In shallow overburden area，acquiring geological prospecting information via geological outcrops presents significant challenges.Consequently，there is an urgent requirement for the implementation of geophysical technologies to enhance the optimization of prospecting target areas and the strategic placement of boreholes.Typically，epithermal gold deposits do not directly produce geophysical anomalies.The geophysical properties of gold ore bodies，alteration zones，and their surrounding lithologies remain insufficiently understood.The Alinghe mining area，located within the forested region of northeast China，is characterized by shallow soil cover.The scarcity of rock outcrops has rendered traditional geological and mineral mapping techniques largely ineffective，underscoring the necessity for an increased reliance on geophysical prospecting methods in gold exploration.In response，we conducted high-resolution 1∶5 000 magnetic surveys over areas exhibiting soil gold anomalies，alongside 1∶5 000 induced polarization （IP） measurements using gradient arrays in selected hydrothermal alteration zones.Through the integrated analysis of resistivity and polarizability anomalies，we identified areas with favorable gold mineralization potential.Subsequently，electrical resistivity tomography （ERT） was employed to delineate vertical geological characteristics.In conclusion，verification of drilling and logging activities was conducted.The aforementioned geophysical exploration study yielded the following findings：（1） A series of parallel magnetic anomaly stripes were identified within the andesite distribution area.The observed low magnetic anomalies are attributed to the demagnetization effect resulting from hydrothermal alteration.Hydrothermal activity can reduce the magnetic susceptibility of andesite by up to 1 000 nT.（2） Induced polarization （IP） measurements revealed that the distribution of low apparent resistivity aligns closely with the regions of low magnetic anomalies.The apparent resistivity in the hydrothermally altered area is 100 Ω·m lower than that of the surrounding regions，indicating a water-rich shallow hydrothermal alteration zone.The anomaly of high apparent polarizability suggests a relatively pyrite-rich area associated with epithermal gold ore bodies.（3） Occam’s inversion of electrical resistivity tomography （ERT） data effectively delineates vertical geological features，including surrounding rock，hydrothermal channels，and pyritization zones，which are closely associated with gold mineralization.（4） The geological and alteration assumptions derived from the aforementioned geophysical data were validated by borehole ZK01 along the ERT line，resulting in the identification of two gold-bearing horizons and six gold mineralized bodies within a depth of 100 meters.Through the analysis of curves and crossplots of various logging parameters，the geophysical characteristics of the six gold mineralized bodies were categorized into channel type and terminal type.These two types of gold deposits are distributed on both the upper and lower sides of the high polarizability anomaly，suggesting that a high polarizability anomaly alone is not a direct indicator of a gold ore body，although it holds significant implications for prospecting.In this study，the epithermal gold deposit was systematically targeted for detection.A range of surface geophysical exploration methods was employed to progressively and effectively refine the exploration target area.Subsequent borehole verification confirmed the presence of several gold mineralized bodies，thereby validating the efficacy of the employed methods.The two distinct types of gold-mineralized bodies，categorized based on the combination of geophysical parameters and spatial distribution differences，indicate a terminal position within the mineralization system and suggest minimal erosion post-mineralization.This distinction holds significant implications for the interpretation of geophysical data and has practical relevance for prospecting and exploration efforts.

The smart mining serves as the core engine of the digital transformation in the mining industry. By reviewing the latest global R&D and application advances，this study systematically investigates how key technologies empower the smart development of mining operations.Key technologies play a pivotal role in advancing the smart mining industry，with a primary emphasis on addressing practical production requirements.Research areas encompass the Internet of Things，machine vision，machine hearing，deep learning，big data mining，intelligent sensors，collaborative robots，digital twins，and green mining，among others.The application scenarios within smart mines predominantly involve intelligent control systems，asset management，safety assurance and its associated systems，data management and analysis systems，and monitoring systems.In anticipation of future advancements，the innovation and integrated application of key technologies are poised to serve as the central catalyst for the holistic development of smart mining，emphasizing high quality，sustainability，and enhanced intelligence.By leveraging artificial intelligence and big data technologies，the comprehensive capabilities of mines，such as precise exploration，optimization of mining pathways，reduction of energy consumption and waste，and improvement in resource utilization efficiency，will be significantly enhanced.The integration of digital twins and artificial intelligence is poised to facilitate the comprehensive digital operation of mining enterprises.Complementary technologies，including blockchain，the Internet of Things，cloud computing，and 5G，will enhance the efficiency and precision of remote management and intelligent decision-making processes within the mining sector.This technological synergy will establish a robust foundation for the transformation and modernization of the industry，steering it towards more sustainable，safe，digital，intelligent，and efficient practices.

The tectonic altered rock type gold deposit represents the most promising and significant category of gold deposits within the East Kunlun metallogenic belt.Accurately assessing the resource potential of such deposits along this metallogenic belt is of paramount importance，as it plays a crucial role in facilitating breakthroughs in gold prospecting within the framework of the“New Round of Strategic Action for Mineral Prospecting Breakthroughs.”The geological tectonic activities in the East Kunlun metallogenic belt are charac-terized by complexity，with frequent magmatic events.This region has undergone multiple episodes of arc magmatism and tectonic collisions.Notably，the two most significant stages are the Proto-Tethys Ocean evolution stage，spanning from the Early Paleozoic to the Late Devonian，and the Paleo-Tethys Ocean evolution stage，extending from the Early Carboniferous to the Late Triassic.These stages have created favorable conditions for the formation of various ore deposit types within the belt，particularly facilitating the development of structurally altered rock-type gold deposits.The findings indicate that the distribution of tectonic altered rock type gold deposits within the East Kunlun metallogenic belt is predominantly governed by fault structures.Tectonic-magmatic activities from the Early Carboniferous to the Late Triassic are significantly associated with the metallogenesis of these deposits，with the metallogenic age predominantly concentrated in the Indosinian period.These gold deposits exhibit distinct commonalities in terms of metallogenic elements and models.The gold orebodies are typically vein-shaped and lenticular，situated within NW/NWW-trending ductile-brittle shear zones and their subsidiary faults.The principal types of mineralization alterations include silicification，pyritization，sericitization，and arsenopyritization.There is no substantial evidence indicating assimilation or contamination of the strata wall rocks by the magmatic rocks.This observation suggests a limited degree of material exchange between the magmatic rocks and the strata during the emplacement process，implying that the extraction scale of gold （Au） elements from the strata by the emplaced magmatic rocks is minimal.Consequently，the Au elements in the Proterozoic strata （wall rocks） are unlikely to be the primary source of metallogenic materials.Considering the metallogenic age，it is evident that magmatic activities during the Middle-Late Triassic period predominantly influenced the metallogenic materials of this type of gold deposit.Furthermore，the metallogenic belt is characterized by a dense distribution in the central and eastern regions，while it is more sparsely distributed in the western region.

The Luobuzhen gold and silver epithermal deposit is located in the southwestern part of the Zhunuo ore concentration area，within the western segment of the Gangdese metallogenic belt in Tibet.This deposit，containing approximately eight tons of gold resources and associated with silver（Ag），lead（Pb），and zinc（Zn），is hosted within the continental volcanic rocks of the Pana Formation，part of the Linzizong Group.Its occurrence is controlled by a fault fracture zone exhibiting a near east-west trending.The Luobuzhen region exhibits silicification，sericitization，clay alteration，and propylitization，with ore bodies predominantly located within the intensely silicified alteration zone at the contact interface between dacite and granodiorite.The mineralization process can be divided into three distinct stages：The quartz-pyrite stage（Stage Ⅰ），the quartz-polymetallic sulfide stage（Stage Ⅱ），and the quartz-carbonate vein stage（Stage Ⅲ）.Notably，Stage Ⅱ represents the primary ore-forming phase.The formation temperatures for stages Ⅰ and Ⅱ were determined to be（366±4）℃ and （263.5±80.5）℃，respectively，using arsenopyrite thermometry.Electron probe micro-analysis（EPMA） data indicates that silver in the Luobuzhen deposit predominantly occurs in tellurite as visible silver，in silver-bearing tetrahedrite as invisible silver，and to a lesser extent in sphalerite，chalcopyrite，and pyrite.Silver is present as an isomorphic component within silver-bearing tetrahedrite，sphalerite，chalcopyrite，and pyrite，while in galena，it occurs as micro-inclusion silver.Gold predominantly exists as “invisible gold” within particulate（<50 μm） pyrite.In stage Ⅰ，gold primarily manifests as solid solution gold or lattice gold，whereas in stage Ⅱ，it is mainly found as nanoscale micro-particulate gold.The activation and concentration of metal elements in the Luobuzhen deposit are attributed to the synergistic effects of various factors，including sulfur fugacity，pH value and temperature within the fluid system.The primary mechanisms responsible for the precipitation of gold and silver are sulfuration.

The Dadiangou gold deposit，located in the Longnan region of Gansu Province，represents a typical orogenic gold deposit that has been discovered in recent years.The occurrence statusof gold significantly influences the development and utilization of these deposits，as well as the choice of metallurgical techniques for gold ore processing.To enhance the understanding of the gold occurrence within the Dadiangou deposit，this study utilizes a comprehensive array of investigative methodologies，including field surveys，reflective microscopy，and electron probe microanalysis.The findings suggest that the gold ore types at the Dadiangou gold deposit can be categorized into two primary types：Quartz vein typeand altered rock type.The gold within these ores predominantly exists as independent minerals，with the primary gold-bearing minerals being pyrite，chalcopyrite，galena，and quartz.The principal gold mineral is gold mineral，with minor occurrences of electrum and sylvanite.Gold particles within the ore manifest in four distinct forms：Fissure-filling，intergranular，inclusion，and interlocking.However，Fissure-filling has been identified as the predominant type.The particle size of gold is primarily extra micro-particulate（0.0050~0.0002 mm，42.03%） and micro-particulate（0.010~0.005 mm，28.26%）.Although micro-medium to fine grains are less，abundant，they contribute significantly to the overall resource grade due to their higher area content，accounting for 76.53%.The fineness of gold is predominantly above 900，which may be attributed to the combined influence of ore-forming fluids with a high gold-to-silver ratio and ore-forming temperatures that are medium to low.

Hainan Island, located in the southern region of the South China Block, has experienced a complex tectonic evolution, notably influenced by the Triassic Indosinian orogeny, characterized by terrane collisions, magmatism, and metamorphism. Within this geological context, the Baolun gold deposit, situated in the exocontact zone of the Jianfeng granitic intrusion in southwestern Hainan and recognized as the island’s largest high-grade gold resource, has presented longstanding questions concerning its metallogenic age and genesis. To resolve these uncertainties, Re-Os isotopic dating of molybdenite extracted from auriferous quartz veins has been conducted, yielding model ages ranging from 223.8 to 227.4 Ma and an isochron age of (224.6±7.2)Ma. These results definitively constrain the mineralization to the Late Triassic Indosinian epoch, aligning it temporally with regional tectonic, magmatic, and metamorphic activities. The deposit exhibits characteristics typical of orogenic gold systems, including a compressional tectonic setting, control by crustal-scale faults, and quartz-sulfide vein mineralization. Fluid generation is attributed to devolatilization processes during Indosinian metamorphism, with additional magmatic contributions from the Jianfeng intrusion. Structural transitions from compression to extension facilitated fluid migration along shear zones and faults, ultimately leading to ore deposition. These findings not only confirm Baolun as a definitive orogenic gold deposit but also underscore the exploration potential in similar tectonic settings across Hainan. This study provides a genetic model that integrates metamorphic, magmatic, and structural controls, offering a framework for targeting such deposits in complex orogenic terranes.

The Zhaoping fault zone represents one of the three principal gold ore belts，each containing substantial reserves exceeding one thousand tons，within the Jiaodong region.Exploration efforts in the Jiaogezhuang-Xiadian area have reached depths of up to 2 kilometers，indicating significant potential for further exploration in both the deeper sections and the surrounding periphery of this zone.Nonetheless，several challenges hinder mineral exploration in these deeper peripheral areas，including a lack of clarity regarding metallogenic patterns，inadequate signal reception from conventional geophysical methods under，substantial overburden，and the complexities associated with managing extensive datasets generated from deep mining operations.Through the analysis of geological maps，exploration line profiles，and exploration data，alongside the implementation of three-dimensional physical inversion techniques for gravity，magnetic，and electrical properties，a comprehensive understanding of the exploration prospects in the area has been attained.This research provides a foundational basis for advancing exploration strategies in forthcoming initiatives.The three-dimensional geological model was developed by using human-computer interaction modeling technology，it extending from the surface to a depth of -4 000 meters.Spatial analysis of the three-dimensional geological model reveals a pattern of ore-controlling faults with varying angles from the shallow to the deeper sections.It is found that the gold mineralisation is highly enriched in the section of steep and slow dip faults and in the section of slow dip faults，and the gold ore body follows the law of lateral volatility and equidistant distribution to the NE.This study introduces a prospecting methodology informed by the principles of “fault ore control law”combined with a detailed three-dimensional geological model.It identifies regions with anomalous structural morphology as favorable zones for mineralization，thereby addressing the challenge of detecting abnormal ore deposits beneath deep cover.Furthermore，a comprehensive exploration prediction model has been developed for the central segment of the Zhaoping fault zone through the extraction of five characteristic variables，such as tectonic strike reversal section，tectonic dip reversal section，tectonic surface change rate，orebody dip isotropy and orebody flanking.As a result，twelve target areas for deep mineral exploration have been identified.The integration of these characteristic variables has projected a potential gold mineral resource of 416 tons，thereby guiding the direction for subsequent deep exploration.Preliminary drilling of the target area has revealed an industrial orebody，representing a new breakthrough in the search for ore in the Zhaoping fault zone.

The Eastern Kunlun Metallogenic Belt is recognized as one of the most significant gold ore concentration regions in both Qinghai Province and China as a whole. The eastern segment of this belt is home to prominent gold fields such as Wulonggou, Kaihuangbei, and Gouli, whereas the western segment contains fewer and smaller-scale deposits. The Mangyahedong gold deposit, situated in the Qimantage area within the western segment of the Eastern Kunlun Metallogenic Belt, exemplifies a typical shallow coverage zone and serves as a crucial metallogenic concentration area for gold and polymetallic mineralization. To facilitate advancements in gold exploration within this region, geochemical surveys at a 1∶25 000 scale were conducted, identifying 63 gold anomalies and 5 composite anomalies predominantly characterized by gold. These gold anomalies are primarily located along the Mangyahedong-Hongweishan Heishigou zone, forming a NW-SE-trending banded pattern that aligns with the orientation of regional fault structures. The anomalies exhibit high intensity, often displaying a three-tiered concentration zonation. An analysis of elemental enrichment characteristics indicates that the coefficients of variation（CV） for Au, As, and Sb all exceed 2.0, suggesting strong differentiation（e. g., the CV for Au in OSQ₂ reaches 12.12）. The enrichment coefficients（EF） exceed 2.0, indicating enriched conditions. The pronounced degree of enrichment and the marked heterogeneity in element distribution suggest a substantial potential for mineralization. Cluster analysis reveals that the F4 factor encompasses Au and As, with loadings surpassing 0.7, indicating an association with low-temperature tectonic activity. Analysis of elemental content across geological units indicates that the OSQ₂ stratum （altered andesitic basalt） has an average Au content of 5.4×10^-9, which is nearly three times the regional average. Subsequent soil surveys at a 1∶10 000 scale identified 12 composite anomalies primarily characterized by Au and Cu, notable for their extensive scale, high intensity, and strong reproducibility. For example, the AP3 Au anomaly spans 0.36 km² with a peak value of 1 890×10^-9 and shows a strong spatial correlation with As and Sb. Follow-up verification of key anomalies revealed promising indicators of gold mineralization. Within the GA11-Jia1 Au anomaly （AP1-AP3）, five gold-bearing structural alteration zones were identified through surface tracing and trench drilling. These zones extend 0.5~5.2 km in length and 0.8~9.9 m in width, trending NW and dipping SW. Fourteen gold orebodies have been delineated, exhibiting lengths ranging from 140 to 1 300 m, true thicknesses between 0.80 and 9.34 m, and grades of 0.8 to 26.4 g/t, with an average grade of 2.27 g/t. Structural superi-mposed halo analyses reveal that proximal halos near the main orebody at depth display inner/strong zone anomalies, whereas leading halos are characterized by outer zones and tail halos by mid-inner zones. This suggests a significant downward extension of the orebodies or the potential presence of blind orebodies at depth. In conclusion, multi-scale geochemical surveys conducted in the Mangyahedong area have proven effective in delineating gold exploration targets and alteration zones, thereby demonstrating substantial prospecting efficacy and facilitating a robust assessment of deep mineralization potential. This methodological approach serves as a practical exploration strategy and offers critical insights for the exploration of analogous gold deposits, with wide applicability and significant promotional value.

The Gaosongshan gold deposit represents one of the most significant epithermal gold deposits identified in the northern Lesser Khingan Range region of northeast China.The gold orebodies are predominantly hosted within the intensely altered volcanic rocks of the Lower Cretaceous Banzifang and Ningyuancun Formations，manifesting primarily as veinlets and veins.Despite the deposit’s significance，research on the ore-bearing wall rocks remains relatively underdeveloped.To elucidate the genesis and formation ages of these rocks，comprehensive isotopic dating and elemental geochemical analyses have been undertaken.The dacite of Banzifang Formation obtained ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U surface ages ranging from 112.1 to 115.9 Ma，as deter-mined by zircon laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry（LA-ICP-MS） U-Pb dating.Addi-tionally，⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar dating was conducted using multiple collector noble gas mass spectrometry with the Helix MC on plagioclase and feldspar samples collected from the andesite of the Banzifang Formation and the rhyolite of the Ningyuancun Formation within the Gaosongshan deposit，resulting in plateau ages of （111.2±0.9） Ma and （103.9±1.0） Ma，respectively.The dates，obtained through two independent geochronological methods，suggest that the wall rocks of the Gaosongshan deposit were formed during the late period of Early Cretaceous，rather than the Early Cretaceous as previously believed.Major and trace element analyses reveal that the vol-canic rocks of the Banzifang and Ningyuancun Formations exhibit similar geochemical characteristics.Both formations are characterized by high silicon content（SiO₂=62.26%~71.07%），enriched alkali（Alk=7.28~9.28），elevated aluminum levels（A/CNK=1.15~1.80），and low calcium content（CaO=0.09%~2.03%） and depeled magnesium （MgO=0.47%~3.95%） belonging to shoshonite series.The rocks exhibit an enrichment in light rare earth elements （LREE） and large ion lithophile elements，while showing a depletion in heavy rare earth elements （HREE） and high field strength elements such as Nb，Ta，and Ti，characteristics that are akin to those of arc volcanic rocks.Integrating these findings with data from previous studies，we propose that the magmatic activity closely linked to the epithermal mineralization occurred in the late period of Early Cretaceous within an extensional tectonic setting.This setting was likely initiated by the slab rollback associated with the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific oceanic plate.

The Tudui-Shawang gold deposit is situated on the northeastern margin of the Jiao-Lai Basin，and on the western side of the Muping-Rushan gold mineralization belt.To ascertain the source of ore-forming materials for the Tudui-Shawang gold deposit，we conducted sulfur and lead isotope analyses on sulfides，such as gold-bearing pyrite and sphalerite，during the main mineralization stage，as well as on the ore-associated monzogranite.Furthermore，LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating studies and lead isotope analyses were performed on the monzogranite closely linked with the gold mineralization to determine the age of mineralization.The δ ³⁴S values of five pyrite samples and three sphalerite samples range from -1.6‰ to 2.2‰ and -1.5‰ to 0.7‰，respectively，suggesting that the ore-forming materials originated from magmatic sources.The lead isotope ratios for the sulfides are ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb：18.147~18.347，²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb：15.496~15.589，and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb：38.247~38.423.The lead isotope ratios for the monzogranite are ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb：18.244~18.350，²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb：15.486~15.557，and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb：38.259~38.363.The ore-forming materials in the Tudui-Shawang gold deposit exhibit a mixed crust-mantle origin，as indicated by similar lead isotope results，in sulfide and monzogranite.LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating of monzogranite associated with gold mineralization yields a weighted average age of （116±2）Ma（N=17，MSWD=2.4），aligning with regional large-scale gold mineralization events，suggesting a late Early Cretaceous age for the mineralization.During this period，the Pacific plate subducted beneath the Eurasian，plate，transforming the North China Craton from extrusion to extension tectonics.This tectonic shift，characterized by mantle uplift and lithospheric thinning，triggered significant magmatic activity，facilitating crust-mantle material exchange and the formation of ore-bearing monzogranitic magma.Consequently，ore-bearing hydrothermal fluids were transported upward along the NE-tectonic faults to form the Tudui-Shawang gold deposit at shallow depth.

The Hetai goldfield，situated in Guangdong Province represents the largest gold mining district in South China.The confinement of the Au orebodies to mylonite zones has led to the classification of this goldfield as a prototypical example of gold mineralization associated with ductile-shear deformation.Comprehensive mineralogical analyses were performed on ore thin sections utilizing optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy（SEM），followed by electron probe microanalysis（EPMA） to determine the mineral geochemistry.In the Hetai goldfield，a significant discovery was made，identifying the presence of Cu-Zn intermetallic compounds and native Ni minerals.The Cu-Zn intermetallics exhibit a copper mass fraction ranging from 58.63% to 62.14%，with an average of 60.41%，and a zinc mass fraction ranging from 35.55% to 38.48%，with an average of 36.63%.Additionally，trace amounts of Fe，Au，and Pb were detected in the Cu-Zn intermetallic compounds.The calculated molecular formula is Cu_0.61Zn_0.37Fe_0.02，which is approximately Cu₂Zn.The native nickel（Ni） minerals exhibit a Ni mass fraction ranging from 86.33% to 87.74%，with an average of 87.26%，and an iron（Fe） content ranging from 4.56% to 5.02%，with an average of 4.72%.Additionally，these minerals contain trace amounts of sulfur（S），copper（Cu），and tellurium（Te）.The derived molecular formula，Ni_0.93Fe_0.05S_0.02，suggests the presence of iron-bearing native nickel.The genesis of copper-zinc（Cu-Zn） intermetallic compounds and native nickel within the Hetai goldfield is likely associated with deep mantle fluids and is postulated to have occurred during the initial phase of hydrothermal mineralization.This phenomenon specifically，transpired within a high-temperature environment characterized by localized deficiencies in sulfur and oxygen during the quartz-sulfide stage.These findings corroborate prior results obtained from He-Ar isotope analyses，thereby affirming the participation of a minor proportion of mantle-derived fluid in the process of gold mineralization.

Autonomous driving technology plays a crucial role in the development of smart mines，with its primary challenge being the safe navigation of vehicles within the intricate and dynamic environments of open-pit mines.Mining roads are frequently characterized by a high density of diverse obstacles，including rockslides，water pits，and ruts，which present in various forms and are widely dispersed.These conditions pose substantial safety risks to the autonomous operation of mining vehicles.At present，although numerous road obstacle detection algorithms have been proposed，their detection accuracy is frequently constrained by the distinctive conditions present in open-pit mines，thereby hindering their ability to satisfy practical application requirements.This study presents a road obstacle detection algorithm for open-pit mines based on RT-DETR.The algorithm integrates the RepViT network within the encoder phase to augment the model’s feature extraction capabilities，thereby facilitating a more precise capture of the characteristic information of road obstacles.In the decoder section，the algorithm employs channel compression pruning techniques，which significantly decrease the model’s computational complexity and enhance detection speed.Furthermore，it incorporates the RepAttC3 module，augmented with an attention mechanism，thereby enhancing the model’s capability to detect multi-scale and small target obstacles.To evaluate the algorithm’s efficacy，a dataset comprising road obstacle images from various mines，seasons，and scenarios was assembled，specifically focusing on open-pit mine road obstacles.The experimental findings indicate that the algorithm exhibits superior performance in identifying road obstacles within open-pit mines，achieving an average detection accuracy of 92.7%，a comprehensive detection accuracy of 96.6%，and a detection speed of 12.3 milliseconds.In comparison to existing road obstacle detection algorithms，the proposed algorithm demonstrates distinct advantages in detecting multi-scale and small target obstacles，thereby offering more precise and efficient obstacle detection for vehicles operating in open-pit mining environments.It offers robust technical support for the development of autonomous driving technology in open-pit mines，further advancing the progress of smart mine construction.

To investigate the damage characteristics of the mesoscopic and microscopic pore structures of sandstone subjected to freeze-thaw cycles in cold regions，and to offer theoretical support for construction projects in these areas，the authors selected sandstone with a pronounced freeze-thaw response as the experimental subject.Utilizing nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） technology，the study obtained porosity data and T₂ distribution curve characteristics of sandstone across varying freeze-thaw cycles.This study examines the alterations in mass of rocks subjected to freezing and thawing cycles，focusing on changes in rock porosity，pore structure，and aperture distribution.Additionally，it investigates the freeze-thaw responses of various pore content types.Utilizing fractal theory and the Coats permeability model，the authors quantitatively characterize the pore structure of rocks affected by freeze-thaw processes.The research establishes the interrelationships among different pore structures，pore fractal dimensions，permeability，and porosity，ultimately identifying the pore types most significantly influencing freeze-thaw damage.The findings indicate that the rock mass exhibits a non-linear increase in response to the number of freeze-thaw cycles，with trends associated with macro disruptions.The T₂ distribution curve reveals that the pore size of the sandstone follows a three-peak distribution.Furthermore，both the porosity and the peak value of the T₂ distribution increase as the number of freeze-thaw cycles rises.However，the inconsistency between the freeze-thaw cycles and the changes in peak area and peak value can be attributed to the imbalance between the rate of pore initiation and the rate of pore expansion within the rock，in which the volume of small pores （T₂<3 ms） exhibited dynamic stability，whereas the volumes of medium pores （3 ms<T₂<33 ms） and macropores （T₂>33 ms） increased linearly.Notably，the expansion rate from small to medium pores exceeded that from medium to large pores.To comprehensively characterize the evolution of freeze-thaw damage，we employed integral fractal dimension，segmental fractal dimension，and permeability in our pore quantification analysis.The fractal dimension exhibits a negative correlation with the number of freeze-thaw cycles，wherein the fractal dimension of macropores （D_b） decreases linearly with increasing porosity.This suggests that rock damage due to freeze-thaw processes is primarily attributable to the behavior of free water within macropores.Conversely，permeability，a parameter employed to characterize freeze-thaw damage in pore throats，demonstrates a positive correlation with the number of freeze-thaw cycles，and it is negatively correlated with the fractal dimension of the macropores due to the expansion of large pores and connected pore throats induced by freeze-thaw effects.This expansion facilitates the migration of free water between the pores and pore throats，thereby enhancing the connectivity of the rock pore structures and subsequently increasing the specimen’s permeability.

The northeastern region of Hunan Province，situated within the central Jiangnan Orogenic Belt，is distinguished by the presence of numerous gold deposits，notably including the Wangu and Huangjindong.To systematically investigate the genetic relationships between various fluid-rock interactions and the mechanisms of gold precipitation in this area，comprehensive field geological investigations，petrographic analyses，and thermodynamic simulation have been undertaken.Geological field investigations have identified silty slate as the primary ore-bearing wall rock in northeast Hunan.This rock is notably characterized by extensive bleaching alteration，with ore bodies predominantly situated within the bleached zones.In contrast，certain ore bodies are found within carbonaceous slate，which retains its black coloration and exhibits no visible color change despite undergoing hydrothermal alteration.Petrographic analysis reveals that the bleached zones contain numerous siderite spots，which are intersected by pyrite and arsenopyrite.Conversely，in the carbonaceous slate，sulfide minerals are intimately associated with carbonaceous matter（CM）.The thermodynamic simulation indicates that siderite present in the bleached zone can interact with the fluid，leading to gold precipitation through sulfidation.Similarly，chlorite within slate can also engage with the fluid to initiate sulfidation.However，the dissolution rate of carbonate exceeds that of chlorite，suggesting that carbonate exhibits higher chemical reactivity，which is more conducive to gold mineralization.The carbonaceous matter（CM） in the carbonaceous slate can enhance gold deposition by reducing the fO₂ in the fluid through fluid-rock interactions，facilitating fluid boiling，and providing sites for fluid transport and precipitation.Consequently，the silty slates and carbonaceous slates in northeast Hunan are capable of promoting gold mineralization through distinct mechanisms and are thus favorable wall rocks for gold mineralization.

The Lidonggou gold deposit represents the first newly identified endogenous gold deposit in recent years within the basement cap rock of the Beiba area in Hanzhong area，Shaanxi Province.Over 20 gold ore bodies have been delineated，with lengths ranging from 70 to 1 400 meters， and an average thickness between 0.31 and 9.8 meters.The gold grade varies from 0.83×10^-6 to 21.21×10^-6， classifying it as a medium-sized deposit.The gold deposit is predominantly hosted within the marble and sericite quartz schist of the Mawozi Formation，and is controlled by north-northeast trending fault structures.The ore types predominantly consist of breccia and quartz vein，formations，characteristic of a tectonically altered rock and quartz vein-type gold deposit.The principal metallic minerals identified include native gold，pyrite，molybdenite，and chalcopyrite.Mineralization processes are primarily characterized by limonitization，pyrite mineralization，and magnetite mineralization，with sporadic occurrences of malachite and azurite mineralization.Silicification，tourmalinization，and gold mineralization exhibit a close interrelationship.Preliminary analyses suggest that the formation of the Lidonggou gold deposit has undergone four distinct stages：The formation of ore layers encompasses several processes，including early-stage gold formation，ore enrichment and mineralization，as well as supergene weathering and erosion.The mineralization process is categorized into three distinct stages：The post-magmatic hydrothermal mineralization phase occurring during the Jinning epoch，the post-magmatic hydrothermal superimposed transformation mineralization phase during the Chengjiang epoch，and the supergene oxidation phase.The “stage of quartz，native gold，and polymetallic sulfides” constitutes the principal mineralization phase in this region.The mineral assemblage during this stage includes quartz，native gold，pyrite，molybdenite，chalcopyrite，and sphalerite，which collectively signify the primary phase of gold re-enrichment in the area.Drilling verification reveals that the orebody trends southwestward at greater depths.While the deep extension of quartz vein-type gold orebodies within quartz sericite schist is constrained，the deep extension of interlayer fractured zones in marble exhibits relative stability，with a large number and significant scale of controlled gold orebodies，presenting good prospecting potential.The proposed strategy emphasizes the deployment of shallow work control，particularly targeting quartz vein-type gold ore bodies within quartz sericite schist.Additionally，the focus will be on the exploration and assessment of breccia-type and quartz vein-type gold ore bodies influenced by marble interlayer fracture zones in the mid-depth regions.The primary exploration objectives and directions include the implementation of medium-depth engineering verification， boundary expansion exploration，and the identification of concealed orebodies.This understanding can serve as a foundational basis for the exploration and expansion of the mining area，while also offering critical guidance for the identification of similar gold deposits within the region.

The Renbu Nianzha gold deposit，recently identified in Tibet，represents a significant independent rock gold deposit.Numerous lamprophyre veins have been identified within the mining area.However，their origin remains ambiguous.Consequently，this study undertook a comprehensive field investigation，collecting representative lamprophyre samples from the site to explore their petrogenesis through petrographic analysis，apatite U-Pb isotope dating，and geochemical characterization.Petrographic analysis reveals that the primary rock-forming minerals in the lamprophyres are biotite，plagioclase feldspar，and minor monoclinic pyroxene.The porphyritic minerals pre dominantly consist of biotite，while the matrix is composed of plagioclase feldspar and minor monoclinic pyroxene，classifying the rocks as mica-plagioclase lamprophyres.The TAS classification and K/（K+Na）-K/Al diagram indicate that these rocks belong to the calc-alkaline potassic series.They are characterized by an enrichment in large ion lithophile elements and light rare earth elements，a deficiency in high field strength elements and heavy rare earth elements，and a pronounced fractionation between light and heavy rare earth elements.The U-Pb dating of apatite within the lamprophyres yields an age of（19.9±1.2）Ma，sug-gesting formation during the early Miocene epoch.A comprehensive analysis indicates that the lamprophyre veins in the Nianzha gold mine area originated in a post-collisional extensional setting associated with the India-Eurasia continental interaction.These lamprophyres are hypothesized to have formed through partial melting of the Asian lithospheric mantle，which had been metasomatized by fluids bearing oceanic sediment charac-teristics，and subsequently ascended along regional deep-seated faults.Notably，the diagenetic age of the lamprophyres is significantly younger than the period of gold mineralization.

In recent years，the northeastern margin of the Jiaolai Basin has emerged as a significant gold concentration zone within the Jiaodong region.This development follows the discovery of several gold deposits，such as Pengjiakuang，Liaoshang，and Xilaokou，prompting numerous geological prospecting units and scientific research institutions to intensify efforts towards achieving breakthroughs in deep-level prospecting.The Controlled Source Audio Magnetotelluric Method（CSAMT）has been prominently utilized due to its capacity to overcome the limitations of natural field source signals，offering substantial exploration depths，high resolution，and efficient observationsal capabilities.The study concurrently advances research in subsurface sounding and profiling，with recent extensive applications in mineral exploration recently.In this investigation，CSAMT was deployed in the Qianchuiliu mining area.By integrating geological data with the inversion of rock resistivity properties，we analyzed electrical characteristics and spatial features of structural alterations in the shallow subsurface at a depth of -1 000 meters.This analysis builds upon previously identified deep-seated，concealed ore-controlling structural alteration electricity features. A comprehensive analysis of the metallogenic characteristics and prospecting principles associated with the electrical structure was conducted.The findings revealed a thick，near-east-west tectonic fracture zone in the mine’s deep section of the mine.The electrical structure of the geological formation predominantly displays a three-layer configuration characterized by high-low-high resistivity from shallow to deep levels.Additionally， the top interface of the Queshan rock body demonstrates a shallow-deep-shallow trend when observed from south to north.The deep，extensive thick low-resistance fracture zone and the shallow trap low-resistance electrical body exhibit considerable potential for exploration and should be prioritized primary targets in forthcoming drilling initiatives.Controlled Source Audio-frequency Magnetotellurics （CSAMT） offers outstanding vertical resolution，facilitating accurate assessment of the structural fracture zone’s thickness，fracture development sites，and deep extensions. Furthermore，it effectively delineates the spatial distribution characteristics of the structural fracture zone and rock mass in this mining area，aligning with drilling results.The study effectively validates the “three-layer structure exploration model”and confirms the existence of the “near east-west tectonic ore-controlling model” in the Qianchuiliu mining area.CSAMT is demonstrated to be a highly effective method for gold exploration along the northeast margin of the Jiaolai Basin.

The Dareer gold deposit， situated within the Gouli mineralized district of the East Kunlun orogenic belt， represents a recently identified small-scale gold deposit. To facilitate deeper exploration and enhance the deposit’s scale， it is imperative to conduct further investigations beyond the preliminary surface studies. The primary halo method is recognized as one of the most direct and effective approaches for this purpose. Consequently， geochemical analyses were performed on 209 samples collected from No.63 exploration line in the area， examining 15 elements including Au，Ag，Cu，Pb，Zn，W，Sn，Mo，As，Sb，Hg，F，Mn，Bi，and Co. Utilizing the R-type cluster analysis method， the study identified the elemental associations characteristic of the deposit. The near-ore halo elements for the AⅡ orebody were determined to be Au，Cu，Pb，Zn，and Ag.The front halo elements were identified as F，Sb，As， and Hg.The tail halo elements were found to be Mo，Co，Bi，Mn，Sn，and W. Utilizing Grigorian calculation methods for axial zoning， the primary halo of the orebody from top to bottom was identified as follows： Zn-W-Hg-Ag-Sn-Cu-Mo-Co-Au-S-Mn-F-Pb-As-Bi. This sequence exhibits distinct characteristics of “coexistence of head and tail halo” and “reverse zoning”with a weak anomalous Au halo present. Based on the deep anomaly features revealed by controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotellurics（CSAMT） inversion in the area，there is significant potential for mineral exploration，sug-gesting the possible presence of blind ore bodies or ore bodies extending deeper into the earth. In light of the geophysical and geochemical characteristics， deep drilling verification was conducted on the No.55 and No.71 exploration lines， flanking the No.63 exploration line. This led to the discovery of orebodies with the highest grade reaching 27×10^-9，thereby achieving excellent prospecting results and confirming the efficacy of the research methods employed.

Excavation disturbances induce high stress concentrations and stress redistribution within the mine rock body.Additionally，hydraulic factors diminish the rock body’s strength.Mines situated in the southern region of China are particularly susceptible to disasters during the rainy season due to the influence of rainfall.Therefore，investigating the combined effects of these factors on the mechanical properties of mine rock is of significant importance for ensuring the long-term stability of mine side slopes.The study utilized a slope rock body from the Yinshan Mine in Jiangxi Province as a sample and conducted a graded loading creep test based on a triaxial compression test to investigate the mechanical properties of millimeter-scale rock under the combined effects of excavation unloading and pore water pressure.The results indicate that，with increasing excavation unloading and pore water pressure，the short-term peak strength and elastic modulus of the saturated millimeter-scale rock progressively decrease.Under identical excavation unloading conditions，an increase in pore water pressure leads to a reduction in the strength of saturated millimeters due to the influence of the pore water pressure.This results in an increase in transient strain，a decrease in the transient elasticity modulus，and a reduction in resistance to deformation.Additionally，both creep strain and steady-state creep plasticity exhibit exponential growth with the increase in axial stress up to a certain threshold.Under identical pore water pressure conditions，the instantaneous strain and instantaneous elastic modulus of the excavation-disturbed specimen are lower than those of the undisturbed specimen.Additionally，the creep strain and creep rate escalate with the increasing degree of unloading due to excavation.This observation suggests that excavation-induced disturbances diminish the rock strength，rendering the rock body more susceptible to deformation.The findings indicate that the rock strength of phyllite is diminished due to excavation disturbances，rendering the rock mass more susceptible to creep damage.The study further reveals that the combined effects of excavation unloading and pore water pressure exacerbate this reduction in strength.Consequently，the rock mass becomes increasingly prone to creep damage，thereby compromising the stability of slopes.

Rare earth elements are essential raw materials that underpin strategic emerging industries，including those focused on new energy，advanced materials，and high-end technological innovation.Consequently，they have emerged as vital strategic mineral resources subject to global competition.In the context of the current wave of technological revolution and industrial transformation，the security of the rare earth supply chain is encountering unprecedented and complex challenges，largely due to its significant international geopolitical implications.A scholarly assessment of the resilience of the rare earth industrial chain aids in elucidating the existing impediments to the development of China’s rare earth industry and facilitates a comprehensive and precise understanding of its current resilience status.Utilizing pertinent data spanning from 2000 to 2022，this thesis develops an indicator system to measure the resilience of the rare earth industrial chain across four dimensions：Resistance，recovery，reorganization，and renewal capabilities.The entropy weight method was utilized for evaluation，and a subsequent analysis of the comprehensive resilience score was performed using the index obstacle degree model，the index contribution model，and the coupling coordination degree model.The results indicate that：（1） The resilience of China’s rare earth industrial chain exhibited an upward fluctuation from 2000 to 2022.（2） Prior to 2016，the primary impediment to resilience in the rare earth industry chain was the renewal capability，whereas post-2016，the resistance capability emerged as the predominant constraint.（3） The enhancement of resilience within the rare earth industrial chain is predominantly influenced by recovery and renewal capabilities.（4） Between 2000 and 2022，the coupling coordination level among various resilience indicators of the rare earth industrial chain has shown an upward trend，albeit remaining imbalanced.The findings of this study offer policy insights for strengthening the resilience of China’s rare earth industry chain，with recommendations for countermeasures at the enterprise，industry，and government levels.

In recent years，the Lingdong gold deposit，located in the western region of Hebei Province，has been the subject of exploration.This deposit is predominantly found within a crypto-explosive breccia pipe.The ore body exhibits distinct characteristics typical of crypto-explosive breccia and quartz vein-structural fractured altered rock types.Consequently，research on this deposit is expected to significantly contribute to a comprehensive understanding and facilitate a new phase of prospecting and exploration of similar gold deposits in the Taihang Mountain area of western Hebei Province.To investigate the source of ore-forming materials and analyze the genetic characteristics of the Lingdong gold deposit，an analysis was conducted based on the geological features of the deposit，focusing on the sulfur，lead，and hydrogen-oxygen isotopic characteristics.The test results are as follows：The range of δ ³⁴S_v-CDT values for four pyrites in the ore is 0.3‰~1.5‰.The ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb values range from 16.160 to 16.566，with an average of 16.361.The ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb values range from 15.186 to 15.269，with an average of 15.226.The ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb values range from 37.103 to 37.523，with an average of 37.322.The δ ¹⁸O_V-SMOW values for four quartz and dolomite samples range from 10.4‰ to 13.5‰，with an average of 12.48.The range of {\delta }^{\mathrm{18}} {\mathrm{O}}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{2}}\mathrm{O}} is -1.6‰~1.5‰，with an average of 0.48.The range of δD_V-SMOW is -105.0‰~-49.8‰，with an average of -83.7.The range of δ¹³C_V-PDB is -20.6‰~-5.0‰，with an average of -14.7‰.The findings indicate that the ore-forming materials of the Lingdong gold deposit are predominantly derived from the mantle，with a minor contribution from crustal components.The ore-forming fluid is primarily magmatic water，supplemented by meteoric water in the later stages，aligning with the characteristics observed in gold deposits within the Mapeng area of western Hebei.The genesis of the Lingdong gold deposit is intricately linked to multi-phase tectono-magmatic activities and is generally classified as an epithermal，medium- to low -temperature magmatic hydrothermal gold deposit.Furthermore，when compared to the quartz vein type，crypto-explosive breccia type，and porphyry gold deposit in Yixingzhai，Shanxi，the geological characteristics of both gold deposits exhibit significant similarities.This suggests that further exploration of deep porphyry ore bodies within the Lingdong gold deposit is warranted.

In recent years，significant advancements in deep prospecting have been achieved within the three principal gold metallogenic belts of Sanshandao，Jiaojia，and Zhaoping，located in the ore concentration area of the northwestern Jiaodong Peninsula.Notably，the Jiaojia gold field exemplifies a typical fractured altered rock type（Jiaojia type） gold deposit.The confirmed gold resource reserves in this area have surpassed one thousand tons，making it a central focus for geophysical exploration within the Jiaodong gold mining region.Historically，geophysical exploration within the study area predominantly relied on electromagnetic methods，including Controlled Source Audio-frequency Magnetotellurics （CSAMT），Magnetotellurics （MT），and Spectral Induced Polarization（SIP）.However，these methods were significantly affected by industrial electromagnetic interference resulting from mining activities.To investigate the deep response characteristics and the appli-cability of geophysical methods to the primary ore-controlling faults in northwestern Jiaodong ore concentration area under conditions of strong industrial electromagnetic interference，this study conducts a micro-motion detection test in the representative ore section of Sizhuang within the Jiaojia gold mine field.This study examines the spatial autocorrelation method through micro-motion detection tests involving multiple circular array transformations and varying radius array transformations.The findings indicate a coupling relationship between the apparent shear wave velocity field characteristics of microtremor detection，and the primary ore fracture.By optimizing test parameters，it is feasible to achieve vertical identification of the Jiaojia fault zone within a 3 000 meter depth interval.It provides a basis for the future micro-motion detection method to carry out related exploration work in northwestern Jiaodong ore concentration area.

In order to enhance the precision of short-term rockburst risk prediction during the excavation of deep hard rock，a prediction methodology utilizing microseismic（MS） information was investigated.An analysis was conducted on the correlation between MS parameters and rockburst risk levels using 103 sets of MS sample data.Six MS parameters were identified as predictive indices：The number of MS events （N），MS energy （E），MS apparent volume （V），event rate（NR），energy rate（ER），and apparent volume rate（VR）.We introduce a novel approach for forecasting short-term rockburst risk levels utilizing the CatBoost integrated learning algorithm.The model parameters of CatBoost were optimized using particle swarm optimization（PSO）.Following the construction of the model and the assessment of various performance metrics，the proposed method demonstrated superior test accuracy，reaching up to 90%，compared to other models employed in this study，including CatBoost，random forest，XGBoost，backpropagation neural network，and logistic regression algorithms，the proposed method demonstrated improvements of 9%，4%，9%，19% and 14%，respectively.Subsequently，the method was applied to seven challenging hard rock engineering cases，including the Qinling tunnel，the Xinjiang Ashele copper mine，the New Jersey hydroelectric tunnel in Pakistan，and the Jinping Ⅱ hydropower station，for validation purposes.The predicted outcomes were in alignment with the actual results.In comparison to similar methodologies，the prediction accuracy and engineering applicability of this model were superior，offering a scientific reference for short-term rockburst risk level prediction during deep underground engineering construction.

The Dayingezhuang gold deposit， located in the northwest of the Jiaodong Peninsula， is characterized as an altered rock-controlled gold deposit. Gold mineralization predominantly occurs within the beresitization alteration zone situated in the footwall of the Zhaoping fault zone. The reddenization alteration is observed in the Mesozoic granitoid， whereas chloritization alteration is present in the metamorphic wall rocks of the Jiaodong Group. Despite these observations， the impact of various alteration conditions on gold mineralization， the migration pathways of ore-forming fluids， and the spatial dynamics of water-rock interactions that lead to gold precipitation remain inadequately understood. This study employs the TOUGHREACT software to simulate the chemical interactions between ore-forming fluids and wall rocks at different stages of the Dayingezhuang deposit. The simulation aims to quantitatively analyze the redox and acid-base properties associated with distinct alteration processes and to examine the chemical equilibrium concentrations of gold （Au） along with the volume fractions of key altered minerals at various stages. The simulation results indicate that during the primary mineralization stage， the pH value of the fault zone is below 7， and the lgf（O₂） decreases from -27 to -44， suggesting acidic conditions with low oxygen fugacity. In contrast，the pH value in the Jiaodong Group and Linglong granites exceed 7，with lgf（O₂） values ranging from -30 to -40， indicating alkaline conditions with higher oxygen fugacity. The volume fraction of pyrite and sericite near the fault zone varies from 0 to +0.025%， while the volume fraction of chlorite in the Jiaodong Group metamorphic rocks ranges from 0 to +0.01%. The volume fraction of potassium feldspar in the Linglong granites varies from 0 to +0.05%. These findings suggest that the alteration system surrounding the Dayingezhuang gold deposit functions as a conjugate reaction system， characterized by contrasting redox and acid-base properties. Chloritization and reddenization alterations occur under oxidative and meta-alkaline conditions. The spatial distribution of gold precipitation is predominantly located near the fault zone. As the ore-forming fluids migrate， beresitization alteration occurs under reductive and acidic conditions， leading to the formation of gold orebodies.

Rock burst constitutes a significant geological hazard in deep mining operations，particularly within metallic mines，where elevated in-situ stresses and mining-induced disturbances present substantial safety threats.Addressing the challenges posed by the diversity of characterization indicators and the considerable discrepancies in grading criteria for evaluating the proneness of hard rock burst，this study investigates the lithological indices and grading criteria pertinent to hard rock burst tendency in metal mines.The research commenced with a comprehensive analysis of various rock burst characterization indicators，emphasizing their correlations and physical significance.Based on this analysis，the post-peak stress reduction index（SDR），peak strain energy storage index （ W_{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{T}}^{\mathrm{P}}），residual elastic energy index（ A_{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{F}}），and improved brittleness index （B ₄） were selected as the lithological indices for characterizing hard rock burst tendency.These indicators were chosen for their ability to reflect distinct aspects of rock behavior under stress，including energy storage，failure potential，and energy release rate.The study identified significant correlations among various energy-related indicators，indicating that these measures could be integrated to offer a more comprehensive assessment of rock burst potential.Furthermore，by incorporating the phenomenon of rock failure observed in uniaxial compression experiments，a classification standard for different lithological indices was developed.The four lithological indices for various hard rocks were determined，and the grading criteria for rock burst tendency were validated.To further assess the validity and efficacy of the proposed lithological indices and their grading criteria，for rock burst susceptibility，typical field rock samples were subjected to laboratory testing.The final evaluation results closely aligned with actual field conditions，thereby providing theoretical guidance for practical mining operations.This study establishes a theoretical foundation for rock burst assessment by proposing an integrated evaluation framework that combines both energy-based and non-energy-based indicators.The findings provided a more precise and dependable methodology for predicting rock burst events，thereby facilitating the advancement of more effective risk mitigation strategies in underground mining.By enhancing the accuracy of rock burst susceptibility predictions，the framework contributed to improved safety and operational efficiency in deep mining operations.

A significant gold deposit has been identified in the northern maritime region of Sanshandao，Laizhou City.This discovery indicates that the metallogenic geological conditions for gold deposits are favorable in the eastern maritime area of Laizhou Bay，suggesting considerable potential for further mineral exploration in this region.The characteristics of the gravity field in the eastern land-sea interface of Laizhou Bay were examined utilizing the latest high-precision gravity data at a scale of 1∶200 000 for both terrestrial and marine environments.The research findings suggest that the gravity field exhibits significant volatility and a contour strip distribution.Based on these characteristics，the gravity field within the study area can be delineated into two distinct regions：The Jiaoliao Uplift anomaly area and the North China Depression anomaly area.The gravity field in the Jiaoliao Uplift anomaly area predominantly manifests in a northeast-oriented strip pattern.Gravity anomalies exhibit alternating regions of high and low altitudes.Elevated gravity anomalies correspond to high-density Precambrian metamorphic rocks，whereas low gravity anomalies are indicative of the relatively low-density Mesozoic granite bodies.The gravity field demonstrates a clumping feature in the North China Depression anomaly area，which reflects the distribution characteristics of alternating protrusions and depressions within the Yishu fault zone.The fracture tectonic system in the eastern sea area of the Changyi-Dadian fault has been delineated based on the overall characteristics of the Bouguer gravity anomaly and its site-field transition characteristics.A total of 17 fractures were identified based on the delineation results.These fractures elucidate the intersections among the faults more clearly.The primary trend of the main body fault is oriented northeast，with secondary orientations in the northwest and east-west directions.Notably，the northeast-trending fault serves as the principal ore-controlling fault in the area，and it has been disrupted by subsequent northwest-trending faults.The Sanshandao-Cangshang fault and the Diaolongzuixi fault，both exhibiting northeast trends，are of significant importance for mineral prospecting.The Sanshandao-Cangshang fault，in particular，exhibits significant potential for mineral exploration.The extension of this fault towards the southern and northern marine regions has been delineated through the application of wavelet transform on Bouguer gravity anomaly data.The fault’s overall distribution is typified by S-shaped curve and gentle wave pattern.This study offers high-precision gravity data，which can be utilized for fundamental geological research，mineral geological surveys，and gold resource exploration in the region.

The Biaoshan area located within the Beishan Orogenic Belt in Inner Mongolia, is geographically positioned north of the Yueyashan-Xichangjing ophiolite belt and south of the Hongshishan-Baiheshan ophiolite belt. This area is part of the Shibanjing-Heidashan Cu, Au, Fe, Ni metallogenic belt. Recent discoveries, including the Elegenwulanwula Cu-Mo deposit, Xiaohulishan Mo deposit, Dulongbao Mo deposit, and Zhusilenghaierhan Cu deposit, underscore the region’s intense mineralization and promising potential for fur-ther exploration. However, the increasing challenges associated with surface exploration and the interference of cover layers with traditional geochemical methods, necessitate the use of deep-penetrating geochemical techniques to elucidate the causes of anomalies and accurately identify target areas for future mineral exploration. This study examines the elemental migration characteristics and anomaly response mechanisms of geogas survey in the Biaoshan area, establishing seven geogas geochemical profiles in the southern Biaoshan region. Through a detailed analysis of single-element anomalies and element associations, the geogas anomaly characteristics within the region were systematically investigated. The findings reveal that the copper（Cu） element displays an extensive anomaly range and elevated anomaly values, identifying it as the most promising element for mineralization within the area. The geogas element association anomalies further demonstrate that bismuth（Bi）, antimony（Sb）, copper（Cu）, lead（Pb）, and zinc（Zn） exhibit significant anomaly scales and strong spatial coincidence. This suggests that copper is the primary mineralizing element, with bismuth, antimony, lead, and zinc serving as associated mineralizing elements. In light of the geological context of mineralization, two comprehensive anomalies were delineated. Subsequent analysis of these anomalies led to the selection of one for further investigation. Anomaly inspection, revealed a copper orebody, characterized by a width of 1~3 m and an extension exceeding 30 m. This orebody is hosted within the third formation of the Beishan group and altered gabbro, and is accompanied by alterations such as malachite, chalcopyrite, goethite, and silicification. The mineralization is controlled by northwest-trending faults and associated secondary structures, with the spatial distribution of the mineralization body closely aligning with the anomaly morphology. Considering the geological conditions conducive to mineralization, it is posited that the region holds potential for the discovery of medium-temperature to low-temperature hydrothermal copper polymetallic deposits. Prospecting indicators for this category of mineral deposits have been identified. The findings of this study indicate that the geogas survey technique is an effective method for detecting concealed copper polymetallic deposits in arid and semi-arid regions with surface cover.

In recent years, substantial advancements have been achieved in lithium prospecting within the Altyn region, where exploration and research have identified a series of Caledonian spodumene pegmatite-type lithium deposits. Nonetheless, the metallogenic potential of Indosinian lithium, along with the mechanisms of lithium migration and enrichment in pegmatite-type lithium deposits, continues to be a subject of considerable scientific interest. The Kumusayi granite-pegmatite type lithium-beryllium deposit is classified as a medium-sized spodumene deposit, with the potential to reach a super-large scale. Its host rock is biotite schist, which exhibits significant hydrothermal alterations, such as greisenization, adjacent to the ore bodies. Through comprehensive field investigations and analytical techniques, including petrographic microscopy, electron probe microanalysis （EPMA）, and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （LA-ICP-MS）, the formation age of the lithium-ore-forming pegmatite has been established. Furthermore, the mineralogical composition of various mica types within the pegmatite and host rocks has been elucidated, and the migration and evolution patterns of rare metal elements, such as lithium, have been investigated. The U-Pb isotopic analysis of monazite from the Kumusayi lithium deposit indicates that the formation ages of the coarse-grained tourmaline-spodumene granite pegmatite and the muscovite granite pegmatite with inclusions are （224.6±3.0）Ma and （224.2±3.6）Ma, respectively. These findings suggest that the formation occurred during the Indosinian period. The investigation of mica minerals elucidates the magmatic-hydrothermal evolution process of the Kumusayi pegmatite-type lithium deposit. During the magmatic stage, the crystallization of spodumene significantly depleted the system’s lithium content, subsequently leading to the formation of lithium-bearing muscovite （magmatic-type）. During the ensuing magmatic-hydrothermal alteration of the host rock, some lithium was leached from the host rock and re-precipitated to form lithium-rich muscovite （Li₂O=1.8%~2.3%）. In later stages （H2-H3）, the muscovite continued to consume lithium from the hydrothermal fluid, culminating in the formation of low-lithium muscovite （Li₂O=0.08%~0.15%） in the final stage. The study provides substantial evidence that the interplay between magmatic processes and hydrothermal activity is a critical factor in the enrichment and mineralization of lithium within muscovite-type lithium deposits. The determination of the Indosinian lithium mineralization age, along with insights into the detailed processes of lithium migration and enrichment during magmatic-hydrothermal events at the Kumusayi lithium deposit, offers new chronological data and exploration insights for lithium mineral exploration in the Altyn region.

The shallow orebody located at a depth of 1 500 meters within the Dayingezhuang gold mine in Jiaodong has been extensively delineated.Consequently，exploring the depth range of 1 500 to 3 000 meters is not only essential for providing supplementary resources to support further mine development but also possesses considerable demonstrative value for achieving new breakthroughs in ore exploration.To this end，a 4-kilometer-long multi-polarization electromagnetic sounding profile was conducted at the periphery of the Houtuan area of the Dayingezhuang gold mine.During this study，natural field electromagnetic signals ranging from 1 Hz to 100 kHz were collected.Inversion calculations produced resistivity and magnetization profiles extending to a depth of 3 000 meters.Based on the existing geological prospecting model and the electromagnetic characteristics of Neoproterozoic TTG and Jiaodong Group metamorphic rocks，which exhibit low resistivity and high magnetization，as well as Late Jurassic granite bodies，characterized by high resistivity and low magnetization，the transition zone from low resistance and high magnetization to high resistance and low magnetization is identified as the ore-controlling Zhaoping fault zone，and the expanding space where the dip angle of the fault zone from low-resistivity and high-magnetization to high-resistivity and low-magnetization is interpreted as the ore-controlling Zhaoping fault zone.Additionally，the region where the dip angle of the fault zone becomes more horizontal is inferred to be a favorable site for mineralization.This interpretation is supported by data from drill hole 80ZK2101，which identified a pyrite-silicified alteration zone between depths of 2 943.18 m and 3 108.41 m，with a gold ore body located at depths of 3 100.06 m to 3 101.06 m.The drilling results corroborate the interpretations derived from multi-polarization electromagnetic sounding data.

The discrete element method is particularly effective for simulating the nonlinear deformation of heterogeneous rock slopes subjected to gravitational loads following open-pit mining. Traditional methodologies often suffer from ambiguous criteria for determining slope instability，thereby complicating the accurate assessment of the slope’s safety factor. To address this issue，a cusp catastrophe model was developed，establishing a relationship between the average horizontal displacement of the slope and the gravitational coefficient. This model quantifies the critical instability criterion as a definitive displacement catastrophe value. Using the discrete element program MatDEM，simulations were conducted with varying combinations of joint spacing and connectivity to examine the changes in critical displacement and safety factors under different conditions. Case analyses indicate that this model effectively determines the critical displacement and corresponding safety factor at the point of slope failure. Notably，when joint connectivity is 0.70，the critical instability displacement is generally higher compared to scenarios with greater connectivity. For joint spacings ranging from 1 to 3 meters，an increase in spacing results in a larger sliding mass along the joint surface，which consequently leads to a rise in the critical instability displacement. The gravity increase method，grounded in cusp catastrophe theory，models the evolution of slopes under realistic conditions by incrementally increasing the gravitational load. This approach is particularly well-suited for jointed rock masses that exhibit complex nonlinear deformation behaviors. Unlike the strength reduction method，it obviates the need for recalibrating material parameters before each calculation，thereby enhancing computational efficiency. The study’s findings indicate that joint spacing and connectivity have a significant impact on slope stability. With uniform joint spacing，increased connectivity results in a lower safety factor，whereas with uniform connectivity，larger joint spacing leads to a higher safety factor. These findings are consistent with practical engineering conditions，underscoring the importance of considering joint spacing and connectivity in slope stability analysis.The developed model and results provide a scientific basis for determining monitoring point placement and setting warning thresholds for slope displacement in jointed rock mass regions.

To investigate the stability of geotechnical engineering in alpine and high -altitude regions subjected to prolonged freeze-thaw cycles，this study elucidates the damage evolution characteristics of sandstone under such conditions.By performing uniaxial compression tests on sandstone samples subjected to varying numbers of freeze-thaw cycles，and analyzing the results using energy dissipation theory in conjunction with PFC discrete element software，the study examines the crack propagation and energy evolution laws.The findings indicate that with an increasing number of freeze-thaw cycles，both the peak strength and Young’s modulus of the sandstone exhibit a declining trend.Concurrently，the proportion of energy dissipation rises，particularly when the number of cycles reaches 60，at which point there is a marked increase in energy dissipation，signifying substantial internal damage to the sandstone.The study further validates the use of the energy evolution law to characterize strength degradation under freeze-thaw conditions by modeling the relationship between energy and strength.Through further study，numerical simulation of uniaxial compression experiments on sandstone specimens were conducted using PFC software.Based on these simulations and corresponding experimental results，the deformation and damage morphology of sandstone subjected to varying numbers of freeze-thaw cycles were analyzed.The study observed trends in crack propagation and variations in contact force between particles.The findings indicate that internal cracks in the rock expand gradually during the initial stages of freeze-thaw cycles，followed by rapid expansion in later stages，with tensile cracks being the predominant type.The internal contact force within the sandstone model decreases throughout the simulation，this phenomenon characterized by the dissipation of contact energy stored between particles as per the analysis of the energy evolution law.This simulation outcome aligns closely with the energy evolution observed in experimental results，underscoring the adequacy of the energy modeling approach.Furthermore，significant differences were noted in the damage patterns of sandstone subjected to different numbers of freeze-thaw cycles.When subjected to fewer than 60 freeze-thaw cycles，sandstone predominantly exhibits splitting at the left and right ends，resulting in a “wedge-shaped body” damage pattern.However，sandstone exposed to 60 freeze-thaw cycles demonstrates a markedly different damage pattern compared to other samples，instead of forming a “wedge” it develops a smaller damaged area near the lower surface.This observation indicates that the degradation of sandstone due to freeze-thaw cycles can significantly diminish its load-bearing capacity and residual strength.The findings of this study hold substantial theoretical and practical significance for understanding and predicting the mechanical behavior and stability of geotechnical materials subjected to freeze-thaw cycles in cold engineering contexts.Furthermore，they provide a scientific foundation for geotechnical engineering design in alpine regions.

The sulfide minerals present in the tailings of metal mines substantially influence the strength of backfill materials.This study aims to comprehensively investigate the mechanical properties of backfill composed of sulfur-containing and desulfurized tailings.For this purpose，sulfur-containing tailings sourced from a mine and desulfurized tailings processed through industrial trials were utilized as the aggregate in the backfill.Cement served as the binding agent in the preparation of backfill specimens.To evaluate the mechanical performance，uniaxial compression and Brazilian splitting tests were conducted，facilitating a comparative analysis of the desulfurized and sulfur-containing backfill specimens.The research examines the impact of varying cement-sand ratios，solid content concentrations，and curing age on the compressive strength of two types of backfill materials.Furthermore，quantitative relationships among these variables were derived by fitting the experimental data，and the sensitivity of each factor was assessed.The findings reveal that：（1）The com-pressive strength of desulfurized tailings backfill consistently exceeds that of sulfur-containing tailings backfill.The uniaxial compressive strength of desulfurized tailings exhibits an average increase ranging from 2.02% to 14.12% compared to sulfur-containing tailings，while the tensile strength demonstrates an enhan-cement between 7.64% and 58.45%.（2）At a curing age of 28 days and a cement-sand ratio of 1∶8，the uniaxial compressive strength of sulfur-containing tailings remains relatively unchanged with increasing mass concentration.In contrast，the strength of desulfurized tailings backfill displays a distinct upward trend.（3）At a cement-sand ratio of 1∶4，the compressive strength of both sulfur-containing and desulfurized backfill exhibits an increase with higher slurry concentrations after a 60-day curing age；however，this increase is less pronounced compared to the 28-day curing age.Conversely，when the cement-sand ratio is decreased to 1∶8，the strength enhancement of sulfur-containing and desulfurized backfill after 60 days surpasses that observed after 28 days.（4） The reduction in sulfide content enhances the chemical stability of desulfurized tailings，thereby improving the mechanical properties of the backfill.（5） The strength of the backfill is most significantly influenced by curing age，followed by the cement-to-sand ratio，with mass concentration having the least impact.（6） Under constant conditions，the strength of both sulfur-containing and desulfurized backfill exhibits an exponential growth trend with increasing curing age，achieving a goodness of fit value of 0.9 or higher.The study demonstrates a linear growth pattern in relation to the increase in mass concentration，evidenced by a multiple correlation coefficient of 0.94 or higher.This paper aims to offer a practical reference of significance for understanding the developmental behavior of the mechanical properties of sulfur-containing and desulfurization tailings backfill.

To investigate the effect of polypropylene fiber doping on the tensile properties of tailings cemented filling materials，Brazilian splitting experiments were conducted on tailings cemented filling materials with different ash-to-sand ratios and polypropylene fiber contents.DIC technology was used to observe and analyze the initiation and propagation evolution of surface cracks on the specimens during the experiment，and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） was used to reveal the mechanism of the reinforcing effect of polypropylene fibers on the internal structure of tailings cemented filling materials.To examine the impact of polypropylene fiber incorporation on the tensile properties of tailings cemented filling materials，Brazilian splitting tests were performed on samples with varying ash-to-sand ratios and polypropylene fiber contents.Digital Image Correlation （DIC） technology was employed to observe and analyze the initiation and propagation of surface cracks on the specimens throughout the experiment.Additionally，scanning electron microscopy （SEM） was utilized to elucidate the mechanism by which polypropylene fibers enhance the internal structure of the tailings cemented filling materials.The findings of the study indicate that incorporating polypropylene fibers significantly enhances the uniaxial tensile strength of the filling material.As the polypropylene fiber content increases，the uniaxial tensile strength initially rises and subsequently declines，with an optimal fiber content identified at 0.6%.For instance，with an ash-to-sand ratio of 1∶4，the maximum uniaxial compressive strength of the filling specimen reaches 0.59 MPa，representing a maximum increase of 37.21%.Furthermore，the inclusion of fibers alters the stress-strain characteristics of the filled specimen.Upon reaching peak tensile strength，the PF-filled specimen did not immediately experience a loss in load-bearing capacity and retained a degree of residual strength.Notably，the residual strength of the specimen filled with 0.6% PF attained its highest value.Observations using Digital Image Correlation （DIC） technology reveal that the strain concentration phenomenon in fiber-reinforced fillers is mitigated during tensile failure，resulting in more tortuous crack patterns.This indicates that the fibers effectively facilitate stress dispersion.Scanning Electron Microscopy （SEM） analysis indicates that an excessive incorporation of fibers results in the enlargement of pores and cracks within the filling body specimen，consequently leading to a gradual reduction in its macro compressive strength.Conversely，an optimal quantity of fibers becomes encapsulated by a substantial amount of hydration product，specifically calcium-silicate-hydrate （C-S-H） gel，within the specimen.This encapsulation facilitates the integration of the fiber-filling body matrix interface into a cohesive unit due to the influence of the C-S-H gel，thereby enhancing the load-bearing capacity of the fiber-reinforced filling body.

In recent years，aerial magnetic surveys have emerged as an efficient and cost-effective geophysical technique for mineral resource exploration.This study concentrates on the processing and analysis of 1∶50 000 scale aerial magnetic data from the Dong’an area in Heilongjiang Province，China.By employing advanced data processing methodologies，a substantial amount of both qualitative and quantitative data was acquired，accompanied by diverse graphical representations that elucidate the geological characteristics of the region.The methodology utilized an integrated approach to magnetic data processing，incorporating techniques such as filtering，anomaly separation，and inversion modeling.These methods enabled the isolation of magnetic anomalies and facilitated the interpretation of their geological significance. Investigations into the physical properties of rocks within the region revealed that sedimentary rocks，acidic volcanic rocks，and intrusive rocks typically possess weak magnetic properties，whereas intermediate to basic igneous rocks exhibit more pronounced magnetic signatures.Significantly，the mineralized alteration rocks exhibited no notable magnetic response，underscoring their unique geophysical properties.A comprehensive analysis of the magnetic anomalies facilitated the categorization of five distinct types of magnetic anomaly zones：Stable positive magnetic fields，stable negative magnetic fields，gently undulating positive and negative magnetic fields，low-amplitude fluctuating positive and negative magnetic fields，and highly fluctuating positive and negative magnetic fields.Furthermore，the study identified eight major regional faults within the area，highlighting a complex structural framework characterized by two composite tectonic systems oriented NNW-NW and nearly SN.A comparative analysis of the positional relationship between aeromagnetic anomalies and gold deposits revealed a significant correlation between the spatial distribution of low magnetic anomalies and the presence of gold deposits.By synthesizing the geochemical anomalies detected in soil samples with the geological context favorable for mineralization，two primary target areas with substantial potential for mineral exploration on the outskirts of the Dong’an mining district have been successfully identified.The findings of this study offer valuable insights and a scientific foundation for future exploration endeavors in the Dong’an region.

In recent years，the depletion of easily accessible gold resources has necessitated a shift in gold mining towards more challenging deposits.Within China’s gold industrial reserves，carbonaceous gold deposits are estimated to exceed 4 000 metric tons，comprising approximately 8% of the total resource reserves and accounting for over 20% of the currently exploited and proven gold reserves.To address the challenges of gold loss and encapsulation in carbonaceous gold ore，an integrated approach involving roasting，magnetic separation，and leaching of carbonaceous gold concentrate and iron oxide has been proposed.The procedure initially employs a vacuum tube furnace for the roasting pretreatment，followed by the utilization of a digital display manual powder tablet press to form the mixture of Fe₂O₃ and carbonized gold concentrate into a cake-like structure.Subsequently，a weak magnetic separator is used to isolate the strongly magnetic material from the gold concentrate，resulting in the production of iron concentrate.This study also investigated the primary factors influencing the roasting process and elucidated the reaction mechanisms between carbonaceous minerals and sulfide minerals in carbonaceous gold deposits.The findings indicate that，under the conditions where the mass ratio of carbonaceous gold concentrate to iron oxide is 1∶10，the roasting temperature is maintained at 1 100 ℃，the regrinding fineness ratio of particles smaller than 0.074 mm is approximately 100%，and the magnetic field intensity is set at 0.20 T，the average gold leaching rate achieves 81.60%，while the iron recovery rate reaches 97.27%.During the roasting process，the carbonates and FeS₂ present in the carbonaceous gold deposit facilitate the reduction of Fe₂O₃ to Fe₃O₄，concurrently，the carbonates are transformed into inorganic carbon and CO₂，and the desulfurization of FeS₂ results in the formation of FeS and S₂.The collaborative roasting pretreatment technology addresses the issue of “gold robbing” by carbonaceous minerals and the encapsulation of gold within sulfide and hematite matrices.This approach offers a novel research perspective for the safe and resource-efficient utilization of cyanide red slag.Furthermore，it establishes a theoretical basis for optimizing and enhancing the integrated technology of collaborative roasting，magnetic separation，and leaching processes applied to carbonaceous gold concentrate and cyanide red slag.

The numerous lead-zinc deposits situated within clastic rocks of the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou polymetallic mineralization domain have emerged as significant targets for contemporary mineral exploration and predictive efforts，offering substantial potential for future discoveries.The Jinniuchang lead-zinc deposit is positioned in the southwestern region of this metallogenic domain.The ore body is situated within the mudstone and calcareous sandstone of the Lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation，distinguishing it markedly from other lead-zinc deposits in the region that are typically hosted in carbonate rocks.Investigating the genesis of this ore body is crucial for advancing the exploration and prediction of deep-seated deposits，as well as for enhancing the understanding of regional lead-zinc mineralization systems.This study undertakes a trace element analysis by systematically collecting representative metal sulfide samples.The findings indicate that：（1） Electron Probe Micro-Analyzer （EPMA） mapping and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry （ICP-MS） analyses reveal that galena within the Jinniuchang lead-zinc deposit is relatively enriched in antimony （Sb），cadmium （Cd），copper （Cu），and silver （Ag），while it is deficient in manganese （Mn），tin （Sn），arsenic （As），chromium （Cr），and nickel （Ni）.Elements such as Sn，Sb，Mn，Cu，Cd，Bi，As，and Ag predominantly occur in galena through isomorphic substitution.In contrast，sphalerite is relatively enriched in Cd，Cu，Ga，Ge，and Sb，but deficient in Mn，Sn，As，Co，Cr，and Ni.Elements including Sb，Mn，Ge，Ga，Cd，As，and Ag are primarily present in sphalerite through isomorphic substitution.（2） The rare earth element （REE） profile is marked by an enrichment of light rare earth elements （LREE） and a depletion of heavy rare earth elements （HREE），exhibiting a right-skewed distribution.Additionally，there is a negative europium （Eu） anomaly and a weak negative cerium （Ce） anomaly，which are generally consistent with the geological characteristics of the Kunyang Group.This suggests that the ore-forming materials predominantly originate from the folded basement of the Kunyang Group.（3） The trace element composition and depositional characteristics of the deposit closely resemble those of typical Huize-type （HZT） lead-zinc deposits in the region，classifying it as an HZT-type deposit.Employing a large-scale “four-step” prospecting methodology is appropriate for conducting prospecting and predictive analyses.The findings of this research offer novel insights for the in-depth and peripheral exploration of analogous deposits in the region.Furthermore，they provide a theoretical foundation for advancing the study of the lead-zinc metallogenic system within the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou metallogenic domain.

The Linglong complex rock mass，a prominent large granite body located in the northwest of Jiaodong，serves as the principal ore-hosting rock within the Jiaodong gold concentration area.Notably，gold deposits associated with granite as the primary wall rock constitute over 90% of the total metal reserves in this region.This complex primarily comprises the Late Jurassic Linglong intrusive rock，along with the Early Cretaceous Guojialing，Weideshan，Laoshan，and Yushan intrusive rocks，among others.The Linglong complex rock mass，a significant intrusive rock formation in eastern China，is crucial for understanding regional geological structures and informing mineral resource development.Utilizing high-precision gravity and magnetic data at a 1∶50 000 scale from the Jiaodong area，collected since the early 21st Century，and constrained by existing geological，drilling，and deep geophysical survey profiles，the 2D geological characteristics of 47 sections in the northwest of Jiaodong were comprehensively interpreted by using the gravity and magnetic inversion method with man-machine interaction.Based on this foundation，a three-dimensional model of the Linglong composite rock mass has been developed utilizing a 3D visualization platform.Comprehensive ana-lysis reveals that the Linglong composite rock mass exhibits an irregular mushroom cloud-like morphology，with a central thickness measuring approximately 15 kilometers.The predominant component of this complex is the Late Jurassic Linglong intrusive rocks，while the core may contain a substantial Cretaceous A-type granite intrusion.Although these formations appear sporadically on the Earth’s surface，they are interconnected at depth and exhibit a significant scale of occurrence.Drawing upon findings from prior studies concerning the erosion degree of intrusive rocks，as well as the age and rate of large-scale crustal uplift，it is inferred that the Linglong complex rock mass was situated at a depth of approximately 30 km to 35 km during the Late Jurassic period.This research holds significant reference value for comprehending the post-mineralization alteration and preservation of the Jiaodong gold deposit，as well as for predicting and assessing deep gold resources.