王月伟,邢莹莹. 山东蓬莱矿业选矿厂尾矿堆放及排水方式探讨[J]. J4, 2011, 19(6): 72 -74 .
[5] 刘新会,杨登美,王伟峰,郑卫军. 南秦岭金龙山金矿构造控矿作用及成矿模式研究[J]. 黄金科学技术, 2013, 21(6): 1 -10 .
[6] 王立新,贾磊,吴杰,刘冲昊,杨隆勃. 陕西铧厂沟金矿床地质特征及成矿规律[J]. 黄金科学技术, 2013, 21(6): 11 -21 .
[7] 郭红乐,董俊超,刘江领,刘新会,李福生,马永兵. 甘肃礼岷成矿带西段金成矿条件及成矿预测[J]. 黄金科学技术, 2013, 21(6): 22 -29 .
[8] 王虎,刘洋,秦香伟,亓传铎. 中矿再磨及流程改造提高金精矿品位的实践[J]. 黄金科学技术, 2014, 22(6): 55 -59 .
[9] 田润青,刘云华,田民民,魏居珍,滕飞,李欢,李兴. 陕西某微细粒浸染型金矿选矿试验研究[J]. 黄金科学技术, 2016, 24(6): 102 -106 .
[10] 肖风利, 曾庆栋, 马凤山, 王昭坤, 孙之夫, 孙宗峰. 胶东西北部重要金成矿断裂带特征[J]. 黄金科学技术, 2018, 26(4): 396 -405 .