In shallow overburden area，acquiring geological prospecting information via geological outcrops presents significant challenges.Consequently，there is an urgent requirement for the implementation of geophysical technologies to enhance the optimization of prospecting target areas and the strategic placement of boreholes.Typically，epithermal gold deposits do not directly produce geophysical anomalies.The geophysical properties of gold ore bodies，alteration zones，and their surrounding lithologies remain insufficiently understood.The Alinghe mining area，located within the forested region of northeast China，is characterized by shallow soil cover.The scarcity of rock outcrops has rendered traditional geological and mineral mapping techniques largely ineffective，underscoring the necessity for an increased reliance on geophysical prospecting methods in gold exploration.In response，we conducted high-resolution 1∶5 000 magnetic surveys over areas exhibiting soil gold anomalies，alongside 1∶5 000 induced polarization （IP） measurements using gradient arrays in selected hydrothermal alteration zones.Through the integrated analysis of resistivity and polarizability anomalies，we identified areas with favorable gold mineralization potential.Subsequently，electrical resistivity tomography （ERT） was employed to delineate vertical geological characteristics.In conclusion，verification of drilling and logging activities was conducted.The aforementioned geophysical exploration study yielded the following findings：（1） A series of parallel magnetic anomaly stripes were identified within the andesite distribution area.The observed low magnetic anomalies are attributed to the demagnetization effect resulting from hydrothermal alteration.Hydrothermal activity can reduce the magnetic susceptibility of andesite by up to 1 000 nT.（2） Induced polarization （IP） measurements revealed that the distribution of low apparent resistivity aligns closely with the regions of low magnetic anomalies.The apparent resistivity in the hydrothermally altered area is 100 Ω·m lower than that of the surrounding regions，indicating a water-rich shallow hydrothermal alteration zone.The anomaly of high apparent polarizability suggests a relatively pyrite-rich area associated with epithermal gold ore bodies.（3） Occam’s inversion of electrical resistivity tomography （ERT） data effectively delineates vertical geological features，including surrounding rock，hydrothermal channels，and pyritization zones，which are closely associated with gold mineralization.（4） The geological and alteration assumptions derived from the aforementioned geophysical data were validated by borehole ZK01 along the ERT line，resulting in the identification of two gold-bearing horizons and six gold mineralized bodies within a depth of 100 meters.Through the analysis of curves and crossplots of various logging parameters，the geophysical characteristics of the six gold mineralized bodies were categorized into channel type and terminal type.These two types of gold deposits are distributed on both the upper and lower sides of the high polarizability anomaly，suggesting that a high polarizability anomaly alone is not a direct indicator of a gold ore body，although it holds significant implications for prospecting.In this study，the epithermal gold deposit was systematically targeted for detection.A range of surface geophysical exploration methods was employed to progressively and effectively refine the exploration target area.Subsequent borehole verification confirmed the presence of several gold mineralized bodies，thereby validating the efficacy of the employed methods.The two distinct types of gold-mineralized bodies，categorized based on the combination of geophysical parameters and spatial distribution differences，indicate a terminal position within the mineralization system and suggest minimal erosion post-mineralization.This distinction holds significant implications for the interpretation of geophysical data and has practical relevance for prospecting and exploration efforts.

The tectonic altered rock type gold deposit represents the most promising and significant category of gold deposits within the East Kunlun metallogenic belt.Accurately assessing the resource potential of such deposits along this metallogenic belt is of paramount importance，as it plays a crucial role in facilitating breakthroughs in gold prospecting within the framework of the“New Round of Strategic Action for Mineral Prospecting Breakthroughs.”The geological tectonic activities in the East Kunlun metallogenic belt are charac-terized by complexity，with frequent magmatic events.This region has undergone multiple episodes of arc magmatism and tectonic collisions.Notably，the two most significant stages are the Proto-Tethys Ocean evolution stage，spanning from the Early Paleozoic to the Late Devonian，and the Paleo-Tethys Ocean evolution stage，extending from the Early Carboniferous to the Late Triassic.These stages have created favorable conditions for the formation of various ore deposit types within the belt，particularly facilitating the development of structurally altered rock-type gold deposits.The findings indicate that the distribution of tectonic altered rock type gold deposits within the East Kunlun metallogenic belt is predominantly governed by fault structures.Tectonic-magmatic activities from the Early Carboniferous to the Late Triassic are significantly associated with the metallogenesis of these deposits，with the metallogenic age predominantly concentrated in the Indosinian period.These gold deposits exhibit distinct commonalities in terms of metallogenic elements and models.The gold orebodies are typically vein-shaped and lenticular，situated within NW/NWW-trending ductile-brittle shear zones and their subsidiary faults.The principal types of mineralization alterations include silicification，pyritization，sericitization，and arsenopyritization.There is no substantial evidence indicating assimilation or contamination of the strata wall rocks by the magmatic rocks.This observation suggests a limited degree of material exchange between the magmatic rocks and the strata during the emplacement process，implying that the extraction scale of gold （Au） elements from the strata by the emplaced magmatic rocks is minimal.Consequently，the Au elements in the Proterozoic strata （wall rocks） are unlikely to be the primary source of metallogenic materials.Considering the metallogenic age，it is evident that magmatic activities during the Middle-Late Triassic period predominantly influenced the metallogenic materials of this type of gold deposit.Furthermore，the metallogenic belt is characterized by a dense distribution in the central and eastern regions，while it is more sparsely distributed in the western region.

The smart mining serves as the core engine of the digital transformation in the mining industry. By reviewing the latest global R&D and application advances，this study systematically investigates how key technologies empower the smart development of mining operations.Key technologies play a pivotal role in advancing the smart mining industry，with a primary emphasis on addressing practical production requirements.Research areas encompass the Internet of Things，machine vision，machine hearing，deep learning，big data mining，intelligent sensors，collaborative robots，digital twins，and green mining，among others.The application scenarios within smart mines predominantly involve intelligent control systems，asset management，safety assurance and its associated systems，data management and analysis systems，and monitoring systems.In anticipation of future advancements，the innovation and integrated application of key technologies are poised to serve as the central catalyst for the holistic development of smart mining，emphasizing high quality，sustainability，and enhanced intelligence.By leveraging artificial intelligence and big data technologies，the comprehensive capabilities of mines，such as precise exploration，optimization of mining pathways，reduction of energy consumption and waste，and improvement in resource utilization efficiency，will be significantly enhanced.The integration of digital twins and artificial intelligence is poised to facilitate the comprehensive digital operation of mining enterprises.Complementary technologies，including blockchain，the Internet of Things，cloud computing，and 5G，will enhance the efficiency and precision of remote management and intelligent decision-making processes within the mining sector.This technological synergy will establish a robust foundation for the transformation and modernization of the industry，steering it towards more sustainable，safe，digital，intelligent，and efficient practices.

The Xiaohengjiang gold deposit, situated in northeastern Hunan Province, represents a significant recent discovery within the Guanzhuang gold deposit comprehensive exploration area in Liling City, Hunan Province. This deposit encompasses the Tieshijian and Taohua ore sections and is hosted within the Huanghudong Formation of the Lengjiaxi Group, part of the Neoproterozoic Qingbaikou Formation. Its formation and spatial distribution are predominantly influenced by nearly north-south-oriented fault structures. The primary ore types present include fractured-altered slate and sulfide quartz vein gold ores. Currently, the deposit is classified as having a medium resource scale, with substantial potential for further exploration and resource expansion. Despite its geological importance, there has been limited research investigating the relationship between acidic magmatic rocks and gold mineralization in this region. To address this research gap, the present study concentrates on the geochronology, petrogenesis, and tectonic implications of the granodiorite veins exposed within the mining area. Utilizing zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating techniques, the emplacement age of the granodiorite veins was determined to be in the Early Paleozoic［（437.2±8.0）Ma］. This result suggests that the gold mineralization events in the region are temporally linked to Caledonian magmatic activities, indicating an association with regional tectonomagmatic processes. The granodiorite veins exhibit high silicon content, moderate aluminum levels, and are enriched in alkali elements, while displaying low concentrations of iron, magnesium, manganese, and phosphorus, characteristics typical of S-type granites. The rare earth element（REE） distribution patterns demonstrate a rightward decline, accompanied by a weak negative Eu anomaly and significant enrichment in large-ion lithophile elements（LILEs） such as Rb, Th, U, and La. In contrast, high-field-strength elements（HFSEs）, including Nb, Sr, P, and Ti, show notable depletion. These geochemical attributes suggest that the granodiorite veins originated from crustal sedimentary sources through partial melting and underwent substantial fractional crystallization during their formation.Furthermore, the granodiorite veins are postulated to have formed within a tectonic environment transitioning from a syn-collisional to a post-collisional extensional regime. This transitional setting facilitated the interaction between tectonic and magmatic processes, thereby contributing to gold mineralization. A comprehensive analysis confirms a spatial and temporal correlation between Caledonian magmatic activities and gold mineralization events. Based on these findings, it is recommended that future exploration efforts concentrate on areas surrounding Caledonian intrusive rocks. These areas may possess untapped mineralization potential, offering opportunities for the discovery of new gold resources. This approach not only enhances the understanding of mineralization processes but also provides practical guidance for regional gold exploration and resource development strategies.

Hainan Island, located in the southern region of the South China Block, has experienced a complex tectonic evolution, notably influenced by the Triassic Indosinian orogeny, characterized by terrane collisions, magmatism, and metamorphism. Within this geological context, the Baolun gold deposit, situated in the exocontact zone of the Jianfeng granitic intrusion in southwestern Hainan and recognized as the island’s largest high-grade gold resource, has presented longstanding questions concerning its metallogenic age and genesis. To resolve these uncertainties, Re-Os isotopic dating of molybdenite extracted from auriferous quartz veins has been conducted, yielding model ages ranging from 223.8 to 227.4 Ma and an isochron age of (224.6±7.2)Ma. These results definitively constrain the mineralization to the Late Triassic Indosinian epoch, aligning it temporally with regional tectonic, magmatic, and metamorphic activities. The deposit exhibits characteristics typical of orogenic gold systems, including a compressional tectonic setting, control by crustal-scale faults, and quartz-sulfide vein mineralization. Fluid generation is attributed to devolatilization processes during Indosinian metamorphism, with additional magmatic contributions from the Jianfeng intrusion. Structural transitions from compression to extension facilitated fluid migration along shear zones and faults, ultimately leading to ore deposition. These findings not only confirm Baolun as a definitive orogenic gold deposit but also underscore the exploration potential in similar tectonic settings across Hainan. This study provides a genetic model that integrates metamorphic, magmatic, and structural controls, offering a framework for targeting such deposits in complex orogenic terranes.

Rare earth elements are essential raw materials that underpin strategic emerging industries，including those focused on new energy，advanced materials，and high-end technological innovation.Consequently，they have emerged as vital strategic mineral resources subject to global competition.In the context of the current wave of technological revolution and industrial transformation，the security of the rare earth supply chain is encountering unprecedented and complex challenges，largely due to its significant international geopolitical implications.A scholarly assessment of the resilience of the rare earth industrial chain aids in elucidating the existing impediments to the development of China’s rare earth industry and facilitates a comprehensive and precise understanding of its current resilience status.Utilizing pertinent data spanning from 2000 to 2022，this thesis develops an indicator system to measure the resilience of the rare earth industrial chain across four dimensions：Resistance，recovery，reorganization，and renewal capabilities.The entropy weight method was utilized for evaluation，and a subsequent analysis of the comprehensive resilience score was performed using the index obstacle degree model，the index contribution model，and the coupling coordination degree model.The results indicate that：（1） The resilience of China’s rare earth industrial chain exhibited an upward fluctuation from 2000 to 2022.（2） Prior to 2016，the primary impediment to resilience in the rare earth industry chain was the renewal capability，whereas post-2016，the resistance capability emerged as the predominant constraint.（3） The enhancement of resilience within the rare earth industrial chain is predominantly influenced by recovery and renewal capabilities.（4） Between 2000 and 2022，the coupling coordination level among various resilience indicators of the rare earth industrial chain has shown an upward trend，albeit remaining imbalanced.The findings of this study offer policy insights for strengthening the resilience of China’s rare earth industry chain，with recommendations for countermeasures at the enterprise，industry，and government levels.

The Eastern Kunlun Metallogenic Belt is recognized as one of the most significant gold ore concentration regions in both Qinghai Province and China as a whole. The eastern segment of this belt is home to prominent gold fields such as Wulonggou, Kaihuangbei, and Gouli, whereas the western segment contains fewer and smaller-scale deposits. The Mangyahedong gold deposit, situated in the Qimantage area within the western segment of the Eastern Kunlun Metallogenic Belt, exemplifies a typical shallow coverage zone and serves as a crucial metallogenic concentration area for gold and polymetallic mineralization. To facilitate advancements in gold exploration within this region, geochemical surveys at a 1∶25 000 scale were conducted, identifying 63 gold anomalies and 5 composite anomalies predominantly characterized by gold. These gold anomalies are primarily located along the Mangyahedong-Hongweishan Heishigou zone, forming a NW-SE-trending banded pattern that aligns with the orientation of regional fault structures. The anomalies exhibit high intensity, often displaying a three-tiered concentration zonation. An analysis of elemental enrichment characteristics indicates that the coefficients of variation（CV） for Au, As, and Sb all exceed 2.0, suggesting strong differentiation（e. g., the CV for Au in OSQ₂ reaches 12.12）. The enrichment coefficients（EF） exceed 2.0, indicating enriched conditions. The pronounced degree of enrichment and the marked heterogeneity in element distribution suggest a substantial potential for mineralization. Cluster analysis reveals that the F4 factor encompasses Au and As, with loadings surpassing 0.7, indicating an association with low-temperature tectonic activity. Analysis of elemental content across geological units indicates that the OSQ₂ stratum （altered andesitic basalt） has an average Au content of 5.4×10^-9, which is nearly three times the regional average. Subsequent soil surveys at a 1∶10 000 scale identified 12 composite anomalies primarily characterized by Au and Cu, notable for their extensive scale, high intensity, and strong reproducibility. For example, the AP3 Au anomaly spans 0.36 km² with a peak value of 1 890×10^-9 and shows a strong spatial correlation with As and Sb. Follow-up verification of key anomalies revealed promising indicators of gold mineralization. Within the GA11-Jia1 Au anomaly （AP1-AP3）, five gold-bearing structural alteration zones were identified through surface tracing and trench drilling. These zones extend 0.5~5.2 km in length and 0.8~9.9 m in width, trending NW and dipping SW. Fourteen gold orebodies have been delineated, exhibiting lengths ranging from 140 to 1 300 m, true thicknesses between 0.80 and 9.34 m, and grades of 0.8 to 26.4 g/t, with an average grade of 2.27 g/t. Structural superi-mposed halo analyses reveal that proximal halos near the main orebody at depth display inner/strong zone anomalies, whereas leading halos are characterized by outer zones and tail halos by mid-inner zones. This suggests a significant downward extension of the orebodies or the potential presence of blind orebodies at depth. In conclusion, multi-scale geochemical surveys conducted in the Mangyahedong area have proven effective in delineating gold exploration targets and alteration zones, thereby demonstrating substantial prospecting efficacy and facilitating a robust assessment of deep mineralization potential. This methodological approach serves as a practical exploration strategy and offers critical insights for the exploration of analogous gold deposits, with wide applicability and significant promotional value.

The Tudui-Shawang gold deposit is situated on the northeastern margin of the Jiao-Lai Basin，and on the western side of the Muping-Rushan gold mineralization belt.To ascertain the source of ore-forming materials for the Tudui-Shawang gold deposit，we conducted sulfur and lead isotope analyses on sulfides，such as gold-bearing pyrite and sphalerite，during the main mineralization stage，as well as on the ore-associated monzogranite.Furthermore，LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating studies and lead isotope analyses were performed on the monzogranite closely linked with the gold mineralization to determine the age of mineralization.The δ ³⁴S values of five pyrite samples and three sphalerite samples range from -1.6‰ to 2.2‰ and -1.5‰ to 0.7‰，respectively，suggesting that the ore-forming materials originated from magmatic sources.The lead isotope ratios for the sulfides are ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb：18.147~18.347，²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb：15.496~15.589，and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb：38.247~38.423.The lead isotope ratios for the monzogranite are ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb：18.244~18.350，²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb：15.486~15.557，and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb：38.259~38.363.The ore-forming materials in the Tudui-Shawang gold deposit exhibit a mixed crust-mantle origin，as indicated by similar lead isotope results，in sulfide and monzogranite.LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating of monzogranite associated with gold mineralization yields a weighted average age of （116±2）Ma（N=17，MSWD=2.4），aligning with regional large-scale gold mineralization events，suggesting a late Early Cretaceous age for the mineralization.During this period，the Pacific plate subducted beneath the Eurasian，plate，transforming the North China Craton from extrusion to extension tectonics.This tectonic shift，characterized by mantle uplift and lithospheric thinning，triggered significant magmatic activity，facilitating crust-mantle material exchange and the formation of ore-bearing monzogranitic magma.Consequently，ore-bearing hydrothermal fluids were transported upward along the NE-tectonic faults to form the Tudui-Shawang gold deposit at shallow depth.

The Dareer gold deposit， situated within the Gouli mineralized district of the East Kunlun orogenic belt， represents a recently identified small-scale gold deposit. To facilitate deeper exploration and enhance the deposit’s scale， it is imperative to conduct further investigations beyond the preliminary surface studies. The primary halo method is recognized as one of the most direct and effective approaches for this purpose. Consequently， geochemical analyses were performed on 209 samples collected from No.63 exploration line in the area， examining 15 elements including Au，Ag，Cu，Pb，Zn，W，Sn，Mo，As，Sb，Hg，F，Mn，Bi，and Co. Utilizing the R-type cluster analysis method， the study identified the elemental associations characteristic of the deposit. The near-ore halo elements for the AⅡ orebody were determined to be Au，Cu，Pb，Zn，and Ag.The front halo elements were identified as F，Sb，As， and Hg.The tail halo elements were found to be Mo，Co，Bi，Mn，Sn，and W. Utilizing Grigorian calculation methods for axial zoning， the primary halo of the orebody from top to bottom was identified as follows： Zn-W-Hg-Ag-Sn-Cu-Mo-Co-Au-S-Mn-F-Pb-As-Bi. This sequence exhibits distinct characteristics of “coexistence of head and tail halo” and “reverse zoning”with a weak anomalous Au halo present. Based on the deep anomaly features revealed by controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotellurics（CSAMT） inversion in the area，there is significant potential for mineral exploration，sug-gesting the possible presence of blind ore bodies or ore bodies extending deeper into the earth. In light of the geophysical and geochemical characteristics， deep drilling verification was conducted on the No.55 and No.71 exploration lines， flanking the No.63 exploration line. This led to the discovery of orebodies with the highest grade reaching 27×10^-9，thereby achieving excellent prospecting results and confirming the efficacy of the research methods employed.

The Renbu Nianzha gold deposit，recently identified in Tibet，represents a significant independent rock gold deposit.Numerous lamprophyre veins have been identified within the mining area.However，their origin remains ambiguous.Consequently，this study undertook a comprehensive field investigation，collecting representative lamprophyre samples from the site to explore their petrogenesis through petrographic analysis，apatite U-Pb isotope dating，and geochemical characterization.Petrographic analysis reveals that the primary rock-forming minerals in the lamprophyres are biotite，plagioclase feldspar，and minor monoclinic pyroxene.The porphyritic minerals pre dominantly consist of biotite，while the matrix is composed of plagioclase feldspar and minor monoclinic pyroxene，classifying the rocks as mica-plagioclase lamprophyres.The TAS classification and K/（K+Na）-K/Al diagram indicate that these rocks belong to the calc-alkaline potassic series.They are characterized by an enrichment in large ion lithophile elements and light rare earth elements，a deficiency in high field strength elements and heavy rare earth elements，and a pronounced fractionation between light and heavy rare earth elements.The U-Pb dating of apatite within the lamprophyres yields an age of（19.9±1.2）Ma，sug-gesting formation during the early Miocene epoch.A comprehensive analysis indicates that the lamprophyre veins in the Nianzha gold mine area originated in a post-collisional extensional setting associated with the India-Eurasia continental interaction.These lamprophyres are hypothesized to have formed through partial melting of the Asian lithospheric mantle，which had been metasomatized by fluids bearing oceanic sediment charac-teristics，and subsequently ascended along regional deep-seated faults.Notably，the diagenetic age of the lamprophyres is significantly younger than the period of gold mineralization.

In recent years，the Lingdong gold deposit，located in the western region of Hebei Province，has been the subject of exploration.This deposit is predominantly found within a crypto-explosive breccia pipe.The ore body exhibits distinct characteristics typical of crypto-explosive breccia and quartz vein-structural fractured altered rock types.Consequently，research on this deposit is expected to significantly contribute to a comprehensive understanding and facilitate a new phase of prospecting and exploration of similar gold deposits in the Taihang Mountain area of western Hebei Province.To investigate the source of ore-forming materials and analyze the genetic characteristics of the Lingdong gold deposit，an analysis was conducted based on the geological features of the deposit，focusing on the sulfur，lead，and hydrogen-oxygen isotopic characteristics.The test results are as follows：The range of δ ³⁴S_v-CDT values for four pyrites in the ore is 0.3‰~1.5‰.The ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb values range from 16.160 to 16.566，with an average of 16.361.The ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb values range from 15.186 to 15.269，with an average of 15.226.The ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb values range from 37.103 to 37.523，with an average of 37.322.The δ ¹⁸O_V-SMOW values for four quartz and dolomite samples range from 10.4‰ to 13.5‰，with an average of 12.48.The range of {\delta }^{\mathrm{18}} {\mathrm{O}}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{2}}\mathrm{O}} is -1.6‰~1.5‰，with an average of 0.48.The range of δD_V-SMOW is -105.0‰~-49.8‰，with an average of -83.7.The range of δ¹³C_V-PDB is -20.6‰~-5.0‰，with an average of -14.7‰.The findings indicate that the ore-forming materials of the Lingdong gold deposit are predominantly derived from the mantle，with a minor contribution from crustal components.The ore-forming fluid is primarily magmatic water，supplemented by meteoric water in the later stages，aligning with the characteristics observed in gold deposits within the Mapeng area of western Hebei.The genesis of the Lingdong gold deposit is intricately linked to multi-phase tectono-magmatic activities and is generally classified as an epithermal，medium- to low -temperature magmatic hydrothermal gold deposit.Furthermore，when compared to the quartz vein type，crypto-explosive breccia type，and porphyry gold deposit in Yixingzhai，Shanxi，the geological characteristics of both gold deposits exhibit significant similarities.This suggests that further exploration of deep porphyry ore bodies within the Lingdong gold deposit is warranted.

The northeastern region of Hunan Province，situated within the central Jiangnan Orogenic Belt，is distinguished by the presence of numerous gold deposits，notably including the Wangu and Huangjindong.To systematically investigate the genetic relationships between various fluid-rock interactions and the mechanisms of gold precipitation in this area，comprehensive field geological investigations，petrographic analyses，and thermodynamic simulation have been undertaken.Geological field investigations have identified silty slate as the primary ore-bearing wall rock in northeast Hunan.This rock is notably characterized by extensive bleaching alteration，with ore bodies predominantly situated within the bleached zones.In contrast，certain ore bodies are found within carbonaceous slate，which retains its black coloration and exhibits no visible color change despite undergoing hydrothermal alteration.Petrographic analysis reveals that the bleached zones contain numerous siderite spots，which are intersected by pyrite and arsenopyrite.Conversely，in the carbonaceous slate，sulfide minerals are intimately associated with carbonaceous matter（CM）.The thermodynamic simulation indicates that siderite present in the bleached zone can interact with the fluid，leading to gold precipitation through sulfidation.Similarly，chlorite within slate can also engage with the fluid to initiate sulfidation.However，the dissolution rate of carbonate exceeds that of chlorite，suggesting that carbonate exhibits higher chemical reactivity，which is more conducive to gold mineralization.The carbonaceous matter（CM） in the carbonaceous slate can enhance gold deposition by reducing the fO₂ in the fluid through fluid-rock interactions，facilitating fluid boiling，and providing sites for fluid transport and precipitation.Consequently，the silty slates and carbonaceous slates in northeast Hunan are capable of promoting gold mineralization through distinct mechanisms and are thus favorable wall rocks for gold mineralization.

Rock burst constitutes a significant geological hazard in deep mining operations，particularly within metallic mines，where elevated in-situ stresses and mining-induced disturbances present substantial safety threats.Addressing the challenges posed by the diversity of characterization indicators and the considerable discrepancies in grading criteria for evaluating the proneness of hard rock burst，this study investigates the lithological indices and grading criteria pertinent to hard rock burst tendency in metal mines.The research commenced with a comprehensive analysis of various rock burst characterization indicators，emphasizing their correlations and physical significance.Based on this analysis，the post-peak stress reduction index（SDR），peak strain energy storage index （ W_{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{T}}^{\mathrm{P}}），residual elastic energy index（ A_{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{F}}），and improved brittleness index （B ₄） were selected as the lithological indices for characterizing hard rock burst tendency.These indicators were chosen for their ability to reflect distinct aspects of rock behavior under stress，including energy storage，failure potential，and energy release rate.The study identified significant correlations among various energy-related indicators，indicating that these measures could be integrated to offer a more comprehensive assessment of rock burst potential.Furthermore，by incorporating the phenomenon of rock failure observed in uniaxial compression experiments，a classification standard for different lithological indices was developed.The four lithological indices for various hard rocks were determined，and the grading criteria for rock burst tendency were validated.To further assess the validity and efficacy of the proposed lithological indices and their grading criteria，for rock burst susceptibility，typical field rock samples were subjected to laboratory testing.The final evaluation results closely aligned with actual field conditions，thereby providing theoretical guidance for practical mining operations.This study establishes a theoretical foundation for rock burst assessment by proposing an integrated evaluation framework that combines both energy-based and non-energy-based indicators.The findings provided a more precise and dependable methodology for predicting rock burst events，thereby facilitating the advancement of more effective risk mitigation strategies in underground mining.By enhancing the accuracy of rock burst susceptibility predictions，the framework contributed to improved safety and operational efficiency in deep mining operations.

In recent years, substantial advancements have been achieved in lithium prospecting within the Altyn region, where exploration and research have identified a series of Caledonian spodumene pegmatite-type lithium deposits. Nonetheless, the metallogenic potential of Indosinian lithium, along with the mechanisms of lithium migration and enrichment in pegmatite-type lithium deposits, continues to be a subject of considerable scientific interest. The Kumusayi granite-pegmatite type lithium-beryllium deposit is classified as a medium-sized spodumene deposit, with the potential to reach a super-large scale. Its host rock is biotite schist, which exhibits significant hydrothermal alterations, such as greisenization, adjacent to the ore bodies. Through comprehensive field investigations and analytical techniques, including petrographic microscopy, electron probe microanalysis （EPMA）, and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （LA-ICP-MS）, the formation age of the lithium-ore-forming pegmatite has been established. Furthermore, the mineralogical composition of various mica types within the pegmatite and host rocks has been elucidated, and the migration and evolution patterns of rare metal elements, such as lithium, have been investigated. The U-Pb isotopic analysis of monazite from the Kumusayi lithium deposit indicates that the formation ages of the coarse-grained tourmaline-spodumene granite pegmatite and the muscovite granite pegmatite with inclusions are （224.6±3.0）Ma and （224.2±3.6）Ma, respectively. These findings suggest that the formation occurred during the Indosinian period. The investigation of mica minerals elucidates the magmatic-hydrothermal evolution process of the Kumusayi pegmatite-type lithium deposit. During the magmatic stage, the crystallization of spodumene significantly depleted the system’s lithium content, subsequently leading to the formation of lithium-bearing muscovite （magmatic-type）. During the ensuing magmatic-hydrothermal alteration of the host rock, some lithium was leached from the host rock and re-precipitated to form lithium-rich muscovite （Li₂O=1.8%~2.3%）. In later stages （H2-H3）, the muscovite continued to consume lithium from the hydrothermal fluid, culminating in the formation of low-lithium muscovite （Li₂O=0.08%~0.15%） in the final stage. The study provides substantial evidence that the interplay between magmatic processes and hydrothermal activity is a critical factor in the enrichment and mineralization of lithium within muscovite-type lithium deposits. The determination of the Indosinian lithium mineralization age, along with insights into the detailed processes of lithium migration and enrichment during magmatic-hydrothermal events at the Kumusayi lithium deposit, offers new chronological data and exploration insights for lithium mineral exploration in the Altyn region.

The Dayingezhuang gold deposit， located in the northwest of the Jiaodong Peninsula， is characterized as an altered rock-controlled gold deposit. Gold mineralization predominantly occurs within the beresitization alteration zone situated in the footwall of the Zhaoping fault zone. The reddenization alteration is observed in the Mesozoic granitoid， whereas chloritization alteration is present in the metamorphic wall rocks of the Jiaodong Group. Despite these observations， the impact of various alteration conditions on gold mineralization， the migration pathways of ore-forming fluids， and the spatial dynamics of water-rock interactions that lead to gold precipitation remain inadequately understood. This study employs the TOUGHREACT software to simulate the chemical interactions between ore-forming fluids and wall rocks at different stages of the Dayingezhuang deposit. The simulation aims to quantitatively analyze the redox and acid-base properties associated with distinct alteration processes and to examine the chemical equilibrium concentrations of gold （Au） along with the volume fractions of key altered minerals at various stages. The simulation results indicate that during the primary mineralization stage， the pH value of the fault zone is below 7， and the lgf（O₂） decreases from -27 to -44， suggesting acidic conditions with low oxygen fugacity. In contrast，the pH value in the Jiaodong Group and Linglong granites exceed 7，with lgf（O₂） values ranging from -30 to -40， indicating alkaline conditions with higher oxygen fugacity. The volume fraction of pyrite and sericite near the fault zone varies from 0 to +0.025%， while the volume fraction of chlorite in the Jiaodong Group metamorphic rocks ranges from 0 to +0.01%. The volume fraction of potassium feldspar in the Linglong granites varies from 0 to +0.05%. These findings suggest that the alteration system surrounding the Dayingezhuang gold deposit functions as a conjugate reaction system， characterized by contrasting redox and acid-base properties. Chloritization and reddenization alterations occur under oxidative and meta-alkaline conditions. The spatial distribution of gold precipitation is predominantly located near the fault zone. As the ore-forming fluids migrate， beresitization alteration occurs under reductive and acidic conditions， leading to the formation of gold orebodies.

The Biaoshan area located within the Beishan Orogenic Belt in Inner Mongolia, is geographically positioned north of the Yueyashan-Xichangjing ophiolite belt and south of the Hongshishan-Baiheshan ophiolite belt. This area is part of the Shibanjing-Heidashan Cu, Au, Fe, Ni metallogenic belt. Recent discoveries, including the Elegenwulanwula Cu-Mo deposit, Xiaohulishan Mo deposit, Dulongbao Mo deposit, and Zhusilenghaierhan Cu deposit, underscore the region’s intense mineralization and promising potential for fur-ther exploration. However, the increasing challenges associated with surface exploration and the interference of cover layers with traditional geochemical methods, necessitate the use of deep-penetrating geochemical techniques to elucidate the causes of anomalies and accurately identify target areas for future mineral exploration. This study examines the elemental migration characteristics and anomaly response mechanisms of geogas survey in the Biaoshan area, establishing seven geogas geochemical profiles in the southern Biaoshan region. Through a detailed analysis of single-element anomalies and element associations, the geogas anomaly characteristics within the region were systematically investigated. The findings reveal that the copper（Cu） element displays an extensive anomaly range and elevated anomaly values, identifying it as the most promising element for mineralization within the area. The geogas element association anomalies further demonstrate that bismuth（Bi）, antimony（Sb）, copper（Cu）, lead（Pb）, and zinc（Zn） exhibit significant anomaly scales and strong spatial coincidence. This suggests that copper is the primary mineralizing element, with bismuth, antimony, lead, and zinc serving as associated mineralizing elements. In light of the geological context of mineralization, two comprehensive anomalies were delineated. Subsequent analysis of these anomalies led to the selection of one for further investigation. Anomaly inspection, revealed a copper orebody, characterized by a width of 1~3 m and an extension exceeding 30 m. This orebody is hosted within the third formation of the Beishan group and altered gabbro, and is accompanied by alterations such as malachite, chalcopyrite, goethite, and silicification. The mineralization is controlled by northwest-trending faults and associated secondary structures, with the spatial distribution of the mineralization body closely aligning with the anomaly morphology. Considering the geological conditions conducive to mineralization, it is posited that the region holds potential for the discovery of medium-temperature to low-temperature hydrothermal copper polymetallic deposits. Prospecting indicators for this category of mineral deposits have been identified. The findings of this study indicate that the geogas survey technique is an effective method for detecting concealed copper polymetallic deposits in arid and semi-arid regions with surface cover.

To investigate the stability of geotechnical engineering in alpine and high -altitude regions subjected to prolonged freeze-thaw cycles，this study elucidates the damage evolution characteristics of sandstone under such conditions.By performing uniaxial compression tests on sandstone samples subjected to varying numbers of freeze-thaw cycles，and analyzing the results using energy dissipation theory in conjunction with PFC discrete element software，the study examines the crack propagation and energy evolution laws.The findings indicate that with an increasing number of freeze-thaw cycles，both the peak strength and Young’s modulus of the sandstone exhibit a declining trend.Concurrently，the proportion of energy dissipation rises，particularly when the number of cycles reaches 60，at which point there is a marked increase in energy dissipation，signifying substantial internal damage to the sandstone.The study further validates the use of the energy evolution law to characterize strength degradation under freeze-thaw conditions by modeling the relationship between energy and strength.Through further study，numerical simulation of uniaxial compression experiments on sandstone specimens were conducted using PFC software.Based on these simulations and corresponding experimental results，the deformation and damage morphology of sandstone subjected to varying numbers of freeze-thaw cycles were analyzed.The study observed trends in crack propagation and variations in contact force between particles.The findings indicate that internal cracks in the rock expand gradually during the initial stages of freeze-thaw cycles，followed by rapid expansion in later stages，with tensile cracks being the predominant type.The internal contact force within the sandstone model decreases throughout the simulation，this phenomenon characterized by the dissipation of contact energy stored between particles as per the analysis of the energy evolution law.This simulation outcome aligns closely with the energy evolution observed in experimental results，underscoring the adequacy of the energy modeling approach.Furthermore，significant differences were noted in the damage patterns of sandstone subjected to different numbers of freeze-thaw cycles.When subjected to fewer than 60 freeze-thaw cycles，sandstone predominantly exhibits splitting at the left and right ends，resulting in a “wedge-shaped body” damage pattern.However，sandstone exposed to 60 freeze-thaw cycles demonstrates a markedly different damage pattern compared to other samples，instead of forming a “wedge” it develops a smaller damaged area near the lower surface.This observation indicates that the degradation of sandstone due to freeze-thaw cycles can significantly diminish its load-bearing capacity and residual strength.The findings of this study hold substantial theoretical and practical significance for understanding and predicting the mechanical behavior and stability of geotechnical materials subjected to freeze-thaw cycles in cold engineering contexts.Furthermore，they provide a scientific foundation for geotechnical engineering design in alpine regions.

The shallow orebody located at a depth of 1 500 meters within the Dayingezhuang gold mine in Jiaodong has been extensively delineated.Consequently，exploring the depth range of 1 500 to 3 000 meters is not only essential for providing supplementary resources to support further mine development but also possesses considerable demonstrative value for achieving new breakthroughs in ore exploration.To this end，a 4-kilometer-long multi-polarization electromagnetic sounding profile was conducted at the periphery of the Houtuan area of the Dayingezhuang gold mine.During this study，natural field electromagnetic signals ranging from 1 Hz to 100 kHz were collected.Inversion calculations produced resistivity and magnetization profiles extending to a depth of 3 000 meters.Based on the existing geological prospecting model and the electromagnetic characteristics of Neoproterozoic TTG and Jiaodong Group metamorphic rocks，which exhibit low resistivity and high magnetization，as well as Late Jurassic granite bodies，characterized by high resistivity and low magnetization，the transition zone from low resistance and high magnetization to high resistance and low magnetization is identified as the ore-controlling Zhaoping fault zone，and the expanding space where the dip angle of the fault zone from low-resistivity and high-magnetization to high-resistivity and low-magnetization is interpreted as the ore-controlling Zhaoping fault zone.Additionally，the region where the dip angle of the fault zone becomes more horizontal is inferred to be a favorable site for mineralization.This interpretation is supported by data from drill hole 80ZK2101，which identified a pyrite-silicified alteration zone between depths of 2 943.18 m and 3 108.41 m，with a gold ore body located at depths of 3 100.06 m to 3 101.06 m.The drilling results corroborate the interpretations derived from multi-polarization electromagnetic sounding data.

In recent years，aerial magnetic surveys have emerged as an efficient and cost-effective geophysical technique for mineral resource exploration.This study concentrates on the processing and analysis of 1∶50 000 scale aerial magnetic data from the Dong’an area in Heilongjiang Province，China.By employing advanced data processing methodologies，a substantial amount of both qualitative and quantitative data was acquired，accompanied by diverse graphical representations that elucidate the geological characteristics of the region.The methodology utilized an integrated approach to magnetic data processing，incorporating techniques such as filtering，anomaly separation，and inversion modeling.These methods enabled the isolation of magnetic anomalies and facilitated the interpretation of their geological significance. Investigations into the physical properties of rocks within the region revealed that sedimentary rocks，acidic volcanic rocks，and intrusive rocks typically possess weak magnetic properties，whereas intermediate to basic igneous rocks exhibit more pronounced magnetic signatures.Significantly，the mineralized alteration rocks exhibited no notable magnetic response，underscoring their unique geophysical properties.A comprehensive analysis of the magnetic anomalies facilitated the categorization of five distinct types of magnetic anomaly zones：Stable positive magnetic fields，stable negative magnetic fields，gently undulating positive and negative magnetic fields，low-amplitude fluctuating positive and negative magnetic fields，and highly fluctuating positive and negative magnetic fields.Furthermore，the study identified eight major regional faults within the area，highlighting a complex structural framework characterized by two composite tectonic systems oriented NNW-NW and nearly SN.A comparative analysis of the positional relationship between aeromagnetic anomalies and gold deposits revealed a significant correlation between the spatial distribution of low magnetic anomalies and the presence of gold deposits.By synthesizing the geochemical anomalies detected in soil samples with the geological context favorable for mineralization，two primary target areas with substantial potential for mineral exploration on the outskirts of the Dong’an mining district have been successfully identified.The findings of this study offer valuable insights and a scientific foundation for future exploration endeavors in the Dong’an region.

To investigate the effect of polypropylene fiber doping on the tensile properties of tailings cemented filling materials，Brazilian splitting experiments were conducted on tailings cemented filling materials with different ash-to-sand ratios and polypropylene fiber contents.DIC technology was used to observe and analyze the initiation and propagation evolution of surface cracks on the specimens during the experiment，and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） was used to reveal the mechanism of the reinforcing effect of polypropylene fibers on the internal structure of tailings cemented filling materials.To examine the impact of polypropylene fiber incorporation on the tensile properties of tailings cemented filling materials，Brazilian splitting tests were performed on samples with varying ash-to-sand ratios and polypropylene fiber contents.Digital Image Correlation （DIC） technology was employed to observe and analyze the initiation and propagation of surface cracks on the specimens throughout the experiment.Additionally，scanning electron microscopy （SEM） was utilized to elucidate the mechanism by which polypropylene fibers enhance the internal structure of the tailings cemented filling materials.The findings of the study indicate that incorporating polypropylene fibers significantly enhances the uniaxial tensile strength of the filling material.As the polypropylene fiber content increases，the uniaxial tensile strength initially rises and subsequently declines，with an optimal fiber content identified at 0.6%.For instance，with an ash-to-sand ratio of 1∶4，the maximum uniaxial compressive strength of the filling specimen reaches 0.59 MPa，representing a maximum increase of 37.21%.Furthermore，the inclusion of fibers alters the stress-strain characteristics of the filled specimen.Upon reaching peak tensile strength，the PF-filled specimen did not immediately experience a loss in load-bearing capacity and retained a degree of residual strength.Notably，the residual strength of the specimen filled with 0.6% PF attained its highest value.Observations using Digital Image Correlation （DIC） technology reveal that the strain concentration phenomenon in fiber-reinforced fillers is mitigated during tensile failure，resulting in more tortuous crack patterns.This indicates that the fibers effectively facilitate stress dispersion.Scanning Electron Microscopy （SEM） analysis indicates that an excessive incorporation of fibers results in the enlargement of pores and cracks within the filling body specimen，consequently leading to a gradual reduction in its macro compressive strength.Conversely，an optimal quantity of fibers becomes encapsulated by a substantial amount of hydration product，specifically calcium-silicate-hydrate （C-S-H） gel，within the specimen.This encapsulation facilitates the integration of the fiber-filling body matrix interface into a cohesive unit due to the influence of the C-S-H gel，thereby enhancing the load-bearing capacity of the fiber-reinforced filling body.

The discrete element method is particularly effective for simulating the nonlinear deformation of heterogeneous rock slopes subjected to gravitational loads following open-pit mining. Traditional methodologies often suffer from ambiguous criteria for determining slope instability，thereby complicating the accurate assessment of the slope’s safety factor. To address this issue，a cusp catastrophe model was developed，establishing a relationship between the average horizontal displacement of the slope and the gravitational coefficient. This model quantifies the critical instability criterion as a definitive displacement catastrophe value. Using the discrete element program MatDEM，simulations were conducted with varying combinations of joint spacing and connectivity to examine the changes in critical displacement and safety factors under different conditions. Case analyses indicate that this model effectively determines the critical displacement and corresponding safety factor at the point of slope failure. Notably，when joint connectivity is 0.70，the critical instability displacement is generally higher compared to scenarios with greater connectivity. For joint spacings ranging from 1 to 3 meters，an increase in spacing results in a larger sliding mass along the joint surface，which consequently leads to a rise in the critical instability displacement. The gravity increase method，grounded in cusp catastrophe theory，models the evolution of slopes under realistic conditions by incrementally increasing the gravitational load. This approach is particularly well-suited for jointed rock masses that exhibit complex nonlinear deformation behaviors. Unlike the strength reduction method，it obviates the need for recalibrating material parameters before each calculation，thereby enhancing computational efficiency. The study’s findings indicate that joint spacing and connectivity have a significant impact on slope stability. With uniform joint spacing，increased connectivity results in a lower safety factor，whereas with uniform connectivity，larger joint spacing leads to a higher safety factor. These findings are consistent with practical engineering conditions，underscoring the importance of considering joint spacing and connectivity in slope stability analysis.The developed model and results provide a scientific basis for determining monitoring point placement and setting warning thresholds for slope displacement in jointed rock mass regions.

The internal structure of rock masses is characterized by the presence of various cracks，and the inherent uncertainty in crack angle and loading direction often results in brittle rock masses undergoing mixed-mode fractures，which combine modeⅠ（tensile mode） and mode Ⅱ（shear mode）.To examine the effects of crack length and angle on the modeⅠand mixed-mode Ⅰ/Ⅱ fracture properties of red sandstone，semi-circular bend （SCB） specimens of red sandstone were prepared with three distinct crack angles and three varying crack lengths，resulting in a total of nine experimental groups.Static three-point bending tests were performed on these specimens to obtain load-displacement curves and peak load data.Subsequently，the fracture toughness and fracture energy for each group were calculated.The study analyzed the impact of crack angle and length on the modeⅠand mixed-mode Ⅰ/Ⅱ fracture toughness，fracture energy，and crack propagation paths in red sandstone specimens.Furthermore，the extended finite element method （XFEM） was utilized to develop models corresponding to each group of specimens.This approach facilitated the calculation of dimensionless stress intensity factors for modeⅠand mode Ⅱ fractures，thereby providing a foundation for determining fracture toughness.The numerical results were instrumental in analyzing the proportion of modeⅠand mode Ⅱ fracture types present in the specimens.Experimental findings reveal that red sandstone specimens exhibit pronounced brittle failure characteristics under both modeⅠand mixed mode Ⅰ/Ⅱ fracture conditions.The crack path during specimen fracture adheres to the shortest trajectory from the tip of the prefabricated crack to the loading point at the top.Specifically，when the crack inclination angle is 0°，the specimen experiences pure modeⅠfracture，with the calculated pure modeⅠfracture toughness of red sandstone being 7.179 MPa·mm^1/2.Additionally，as the crack length increases，the peak fracture load of the specimen decreases.For mixed-mode（Ⅰ/Ⅱ） fractures occurring within a specific range of crack lengths，the equivalent fracture toughness，denoted as K _eff，exhibits a decreasing trend as the crack inclination angle increases.Nonetheless，when the crack length surpasses a critical threshold，K _eff no longer adheres to a straightforward decreasing pattern with respect to the inclination angle.Both the crack length and the inclination angle play significant roles in modulating the interplay between modeⅠand mode Ⅱ fracture mechanisms，consequently influencing the overall equivalent fracture toughness of the composite.

The isolation layer is integral to ensuring safe production during the coordinated open-pit and underground mining processes.By determining an accurate and appropriate thickness of the isolation layer at the initial stage of mining，the detrimental effects of rock dynamic disasters and blasting vibrations on goafs and roadways can be effectively mitigated，thereby safeguarding the safety and stability of mining operations.This study examines the Shizhuyuan polymetallic mine as a case study to elucidate the influence of various factors on determining the safe thickness of the isolation layer and to establish a more rational safety threshold for coordinated open-pit and underground mining.Factors such as rock physical and mechanical properties，goaf span，and blasting vibration were considered in calculating the safe thickness of the isolation layer using both static and dynamic loading methods.Initially，five traditional theoretical calculation methods，mathematical analysis techniques，and small deformation thin plate theory formulas relevant to the Shizhuyuan mine were employed for preliminary calculations.Through the process of averaging and fitting the data，a functional relationship was established between the goaf span and the thickness of the isolation layer under static loading conditions.Subsequently，utilizing six sets of field blasting vibration data，a modified Sadovsky formula was developed.By considering the actual mining requirements and the influence of rock mass gravity，the safety thickness of the isolation layer under conditions of blasting vibration was determined.A comparative analysis was then performed to evaluate the safety thickness values obtained under static and dynamic loading conditions.The findings indicate that blasting vibration is the predominant factor affecting the determination of the safe thickness of the isolation layer at the Shizhuyuan mine.In alignment with relevant national standards for coordinated open-pit and underground mining，the recommended safe thickness of the isolation layer for the Shizhuyuan mine is established at 50 meters.This study offers a practical and scientifically robust methodology for determining the safety thickness of isolation layers by integrating theoretical calculations with empirical field test data，while thoroughly accounting for the effects of blasting vibrations.The research provides a significant reference point for the design of analogous mining operations and the determination of safe isolation layer thickness in coordinated open-pit and underground mining contexts.

The Xilin area in Guangxi is geologically positioned within the Xilin-Baise fault-fold belt of the Northwest Guangxi Depression on the Yangtze Plate, representing a vital segment of the Au-Sb polymetallic metallogenic belt in the western Guangxi-southwestern Guizhou-southeastern Yunnan region, also known as the Youjiang Basin. To explore the distribution characteristics of ore-forming elements and mineralized bodies, and to achieve advancements in mineral exploration, this study implemented a 1∶10 000 scale soil geochemical survey and prospecting prediction. Through a systematic analysis of geochemical parameters, correlation coefficients, spatial distribution patterns, and single-element/composite anomalies using indicator elements (Au, Ag, As, Sb), three key anomalous zones (GXB-1, GXB-2, GXB-3) were identified for prioritized exploration. The key findings indicate that Au and Sb exhibit high concentration and variation coefficients, suggesting a strong metallogenic potential. Significant correlations have been identified among Au, Sb, and As, indicating their potential as indicator element associations. The skewed distribution patterns of Au and Sb suggest the presence of secondary enrichment processes. An integrated analysis of metallogenic characteristics and geochemical anomalies has led to the identification of five single-element anomalies and two composite anomalies. Trenching verification has revealed three auriferous mineralized zones. The gold mineralization predominantly occurs in silicified clastic rocks of the Baifeng Formation, specifically at structural contacts between NW-trending cross-layer fractures and interlayer fracture zones. These structural features have been established as key indicators for prospecting in future exploration endeavors.

In the context of the global rare earth supply dynamics，it is of strategic importance to identify and analyze the driving factors influencing the value chain reconstruction of China’s rare earth industry to ensure the security of the nation’s industrial and supply chains.Utilizing the theoretical framework of national competitive advantage and employing the DEMATEL-ISM model，this study identifies and categorizes the driving factors impacting the reconfiguration of the rare earth value chain.The findings of this study can be summarized as follows：（1） Rare-earth enterprises have historically occupied a position at the lower end of the industrial value chain，which constitutes the fundamental factor influencing the reconfiguration of the value chain within China’s rare-earth industry.（2） The primary drivers affecting the reconstruction of the value chain in the rare-earth sector include the intrinsic motivation of rare-earth enterprises，the imbalance in the supply and demand structure of rare-earth materials，the stringent requirements imposed by dual carbon goals on the industry，and the scarcity of highly skilled professionals specializing in high-end rare-earth technologies.（3） The sustainability of rare earth resource development，the control over both ends of the rare earth value chain，and the significant military and economic importance of rare earths amidst geopolitical competition among major powers are fundamental factors influencing the restructuring of the rare earth industry value chain.In pursuit of this objective，it is essential to expedite the development of advanced productive capacities in the rare earth sector，establish a high-quality modern industrial system for rare earths，and further enhance the sector’s openness to international markets.A comprehensive assessment of the strategic value of rare earths is required，alongside increased policy support，to facilitate the restructuring of the value chain and promote the high-quality development of China’s rare earth industry.

In recent years, substantial advancements have been achieved in the exploration of gold deposits within the Back-Longmenshan tectonic belt, which boasts a resource of approximately 50 tons. The Xinjiazui gold deposit, a newly identified site within this belt, exhibits medium to large prospecting potential. The gold deposits are predominantly located within the northeast-trending Yanzibian-Huashigou brittle-ductile shear zone, with the formation of ore bodies and mineralized bodies being stringently governed by these shear zones. The host rock primarily comprises iron bearing magnesite spotted phyllite and carbonaceous silica slate. The predominant ore type is quartz vein, and the mineralization alterations closely associated with gold include silicification, pyritization, and minor arsenopyritization.While previous researchers have made certain advancements in the study of this ore deposit, there remains a relative paucity of research focused on its mineralogical aspects. This study, grounded in comprehensive field investigations, concentrates on the gold-bearing minerals pyrite and arsenopyrite. Utilizing methodologies such as microscopic observation, back-scattered electron(BSE) imaging, and electron probe micro-analysis(EPMA), the research aims to elucidate the mineralogical characteristics of these gold-bearing minerals, investigate the occurrence state of gold, and determine the physical and chemical conditions of mineralization, as well as the genesis of mineral deposits. The findings indicate that the hydrothermal mineralization process can be categorized into three distinct stages: Stage Ⅰ, characterized by quartz-pyrite formation; Stage Ⅱ, defined by quartz-calcite-natural gold polymetallic sulfide, development; and Stage Ⅲ, marked by quartz-carbonate, formation, with Stage II being identified as the principal mineralization phase. Pyrite is classified into three generations:the sedimentary diagenesis stage(Py0), the early mineralization stage(Py1), and the main mineralization stage(Py2), during which arsenopyrite coexists with the main stage pyrite. Gold is present in two forms: visible gold and invisible gold. Visible gold appears in the main mineralization stage of pyrite as encapsulated and fractured gold. The occurrence of invisible gold exhibits distinct variations. During the sedimentation and early mineralization stages, gold within pyrite is present as nano gold(Au0). In contrast, during the main mineralization stage, pyrite contains both nano gold(Au0) and lattice gold(Au⁺). In arsenopyrite, all gold exists exclusively as lattice gold(Au⁺). The Xinjiazui gold deposit was formed under medium-high temperature conditions at a moderate to considerable depth, with f(S₂) values ranging from -8.5 to -4.5. When compared to typical ductile shear zone-type gold deposits in the Longmen shan orogenic belt, and considering the geological and geochemical characteristics, it is inferred that the Xinjiazui gold deposit is an orogenic gold deposit influenced by brittle-ductile shear zones.

The manganese deposits in China are predominantly of sedimentary type, having formed from the Middle Proterozoic to the Neoproterozoic, the Late Paleozoic, and the early Mesozoic eras. These deposits are chiefly located in South China, with the “Datangpo-type” manganese deposit serving as the most representative example. In recent years, notable advancements have been achieved in the study of marine sedimentary carbonate-type manganese deposits within the Carboniferous sedimentary rock series in western China. Several medium to large manganese deposits, including the Aoertuokanashi, Muhu, and Maerkantu deposits, have been discovered in succession. The Xiaoerbulake manganese deposit, which is the focus of this study, is a newly identified deposit, situated in the Aketao area of Xinjiang Province. This deposit formed at the margin of a continental rift basin, exemplified by Qiaerlong, and is found within the stratified gray-black manganese-mineralized, pyrite-bearing argillaceous limestone of the Lower Carboniferous Talong Group. The deposit is primarily characterized by the presence of three manganese-rich minerals: rhodochrosite, manganocalcite, and kutnohorite. To comprehensively examine the sources of ore-forming materials and the formation environment of the Xiaoerbulake manganese deposit, a series of petrographic, mineralogical, and lithogeochemical analyses were undertaken. The lithogeochemical data reveal that in comparison to the surrounding rocks, the manganese ore is characterized by titanium depletion and low SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratios, indicative of high-iron, medium-phosphorus, low-grade manganese ore. Trace elements such as Rb, Ta, and Hf are relatively deficient, whereas Th, Sm, and Y are enriched. The distribution of rare earth elements（REE） shows a pattern of light REE depletion and high REE enrichment, marked by a weakly negative Ce anomaly, a positive Eu anomaly, and a positive Y anomaly, suggesting that the manganese deposit originated from submarine hydrothermal venting. Environmental discrimination analysis indicates that the Y/Ho ratio of the manganese ore aligns with values typical of Phanerozoic limestone; additionally, the Sr-Ba ratio, the weakly negative Ce anomaly, and the positive Y anomaly imply that manganese mineralization occurred in a brackish to hypersaline, relatively oxidized depositional environment. The mechanism of mineralization can be described as follows: during the late Paleozoic era, Fe-Mn-enriched polymetallic submarine hydrothermal fluids interacted with seawater. This interaction led to the preferential accumulation of Mn²⁺ and Fe²⁺ ions as mixed （Mn, Fe）-（oxy）hydroxide complexes within redox transition zones characterized by relatively oxygen-deficient, reducing, and mildly alkaline to acidic conditions. These complexes subsequently underwent diagenetic transformation through reactions with carbonate ions, resulting in the formation of manganese carbonate assemblages predominantly composed of rhodochrosite. These assemblages were then transported to favorable sedimentary depressions, where they co-precipitated with carbonate sediments, ultimately leading to the formation of the Xiaorbulak manganese deposit.

Digital Image Correlation （DIC） technology facilitates non-contact，real-time monitoring and analysis of the dynamic mechanical behavior of materials by tracking speckle patterns on the surface of samples.Nevertheless，in the context of Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar （SHPB） testing，characterized by high strain rates and complex loading conditions，DIC technology encounters several challenges，including limited measurement accuracy and inadequate adaptability to environmental variations.In order to fully grasp the application status and optimization methods of DIC technology in SHPB test，based on the principle of SHPB test and DIC technology，the relevant research results on the improvement of large deformation measurement accuracy were summarized from the aspects of incremental correlation，shape function，initial value estimation and deep learning algorithm.Subsequently，based on the specific requirements of SHPB tests， practical optimization strategies for DIC technology were proposed， focusing on speckle fabrication techniques and material mechanical characteristics feedback.These strategies include the utilization of high-speed cameras and the optimization of image processing algorithms to improve the efficacy of the image acquisition and processing system.Additionally，efforts are made to augment the environmental adaptability of DIC technology，ensuring its stable operation in challenging conditions such as high temperature and high pressure.Combined with other testing methodologies，the implementation of multi-parameter measurement and comprehensive analysis facilitates a more thorough understanding of the dynamic mechanical behavior of materials.The application and optimization of DIC technology in SHPB testing are intended to enhance measurement accuracy，broaden the scope of applications，and advance the intelligence of the testing system.This approach is expected to yield more precise evaluations of the dynamic mechanical properties of materials，thereby providing substantial support for advancements in materials science and related engineering disciplines.

The particle size of minerals is a critical parameter influencing flotation recovery.An optimal particle size range can significantly enhance flotation recovery，whereas excessively coarse or fine particles tend to diminish recovery rates.In conventional mechanical agitation flotation cells，mineralization predominantly occurs in the vicinity of the impeller.Consequently，the rotational speed of the impeller dictates the turbulence dissipation rate within the tank and the size of the bubbles produced.The simultaneous recovery of both fine and coarse particles poses a significant challenge for mechanical agitation flotation machines.The aerated jet flotation cell，which incorporates an air micro-pore foamer and a small-diameter nozzle，represents an advancement over the conventional Jameson flotation cell，offering improved equilibrium in the flotation recovery of coarse and fine mineral particles.To examine the enhancement effect of the aerated jet flotation cell on the flotation process of finely disseminated lead sulfide，a specific lead sulfide ore was selected as the focus of this study.The primary operational parameters，including aeration flow，pulp flow，and bottom pulp flow，were systematically analyzed to assess their influence on the flotation index.Results from flotation tests on a specific lead sulfide ore demonstrate that，in comparison to conventional mechanical agitation flotation cells，the aerated jet flotation cell enhances the overall lead recovery in the concentrate.Additionally，it increases the recovery rates of coarse particles （+0.074 mm） and fine particles （-0.025 mm） by 12.47% and 11.39%，respectively.Utilizing fluid dynamics software，the study examined the impact of varying parameters on the probabilities of collision，adhesion，and detachment between particles and bubbles.The findings indicated that an increase in particle size，pulp flow，and aeration flow corresponded with heightened probabilities of collision and detachment.Conversely，the probability of adhesion diminished with an increase in particle size.Specifically，for particles with a diameter of 0.025 mm，the probability of adhesion decreased as both pulp flow and aeration flow were augmented.The simulation analysis demonstrates that the results align with the experimental findings.The aerated jet flotation cell markedly diminishes turbulence kinetic energy within the tank by reducing bubble size and enhancing the turbulence dissipation rate in the mineralized pipe and nozzle regions.This process establishes distinct zones within the tank：A strong turbulence zone，a transition zone，and a weak turbulence enrichment-separation zone.Consequently，the flotation recovery rate of both coarse and fine lead minerals is significantly enhanced.

The Zhongdian region is divided into eastern and western porphyry metallogenic belts. The Cilai copper deposit, located within the western belt, represents a newly identified porphyry copper system in this area. To determine the petrogenetic age, tectonic setting, and magmatic source of the Cilai porphyry body, we performed zircon U-Pb dating and comprehensive whole-rock major and trace element analyses on the Cilai quartz diorite porphyry. The zircon U-Pb dating results reveal that the formation age of the Cilai quartz diorite porphyry ranges from（217.5±1.8）Ma to （216.9±1.4）Ma, situating its origin in the Late Triassic period. This porphyry is characterized by high SiO₂ content（64.94%~67.31%） and elevated alkali levels （K₂O+Na₂O=7.27%~8.84%）, classifying it as part of the high-K calc-alkaline series. The rock exhibits enrichment in light rare earth elements （LREEs）, significant LREE-HREE fractionation \left[{(\mathrm{L}\mathrm{a}/\mathrm{Y}\mathrm{b})}_{\mathrm{N}}=\mathrm{33.11}~\mathrm{39.41}\right], and a weak negative Eu anomaly（δEu=0.81~0.98）. It is enriched in large-ion lithophile elements （LILEs） such as Rb, Ba, Th, and U, while it is depleted in high field strength elements （HFSEs） like P, Ti and Zr. The rock exhibits elevated strontium （Sr） concentrations（692×10^-6~1 180×10^-6）, reduced yttrium （Y） levels （11.7×10^-6~13.1×10^-6）, and increased Sr/Y（56.7~100.0） and La/Yb （48.7~58.0） ratios, which are characteristic of adakitic magma. The Cilai quartz diorite porphyry is characterized by high thorium/uranium （Th/U） ratios and low, concentrations of magnesium oxide （MgO）, chromium （Cr）, and nickel （Ni）. The Th/La, Nb/Ta, Rb/Sr, and Ba/La ratios are intermediate between those of the upper mantle and crust, with certain values aligning more closely with average mantle values. This suggests that the melt from subducted oceanic crust ascends and interacts with the mantle wedge, producing adakitic magma, which subsequently interacts with the crust to form the current thorn rock mass. The geochemical properties and zircon U-Pb dating of the Cilai quartz diorite porphyry, combined with the positioning of sample points on the MgO-Fe₂O₃-Al₂O₃ diagram and tectonic environment discrimination diagrams within island arc and active continental margin regions, suggest that the Cilai deposit, along with other significant copper deposits, such as the Chundu deposit, originated from the same magmatic event within the western porphyry metallogenic belt. These deposits are the result of the westward subduction of the Ganzi-Litang oceanic crust during the Late Indosinian period.

In the mining process，determining the structural parameters of a stope is fundamental to optimizing production capacity and economic outcomes.Ensuring safe production necessitates that these parameters vary according to geological conditions，making their selection a focal point of interest within the mining sector.At the Fankou lead-zinc mine，the tailings reservoir is scheduled for gradual decommissioning，necessitating the deposition of excessive fine-grained tailings in the mined-out stopes.The structural parameters of the stope directly influence the capacity for tailings storage.To achieve larger structural parameters while maintaining the stability of the open stope，a study was conducted on the shn S17-18 stope.This involved obtaining surrounding rock stability parameters through on-site rock drilling，coring，and joint condition assessments.The stability coefficient of the stope’s exposed surface was calculated using the Mathews graphical method.The study concludes that the stability of the upper wall of the stope is the most robust，whereas the roof exhibits the weakest stability.In light of the impact of exposure time on the stability of open pits post-mining，the stability coefficient has been optimized.Based on the 80%，75%，and 70% equiprobability lines from the Mathews sta-bility graph，three stope structural parameter schemes have been identified：57.0 m×12.5 m×40.0 m，79.0 m×14.8 m×45.0 m，and 108.0 m×17.2 m×50.0 m.Utilizing FLAC^3D software，numerical simulations were conducted for these structural parameters，and the post-mining stability of the stope was assessed in terms of displacement，maximum principal stress，and plastic zone.The findings indicate that the stope designed with a 70% stability probability line does not ensure stability.To ensure the safety of the open stope，it is recommended that the stope structural parameters be determined with a stability probability exceeding 75%.Field tests were conducted in the shn S17-18 stope，revealing a stability probability ranging from 75% to 80%.Post-mining，the stope remained stable，thereby effectively validating the reliability of both theoretical and numerical simulation results.These findings provide significant insights for selecting stope structure parameters in future tailings disposal within mining operations.

To address the issues of ambiguity and complexity in assessing the stability of bedding rock slopes in mining environments，a fuzzy hierarchical analysis model was developed，utilizing the simple dependent degree from topological theory to ascertain the weights.Initially，extensive literature review and consideration of the specific characteristics of open-pit mine bedding rock slopes guide the selection of representative and typical stability evaluation indices.These indices include slope height，slope angle，uniaxial compressive strength of the rock，rock integrity index，as well as the internal friction angle and cohesion of structural surfaces，selected both qualitatively and quantitatively.Then the evaluation outcomes are assessed using the simple dependent degree to determine weights，thereby addressing the fuzzy and complex issues inherent in the evaluation of bedding rock slope stability in mining contexts.Subsequently，addressing the issue of constructing a judgment matrix via the analytic hierarchy process，subjective factors influencing the accuracy of evaluation results are considered.The simple dependency degree was employed to calculate the correlation magnitude of each index，facilitating the construction of a rational judgment matrix.Weights are then derived from this matrix and integrated with fuzzy theory to ascertain the slope stability level.The model is applied to assess the stability of a bedding rock slope in an open-pit mine in Yunnan Province.Its validity is confirmed through the strength reduction method and the limit equilibrium method.The findings indicate that the stability state of the rock slope in the Mine B area can be categorized as very stable，stable，basically stable，unstable，and very unstable，with respective affiliation degrees of 0.0808，0.2641，0.4104，0.1820 and 0.0627.According to the principle of maximum affiliation degree，the slope is classified as basically stable.The slope safety coefficient，determined using the strength reduction method，is 1.113，while the coefficient calculated via the limit equilibrium method is 1.121.These results align with those obtained through the fuzzy hierarchical analysis model presented in this study，thereby confirming the model’s reliability.The improved fuzzy hierarchical analysis method yields results that are more objective，accurate，and reasonable，offering a valuable reference for assessing the stability of bedding rock slopes.

The ore dressing shaking table serves as a crucial apparatus for the separation and purification of strategic mineral resources，including tungsten，tin，tantalum-niobium，titanium，and rare earth elements.It is extensively utilized in ore dressing production.Nonetheless，the current level of automation in shaking tables is relatively low，with the adjustment of control parameters predominantly dependent on the expertise of experienced operators.These operators make necessary adjustments based on the position of the concentrate boundary within the bed sub-belt，a process that is labor-intensive and prone to causing fluctuations in beneficiation indices.Consequently，there is a pressing need to develop a self-adaptive adjustment system for shaking table control parameters，informed by the position of the concentrate boundary，to enhance both production efficiency and the level of automation.The initial step in achieving adaptive adjustment of shaking table control parameters is to construct a mapping relationship model between the control parameters and the coordinate values of the concentrate boundary.To achieve this objective，we have collected extensive data on the mapping relationships between various combinations of four control parameters，namely surface slope，lateral flushing，and others.In this study，we introduce the gated recurrent unit （GRU） to process time-sequence information within the shaking table concentrator production data.Additionally，we incorporate the squeeze-and-excitation （SE） attention mechanism to assign weights to different channels，thereby enhancing the model’s feature extraction capabilities and fitting accuracy.Consequently，we developed the CNN-GRU-Attention algorithm to perform a regressive analysis of the concentrator shaking table production data and established a “control parameter-concentrate boundary coordinate value”mapping relationship model.Comparative analysis demonstrates that the proposed algorithm outperforms the CNN-GRU，CNN-LSTM，and CNN-LSTM-Attention models.The SSA algorithm was employed to optimize three hyperparameters：the learning rate，the number of hidden neurons in the GRU layer，and the regularization coefficient for the CNN-GRU-Attention model.The optimal values identified were 0.0214，3，and 0.0007，respectively，significantly reducing the time required for parameter tuning and enhancing the efficiency of model training.This optimized SSA-CNN-GRU-Attention model was subsequently utilized to regress the boundary coordinates of the concentrate，yielding evaluation metrics of R²=0.98269，RMSE=0.79085，MAE=0.34362，and MAPE=0.0844%.Compared to the original model，the RMSE，MAE，and MAPE were reduced by 34.83%，51.11%，and 51.30%，respectively，thereby substantially improving the model’s trend-following capability and predictive accuracy.The“control parameter-concentrate boundary coordinate value”relationship model developed in this study satisfies the requirements for industrial beneficiation production using a shaking table and offers valuable insights for constructing an adaptive adjustment system for shaking table control parameters.

As mining activities continue to intensify, underground roadways encounter unprecedented stability challenges due to increasingly complex stress environments, dynamic geological variations, and anthropogenic disturbances. Accurate prediction of roadway deformation is essential for ensuring mining safety and optimizing operational layouts. However, conventional single neural network models often struggle to effectively capture both abrupt local features and long-term evolutionary trends in nonlinear displacement time series. To address these limitations, this study introduces an innovative hybrid model combining a Temporal Convolutional Network and Long Short-Term Memory（TCN-LSTM-AddAttn） architecture, enhanced with an additive attention mechanism, to achieve high-precision predictions of roadway deformation. The proposed architecture employs a parallel framework to leverage the strengths of both TCN and LSTM. An additive attention mechanism is incorporated to dynamically prioritize critical patterns from both networks. The model employs learnable parameters to calculate feature similarity and utilizes the Softmax function to generate normalized weights, facilitating the adaptive fusion of multi-scale representations. Validation of the model is conducted using displacement data from four monitoring points(W1430-10, W1430-11, W1480-7, W1530-11) across various roadways in the Yunnan Zizou iron mine. Data preprocessing involves the removal of outliers using a Hampel filter, interpolation of missing values via cubic spline, and min-max normalization to standardize input scales. The processed data are divided into training, validation, and test sets in an 8∶1∶1 ratio. Hyperparameters, including TCN channels (32), LSTM hidden dimensions (64), batch size (32), and learning rate (0.001), are optimized through grid search to ensuring generalization across diverse mining scenarios. Experimental results indicate that the TCN-LSTM-AddAttn model outperforms standalone TCN, LSTM, and the TCN-LSTM hybrid models. In the case of W1430-10, the TCN-LSTM-AddAttn model demonstrates a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.0292 mm, representing a 47.95% reduction compared to the TCN-LSTM model. Additionally, it achieves a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.0396 mm, marking a 37.34% reduction, and a Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE) of 0.0337, indicating a 47.91% reduction. The Adjusted R² (R _adj) value of 0.9861 suggests near-perfect prediction accuracy. For W1430-11, the model records an MAE of 0.0282 mm (28.79% reduction), an RMSE of 0.0366 mm (27.52% reduction), a SMAPE of 0.0738 (28.70% reduction), and an R _adj of 0.9799. Comparable improvements are noted for W1480-7 and W1530-11, with prediction errors consistently remaining below 0.1 mm. By incorporating multi-scale feature decoupling and dynamic weighting, the proposed model offers robust technical support for assessing mine roadway stability, identifying risk zones, and providing early safety warnings.

Investigating the impact of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions within the sodium oleate system on the flotation effi-cacy of pyrite offers valuable insights for the reverse flotation separation of pyrite from carbonate minerals in carlin-type gold ore utilizing sodium oleate.Results from single-mineral flotation experiments demonstrate that both Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions enhance the flotation of pyrite in the sodium oleate system.Under identical pH value conditions，Mg²⁺ exhibits a more significant activation effect on pyrite compared to Ca²⁺.When the pH value is less than 11，the adsorption of Ca²⁺ onto pyrite results in a gradual decrease in the recovery rate as the pH value increases.Similarly，when the pH value is less than 10，the adsorption of Mg²⁺ also leads to a decrease in the recovery rate of pyrite with increasing pH value.However，the recovery rate increases again when the pH value is equal to or greater than 10.Evidence from contact angle measurements，solution chemistry analyses，and scanning electron microscopy indicates that at lower pH value levels，calcium predominantly adsorbs onto the pyrite surface in the form of Ca²⁺.This calcium then reacts with oleate ions in the solution to form calcium oleate，which coats the pyrite surface，thereby increasing its surface contact angle and enhancing its hydrophobicity.Magnesium is adsorbed onto the pyrite surface as Mg²⁺ ions，which subsequently react with oleate ions to form magnesium oleate.This formation enhances the surface contact angle of pyrite，thereby increasing its hydrophobicity and improving its flotation rate.Analysis through infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS） further reveals that the presence of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ on the pyrite surface results in the appearance of calcium and magnesium elements.This presence enhances the adsorption of sodium oleate on the pyrite surface，consequently influencing the flotation rate of pyrite.As the pH value increases，the Fe-S bonds on the surface of pyrite dissociate，resulting in the formation of hydrophilic Fe（OH）₃ and SO₄⁻，which subsequently form a hydrophilic film on the pyrite surface.This film inhibits the adsorption of ions and collectors.Additionally，Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions undergo changes in their valence states due to the elevated pH value，leading to a decrease in their adsorption concentration on the pyrite surface and diminishing their activation ef-fect.Therefore，if sodium oleate is used to separate pyrite and carbonate minerals，the removal of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ from the solution should be considered to reduce ion adsorption on the surface of pyrite and strictly control the pH value to reduce the activation effect on pyrite.

The Daju area is situated in Angren County, Xigaze City, Tibet, approximately 30 km southwest of the Zhunuo super large porphyry copper deposit. The Daju granite hosts a substantial development of tourmaline veins, which vary in width and can reach up to 1 meter at their widest point. Comprehensive analyses, including electron probe microanalysis and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （LA-ICP-MS）, have been conducted to elucidate the genesis, geochemical characteristics, and prospecting implications of these tourmaline veins. Based on microscopic examination and morphological characteristics, tourmaline in the Daju area can be categorized into three distinct types：（1） Fan-shaped tourmaline （Tur-Ⅰ）, predominantly subhedral to euhedral, exhibiting yellowish-brown to greenish-blue pleochroism, and possessing the largest particle size; （2） Cylindrical tourmaline （Tur-Ⅱ）, also subhedral to euhedral, primarily short columnar with cross-sections often triangular or polygonal, displaying yellow-green pleochroism and medium particle size; （3） Fine granular tourmaline （Tur-Ⅲ）, mostly anhedral and granular, generally amorphous, with yellowish-orange to green pleochroism, and characterized by the smallest particle size. All types of tourmalines have moderate Mg/（Mg+Fe） ratio, high Na/（Na+Ca） ratio, and low ^X□/（^X□+Na+K） ratio, belonging to the alkali group dravite tourmaline-black tourmaline solid solution series, and the main replacement mechanism of elements is Fe³⁺Al_-1 and （NaMg）（^X□Al）_-1. The elevated magnesium content （1.18~1.74 apfu）, strontium content （589×10^-6~1 943×10^-6）, vanadium content （154×10^-6~371×10^-6）, and the absence of aluminum cation at the Y position in the three types of tourmalines suggest a hydrothermal origin. In the graphical projection for Sr/Pb-Zn/Cu-Ga deposit type discrimination, tourmaline from the Daju area predominantly falls within the transition zone from metamorphic tourmaline to porphyry copper deposits. This suggests a potential genetic link between the formation of tourmaline in the Daju area and porphyry copper deposits. Trace element analysis reveals that Daju tourmaline exhibits a high Sr/Y ratio, elevated levels of Ba, Rb, and Ni, and a low Li content. These geochemical characteristics align with those observed in the Zhunuo porphyry copper deposit but differ from tourmalines associated with lithium and beryllium mineralization in the leucogranites of the Gyirong and Cuona regions in southern Tibet. This indicates that the Daju area holds significant potential for the formation of porphyry copper deposits, warranting further exploration efforts.

Tailings dams, which are primarily utilized for the storage of tailings or industrial waste produced by mining activities, represent significant sources of high potential energy and pose considerable risks.A failure of such a dam could result in immeasurable losses.Consequently, online monitoring of tailings dams is essential for real-time analysis and risk mitigation.This monitoring is critical for promptly assessing the safety status of tailings dams, preventing dam failures, and safeguarding human lives and property. Therefore, anomaly detec-tion in time series data derived from tailings dam monitoring systems is of paramount importance. In response to the frequent occurrence of anomalies within multi-sensor monitoring systems for tailings dams, which severely affect safety assessments, this paper proposes an enhanced TCN-Transformer hybrid anomaly detection model.This model incorporates a temporal convolutional network （TCN） component into the traditional Transformer model, replacing the absolute position encoding mechanism.This approach effectively captures complex long-term dependencies in time series data, thoroughly integrates global temporal information, and enhances the model’s accuracy in anomaly detection.Moreover, the model’s self-attention mechanism has been optimized through the implementation of a branching structure design and the integration of maximum and minimum strategies.This enhancement enables the extraction of spatial features from tailings dam time series data, allowing reconstruction errors and correlation differences to reinforce each other during detection. Consequently, the model’s anomaly detection performance is improved. By employing a self-supervised training paradigm, the model reduces its dependence on large-scale supervised datasets, thereby enhancing its practicality and generalization capabilities.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed TCN-Trans-former anomaly detection model achieves an average F1 score of 0.9486, marking a significant improvement in detection accuracy and performance over traditional models.This model holds substantial importance for anomaly detection and safety management in the context of tailings dam time series data.

Shaft stability has long been a critical concern in rock mass engineering，particularly as it pertains to underground mines.In the Hongbu mining area of the Xincheng gold mine，the 3# shaft serves as the primary hoisting shaft，and its stability is directly correlated with the mine’s operational benefits.With the depletion of shallow resources，mining activities at Hongbu are progressively transitioning to deeper levels，necessitating comprehensive research on the impact of deep mining on the stability of the 3# shaft.To facilitate dynamic evaluation of the shaft's stability and advance risk prediction，several measures have been undertaken.Initially，a deep hole inclinometer was employed to monitor the deformation of the shaft's surrounding rock.Subsequently，an advanced prediction algorithm for surrounding rock deformation wasdeveloped using the Long Short-Term Memory （LSTM） algorithm，alongside a four-color early warning index system for shaft stability based on tangent angle and cumulative deformation.Finally，utilizing Dempster-Shafer （D-S） theory，a dynamic evaluation and risk early-warning method for shaft stability was established，integrating multi-source early-warning index fusion.The findings indicate that Shaft #3 is presently in a stable condition；however，there is a notable inconsistency in deformation at approximately 160 meters，warranting further investigation.The rock mass deformation algorithm，utilizing Long Short-Term Memory （LSTM），successfully achieves advanced predictions of rock mass deformation with an accuracy rate of 99%.The evaluation of shaft stability and the advanced prediction method，grounded in Dempster-Shafer （D-S） theory，reveal that the risk value of the shaft remains below 20% throughout the monitoring period，signifying its current safe state.Furthermore，projections suggest that the shaft will continue to exhibit low risk over the next 30 days.This research provides both theoretical and empirical support for the safe and efficient operation of mining activities and introduces a novel approach to the monitoring，early warning，and risk prediction of shaft stability.