The Jinlongshan gold deposit in Xiushui County, Jiangxi Province, is situated within the central segment of the Jiangnan orogenic belt from a tectonic perspective. Regionally, it is positioned within the northeast-trending metallogenic belt extending from northeastern Hunan to northwestern Jiangxi. This belt includes the Huangjindong and Wangu gold deposits and lies adjacent to the eastern extension of the Hunan “Golden Belt” towards Jiangxi Province. The area exhibits favorable geological conditions conducive to mineralization. However, the level of exploration conducted in the mining area remains relatively low. To effectively extract mineralization information and delineate target areas for mineral exploration, a 1∶10 000 scale soil geochemical survey was conducted, encompassing an area of 18 square kilometers. A total of 8 934 soil samples were collected and analyzed for the content of six elements: Au, Ag, Co, As, Sb, and W. The soil geochemical parameters indicate that the Au and As elements exhibit high enrichment coefficients and significant differentiation, identifying them as favorable elements for mineralization within the area. Elemental correlation analysis, cluster analysis, and factor analysis have delineated three distinct mineral element assemblages: the Au-As-Sb combination, the Ag-Co combination, and W. Among these, gold （Au） exhibits a strong correlation with arsenic（As） and antimony（Sb）, indicative of a medium- to low-temperature element assemblage. This correlation establishes gold as the primary ore-forming element within the mining area, while As and Sb serve as geochemical indicators for exploration. Based on the elemental concentrations and the characteristics of anomalous assemblages in the region, 42 comprehensive gold anomalies have been identified. Integrating these findings with the geological context and mineralization patterns of the area, four high-potential gold exploration target zones have been delineated: the Youkeng, Dankeng, Huashikeng, and Banshanli gold anomaly areas. Subsequent surface trenching and deep drilling have verified the presence of seven gold mineralization alteration zones and two gold ore bodies, characterized by structural alteration rock mineralization. The alteration zones and ore bodies are strategically located within significant comprehensive anomalies, demonstrating a high degree of correlation with these anomalies. Notably, the Huashikeng gold anomaly area exhibits substantial potential for gold prospecting, suggesting that the 1∶10 000 scale soil geochemical survey has yielded promising prospecting outcomes in the Jinlongshan gold deposit region.

Pyrrhotite is a prevalent gangue mineral found in non-ferrous sulfide ores, including those of copper, lead, and zinc. Its non-stoichiometric crystal structure, characterized by variable iron-to-sulfur(Fe/S) ratios, leads to complex crystal-chemical behavior. Additionally, the unstable bonding state at its surface makes it highly susceptible to oxidation when exposed to oxygen in the flotation pulp. These characteristics often impede the selective flotation separation of valuable minerals, presenting a significant challenge in the efficient recovery of non-ferrous metals. During the oxidation process, iron ions migrate from the bulk to the mineral surface, where they coordinate with O₂, OH⁻, and H₂O to form an outer layer of iron oxyhydroxide(FeOOH), while leaving behind an iron-depleted, sulfur-enriched sublayer. This process is influenced by the pulp’s pH and oxidation-reduction potential(Eh), leading to the progressive oxidation of monosulfide species within the sublayer to disulfides and polysulfides, thereby continuously altering the surface chemistry of pyrrhotite. Under mild oxidation conditions, surface metal-hydroxyl complexes are formed, which modify the surface charge and result in a positive zeta potential. In contrast, xanthate collectors are present in solution as negatively charged anions, which facilitates their electrostatic adsorption onto pyrrhotite. This interaction undermines the efficiency of depression and complicates the separation of pyrrhotite from target minerals. Under conditions of intensified oxidation, Fe(OH)₃ precipitates form on the mineral surface. The pronounced hydrophilic nature of Fe(OH)₃ results in the formation of a dense hydrophilic film, which markedly diminishes mineral floatability and significantly impedes the flotation of pyrrhotite. It is important to note that pyrrhotite primarily exists in two crystalline forms: non-magnetic hexagonal pyrrhotite and magnetic monoclinic pyrrhotite. The inherent crystallochemical differences between these forms result in distinct surface oxidation kinetics, surface electrical properties, and adsorption affinities for flotation reagents. Consequently, the two polymorphs exhibit differing flotation behaviors within the same flotation system, thereby substantially complicating the separation of valuable non-ferrous sulfide minerals. The detrimental impact of pyrrhotite on flotation separation is primarily exhibited through two mechanisms: (1)its oxidation process depletes dissolved oxygen(DO) in the pulp, which is crucial for the surface oxidation activation of target sulfide minerals during flotation;(2) galvanic interactions occur when pyrrhotite is in contact with other sulfides in the pulp, thereby modifying the surface chemistry of the associated minerals. In industrial applications, synergistic strategies can be implemented to selectively depress or activate pyrrhotite flotation. These strategies include controlling its oxidation rate by adjusting pH levels or adding antioxidants, regulating pulp DO through staged aeration or the use of redox modifiers, and modulating the electrochemical interactions between pyrrhotite and target sulfide minerals.

The lower Ku’erbin River gold deposit, presently in the explorationphase, represents a newly identified epithermal gold deposit within the northern Lesser Khingan Range. The gold orebodies, or mineralization, are predominantly hosted within the Lower Cretaceous Ganhe Formation andesites, marking the inaugural discovery of gold mineralization in this region. To systematically investigate the relationship between the host rocks and gold mineralization, comprehensive field geological surveys, petrological analyses, zircon U-Pb geochronology, and petrogeochemical studies were undertaken. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating indicates that the andesites hosting the ore were formed at (106.4±1.0)Ma(MSWD=1.8) during the late Early Cretaceous. Petrogeochemical and zircon Hf isotopic analyses reveal that the Ganhe Formation andesites in the lower Ku’erbin River gold district are characterized as magnesian andesites of the low-iron calc-alkaline series. These andesites exhibit high MgO contents(2.55%~4.72%), elevated Mg^# values(48~64), and low TFeO/MgO ratios(1.01~1.95), indicating formation in an active continental margin tectonic setting. Their genesis is attributed to stagnant slab melting, primarily influenced by subducted sediment melts with additional contributions from subduction-related fluids. The magma experienced interactions within the shallow mantle and crust-mantle mixing during its ascent, exemplifying the synergistic coupling of multi-stage geological processes. Zircon Ce-U-Ti oxybarometry analysis indicates that the volcanic rocks of the Ganhe Formation in the mining area exhibit ΔFMQ values ranging from 0.13 to 2.85, with an average of 0.94, suggesting moderately high oxygen fugacity. Furthermore, the zircon Ti temperatures are relatively elevated, averaging 820 ℃, which is likely associated with the prolonged replenishment of the magmatic system. A comprehensive analysis suggests that the Ganhe Formation volcanic rocks possess significant gold mineralization potential, providing a crucial scientific foundation for future regional exploration efforts.

The Phapon gold deposit in Laos is situated within the northern segment of the Luang Prabang-Loei metallogenic belt. This deposit is distinguished by the spatial coexistence of hydrothermal gold ore bodies, which include coarse-grained calcite veins and orpiment-realgar quartz-calcite veins, alongside palaeokarst cave-hosted sedimentary-accumulated high-grade gold ore pod. Recently, a newly identified high-grade gold ore body, averaging 40.18×10^-6 Au, has been discovered within that ore pod. This body is hosted by palaeokarst cave conglomerates and formed through sedimentary re-enrichment processes. Investigations into the occurrence of gold reveal that the interbedded sandstone and conglomerate are enriched with visible native gold. Larger gold particles, predominantly ranging from 2~10 μm, are located within the pores of detrital grains and exhibit slightly rounded but predominantly uneven edges with impact pits. In contrast, smaller particles, less than 1 μm in size, are embedded within clay and ferruginous mineral matrices and display relatively regular shapes. Comprehensive research on the source-to-sink mechanisms of gold suggests that the calcite-rich hydrothermal gold veins may have served as the source for the palaeokarst cave conglomerate-hosted ore bodies. The karst cave associated with the F₁ palaeokarst unconformity created an advantageous environment for mineralization. The relatively coarse native gold originating from hydrothermal veins underwent reworking through karst processes, followed by mechanical transportation and sorting via surface runoff, ultimately leading to its deposition within the sand and gravel pores, resulting in the formation of larger gold particles （2~10 μm）. Additionally, some primary gold may have experienced remobilization and migration, subsequently undergoing adsorption and reprecipitation on the surfaces of clay and ferruginous minerals, thereby forming smaller gold particles （<1 μm）. The recent identification of a palaeokarst cave conglomerate-hosted high-grade gold ore body marks a significant advancement from the previous exploration paradigm, which concentrated exclusively on hydrothermal gold veins. Paleo-caves and other favorable karst landforms situated along the F₁ paleokarst unconformity present substantial potential for accommodating large-scale karst sedimentary-accumulated type rich ore deposits.

The Saibagou region is situated in the eastern segment of the tectonic belt along the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin. Within this area, a series of gold deposits have developed along the NNW-oriented ductile shear belt and its subsidiary faults. This study conducted in situ sulfur isotope and trace element analyses of pyrite from the primary ore-forming stages of the Gashun, Tuoxingou, and Wudarehu gold deposits, building upon comprehensive field geological investigations and mineralogical studies. The findings reveal that the sulfur isotopes of the gold deposits in the Saibagou area exhibit a relatively concentrated tower-type distribution, with an average range of -1.55‰ to 3.93‰. This distribution suggests characteristics indicative of both mantle-derived and granite-derived sulfur, aligning closely with the sulfur isotope composition typical of orogenic gold deposits located along the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin. The overall composition is enriched with arsenic （As）, cobalt （Co）, nickel （Ni）, and selenium （Se）, while the relative concent rations of gold （Au）, silver （Ag）, copper （Cu）, lead （Pb）, zinc （Zn）, and bismuth （Bi） are notably high. A significant correlation is observed between Au and As. Gold predominantly occurs within the pyrite lattice as a solid solution, whereas copper primarily associates with pyrite as independent elements rather than substituting for iron （Fe）. The ore-forming fluid is characterized by a relatively reductive environment. Through a comprehensive analysis encompassing ore-controlling structures, alteration types, mineral associations, host rock characteristics, trace element geochemistry, and sulfur isotope data, the gold deposit in the Saibagou area is classified as an orogenic gold deposit.

The Lannigou gold deposit represents a quintessential“fault-controlled” large carlin-type gold deposit located within the “Golden Triangle”region encompassing Yunnan, Guizhou, and Guangxi. The gold ore body is stringently regulated by the fault zone.Previous research has extensively explored the relationship between the structural features and mineralization processes of the Lannigou gold deposit, yielding significant findings. However, recent years have witnessed a stagnation in exploration activities, adversely impacting the subsequent production and development of the mines. Consequently, there is a pressing need to reorganize the latest exploration data, further elucidate the structural control mechanisms governing the Lannigou gold deposit, and inform the strategic planning of future prospecting endeavors. This study employs the theoretical framework and methodologies of structural analysis of ore fields, leveraging the most recent exploration data to reconstruct the structural evolution of the Lannigou gold deposit. The investigation re-identifies the primary ore-controlling structures, synthesizes the principles of tectonic ore control, and delineates prospective target areas for exploration based on these tectonic ore-controlling principles. The findings indicate that the tectonic features within the Lannigou gold deposit area can be categorized into four distinct stages. During the D1 stage, extensional forces resulted in the formation of horizontal folds or folds with axial planes inclined towards the southwest, characterized by a gentle inclination of the axial plane. In the D2 stage, the region experienced NE-SW compressional forces, leading to the development of vertical or acute-angle folds with NE-SW oriented axial planes, alongside the F₃ fault system. This stage reworked the folds formed in the D1 stage and marks the period of significant thrust nappe structure formation in the area. The D3 stage was characterized by NW-SE compressional forces, which reactivated existing faults and resulted in the formation of a series of minor thrust faults. Subsequently, during the D4 stage, N-NE oriented normal faults emerged, leading to minor-scale reconstruction of earlier fold and fault systems. Mineralization is predominantly associated with the reactivation of preexisting faults induced by the compressional forces of the D3 stage. The primary ore-controlling structure is the thrust nappe system, with the F₇ fault serving as the principal ore-guiding structure, while the F₃ fault functions as a secondary ore-bearing structure. This work not only provides a concrete basis for the further exploration of the Lannigou gold deposit, but also provides a typical example for the analysis of the carlin-type gold ore-controlling structure in the Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi areas.

The Fengbeihe-Yangxie metallogenic belt, situated in the Northern Qinling region, represents a prominent area of gold and polymetallic ore concentration within the Qinling Orogenic Belt. The precise metallogenic epoch of the typical gold deposits in this area has been a subject of considerable debate, with prevailing theories supporting either the Indosinian or Yanshanian periods. This study specifically examines the Hongshishizi gold deposit, located centrally within the belt. By employing comprehensive methodologies, including deposit geology, isotopic geochemistry, and zircon U-Pb geochronology, this research aims to elucidate the metallogenic epoch, material sources, and genetic mechanisms of the deposit. The findings reveal that the mineralization process of the Hongshishizi gold deposit can be categorized into four distinct hydrothermal stages, with the primary metallogenic phase identified as the grayish-white quartz-pyrite stage (Stage Ⅲ). The sulfur isotope composition (δ ³⁴S values ranging from -2.88‰ to -0.08‰) and lead isotope signatures (²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=38.173~38.338, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=15.628~15.634, ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=17.829~17.978) of pyrite from the main ore stage collectively suggest that the ore-forming materials originated from a mixed crustal and mantle source, consistent with the characteristics of orogenic gold deposits. Zircon U-Pb dating of gold-bearing quartz veins reveals two age categories: (418±1) Ma and (225±1) Ma. The younger age of (225±1) Ma indicates the formation period of the quartz veins, situating the primary metallogenic phase in the Indosinian period. The research indicates that the Late Triassic gold metallogenic system in Northern Qinling was influenced by a unified deep-seated process, with its spatial distribution determined by the Shangdan fault and its associated structures. Hongshishizi, Shanggong, and Yindonggou deposits together create an Indosinian orogenic gold metallogenic belt across Northern Qinling. This demonstrates that mineralization during this time was continuous and widespread in the eastern part of the Qinling metallogenic belt, rather than being a localized, isolated occurrence.

The geochemical survey, recognized as a direct and efficient method for geochemical prospecting, is characterized by a well-established workflow and proven effectiveness in mineral exploration. The Heishantou area, located within the southern belt of the Beishan region in Gansu Province, is part of the Beishan denudation Gobi zone's geochemical landscape. Within this study area, sixteen composite anomalies were identified through a stream sediment survey conducted at a 1∶50 000 scale. To further refine these anomalies, investigate their underlying causes, and achieve significant breakthroughs in prospecting, the AS-13 anomaly was selected for a more detailed lithochemical geochemical survey at a 1∶10 000 scale. This surface sampling involved the collection of rock fragments or lithic debris ranging from 2 to 20 mm in size, utilizing sampling media that included weathered bedrock fragments, fault breccias, and altered lithic debris exhibiting significant mineralization. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on eleven elements, namely Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, W, Sn, Mo, As, Bi and Sb. Employing correlation analysis and R-type cluster analysis, the characteristics of element associations were examined and synthesized. Preliminary findings suggest that the regional element associations are characterized by: 1) Au, As, Cu, and Zn, indicative of the mineralization phase; and 2) W, Mo, Pb, and Ag, which are reflective of early-stage complex hydrothermal activity. The results reveal that anomalies of elements such as Au, As, Cu, and Mo within the study area exhibit strong spatial coherence, high intensity, distinct enrichment centers, and considerable potential for mineral exploration. Based on the element association characteristics and the geological framework, the anomalies are predominantly aligned along the NW-trending ductile shear zone. Verification through trenching exploration at the composite anomaly AR-5 identified five gold-mineralized bodies. These ore bodies have lengths ranging from 75 to 185 meters, thicknesses from 0.45 to 1.10 meters, and gold grades between 1.09×10^-6 and 15.6×10^-6. The ore type is classified as quartz vein-type. The gold mineralized bodies are located within a ductile shear zone and are closely associated with mineralization-alteration processes such as silicification, arsenopyritization, hematitization, and jarositization. By comparing the regional characteristics, geochemical signatures, orebody features, wall-rock alteration, and ore-controlling factors of typical gold deposits within this ductile shear zone, it is inferred that the Heishantou area holds significant potential for the formation of ductile shear zone-type gold deposits, with promising prospects for exploration. Our study concludes that the 1∶10 000 scale lithogeochemical survey has proven highly effective in verifying anomalies within the denuded Gobi regions of the Beishan area. This method facilitates rapid anomaly targeting and serves as a valuable complement to soil geochemical surveys, demonstrating strong prospecting efficiency in the denuded Gobi regions of the Beishan area in Gansu Province. This approach provides valuable references for geological prospecting in similar landscape regions.

The Xijiele research area is situated in the southern region of Qinghe County, within Altay Prefecture, Xinjiang. This area exhibits a complex geological structure, characterized by the presence of basic volcanic and clastic rock formations within the Late Paleozoic island arc zone. This study utilizes 1∶10 000 soil geochemical measurement data to evaluate the relative merits and drawbacks of conventional anomaly delineation techniques versus lithological zoning anomaly lower limit lining methods. The findings reveal that traditional approaches, which apply a uniform lower limit for anomalies across the entire region, are vulnerable to interference from areas with high background levels, resulting in the potential oversight of false or weak anomalies. In contrast, the lithological zoning anomaly lower limit lining method enhances the precision of anomaly identification by categorizing sedimentary, volcanic, and intrusive rocks into three distinct sub-zones, calculating lining values, and normalizing them accordingly. The validation of established gold （Au） and copper （Cu） mineral deposits within the region indicates that the anomalies identified through the lithological zoning method not only demonstrate a higher degree of concordance with the spatial distribution of the mineral deposits but also exhibit more distinct concentration zoning characteristics. Furthermore, their spatial distribution patterns show improved correlation with the regional geological background of mineralization. This method effectively enhances the contrast between anomalies and background by mitigating the influence of lithological background variations, thereby offering a novel technical approach for the identification of geochemical anomalies in areas with complex lithological distributions. It holds significant practical value for guiding mineral exploration efforts in regions with analogous geological backgrounds.

The Matigou-Miaogou gold deposit, situated in Fengxian, Shaanxi Province, within the West Qinling region of China, is positioned at the southern margin of the western Shangdan fault zone, centrally located in the Qinling orogenic belt. This deposit represents a quintessential example within Shaanxi Province’s recent strategic initiatives aimed at advancing ore prospecting breakthroughs. The geological strata in this region span from the Paleoproterozoic to the Quaternary periods. Owing to multiple episodes of rifting, contraction, and amalgamation since the Proterozoic era, the exposed strata have experienced varying degrees of deformation, resulting in the formation of near east-west trending complex folds and faults. During the Triassic period, the region experienced intense magmatic activity, characterized by frequent magma intrusions that were often accompanied by multi-stage mineralization. Consequently, this area constitutes a significant structural zone for gold and nonferrous polymetallic mineralization. Notably, the diorite-porphyrite distribution within the mine area is extensive, with evident mineralization and alteration phenomena observable in certain sections, which are spatially closely associated with the ore bodies. This study conducts a preliminary investigation into the metallogenic epoch and mechanisms of the Miaogou gold deposit through a comprehensive analysis of the regional metallogenic background, geological characteristics, rare earth and trace element compositions of rocks (ores), H-O-S isotopic data, and zircon U-Pb dating of diorite-porphyrite veins in the Miaogou gold mine area. In this region, the diorite porphyrite exhibits total rare earth element (ΣREE) concent rations ranging from 99.45×10⁻⁶ to 121.44×10⁻⁶, with light rare earth element (LREE) concent rations between 90.60×10⁻⁶ and 112.26×10⁻⁶, and heavy rare earth element (HREE) concent rations from 8.85×10⁻⁶ to 10.12×10⁻⁶. The europium anomaly (δEu) values range from 0.91×10⁻⁶ to 0.99×10⁻⁶, while the cerium anomaly (δCe) values range from 0.93×10⁻⁶ to 0.94×10⁻⁶. For the ore samples, ΣREE content varies between 46.88×10⁻⁶ and 121.44×10⁻⁶, LREE content ranges from 41.60×10⁻⁶ to 184.34×10⁻⁶, and HREE content spans from 5.28×10⁻⁶ to 21.17×10⁻⁶. The δEu values for the ores range from 0.57×10⁻⁶ to 1.49×10⁻⁶, and δCe value s range from 0.85×10⁻⁶ to 0.98×10⁻⁶. Additionally, the δD_V-SMOW values range from -96‰ to -59‰, and the δ ¹⁸ Ofluid values range from 7.3‰ to 10.3‰, and the value of δ ³⁴S is from 4.15‰ to 11.88‰. The zircon U-Pb concordant age of the diorite porphyrite is determined to be (220.7±1.0)Ma, with a weighted average age of (219.8±2.1)Ma. The findings indicate that the majority of the metallogenic materials at the Miaogou gold mine are derived from magmatic sources, with a minor contribution from the surrounding rock strata. The metallogenic fluids are of multiple origins, predominantly consisting of magmatic water. It is posited that the Miaogou gold mine was formed during the Late Triassic period. During this epoch, significant brittle-ductile shear deformation and magmatic activity were intimately associated with gold mineralization and alteration processes. These geological phenomena likely provided the necessary thermal energy and mineral sources, facilitating the activation, migration, and enrichment of siliceous materials and minerals within the early Paleozoic Luohansi rock group. These materials subsequently concentrated within the multi-fissures oriented in the west-north-east-south direction, associated with brittle-ductile shear deformation. The tectonic deformation, magmatic activity, and ore-forming enrichment events of the Late Indosinian period hold substantial significance. The Miaogou gold deposit is thus interpreted as a product of extensive and intense deformation, metamorphic-magmatic activity, and fluid interactions governed by the brittle-ductile shear zones during the Late Triassic.

Copper, as a strategic mineral resource, plays a crucial role in various critical sectors, including electrical energy, transportation, and advanced manufacturing. China stands as a significant consumer of copper resources, and the security of its industrial and supply chains is becoming increasingly critical. Consequently, it is imperative to assess the security of China’s copper resource industrial and supply chains and propose recommendations. This study, anchored in the structural characteristics of the copper industry and supply chains, adopts a comprehensive approach to identify influencing factors across three dimensions: resource acquisition security, resource circulation security, and resource transformation security. By doing so, it constructs a security evaluation index system. The study evaluates the security level of China’s copper resource industry and supply chains over the period from 2001 to 2023. Additionally, the obstacle degree model is employed to ascertain the constraint intensity of factors impeding security status, while the coupling coordination model is utilized to analyze the dynamics of coordinated development. The research findings can be summarized as follows: （1） The comprehensive index assessing the security of China’s copper resource industrial and supply chains from 2001 to 2023 initially exhibits a decline followed by fluctuations. While the overall development trend appears positive, the security situation remains critical. （2） The primary factor influencing the security of the copper resource industrial and supply chains is resource acquisition security. Key obstacles include the degree of dependence on foreign sources, import concentration, recycling rate, price volatility, and the comprehensive energy consumption associated with copper smelting. （3） The coupling coordination degree among the three primary indicators demonstrates a fluctuating downward trend, indicating a low overall level of coordination. In certain years, the degree of coordination has markedly declined due to significant fluctuations in copper prices and an increased concentration of imports. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended to enhance resource acquisition capabilities and diversify channels for resource procurement; optimize the resource circulation network to bolster trade autonomy and resilience against shocks; improve resource recycling and utilization processes to enhance transformation capacity; and mitigate the constraints imposed by obstructive factors while promoting multi-dimensional integration and coordinated development. These measures aim to strengthen the security of China’s copper resource industrial and supply chains. The conclusions of this research offer valuable insights and guidance for the government in ensuring the secure development of the copper resource industrial and supply chains.

The Qibaoshan deposit, situated within the Qin-Hang metallogenic belt in eastern China, exemplifies a typical cobalt-bearing polymetallic deposit. Currently, its metallogenic mechanism remains inadequately elucidated, primarily due to the absence of systematic investigations into the mineralogical characteristics of pyrite, the primary cobalt-hosting mineral. This deficiency has significantly impeded a comprehensive understanding of the deposit’s genesis and ore-forming processes. In this study, we employ integrated petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical analyses to delineate the ore-forming stages, systematically characterize the trace-element composition of pyrite, and subsequently discuss the metallogenic mechanism of the deposit. Microscopic examination of the ore reveals that pyrite in the Qibaoshan deposit can be categorized into two episodes and five stages: PyⅠ formed during the sedimentation-diagenesis stage of the first episode, manifesting in fractures of gangue minerals as diagenetic pyrite, while PyⅡ to PyV are products of the second episode of magmatic hydrothermal activity. PyⅡ is predominantly associated with arsenopyrite, while PyⅢ is linked to an abundance of cobalt-nickel minerals. PyⅣ serves as a primary mineral component in sulfide veins, and PyⅤ is found within carbonate veins. The δ ³⁴S values of pyrite range from 1.24‰ to 2.10‰. Integrating these findings with prior research, it is inferred that the ore-forming materials predominantly originated from magmatic sources and seawater sulfate. The major and trace element characteristics of pyrite provide a comprehensive record of the diagenetic-hydrothermal evolution process. Specifically, PyⅠ and PyⅡ display sedimentary origins（Co/Ni<1）, whereas the subsequent PyⅢ and PyⅣ exhibit hydrothermal characteristics（Co/Ni>1，S/Se<1×10⁵）. The concent rations of arsenic and selenium progressively increase from stageⅡ to stageⅣ, indicating a transition in the ore-forming fluid temperature from an initial high temperature to a medium-low temperature. The high nickel content（average 159×10^-6） in pyrite, along with the presence of lamprophyres and diabase in the region and the sulfur isotope data of pyrite, suggests that the ore-forming materials may have been derived from basic rocks. A thorough analysis reveals that the deposit experienced sedimentation and diagenesis, during the Late Paleozoic era, followed by alteration due to magmatic hydrothermal fluids, and several phases of mineral enrichment. The spatial emplacement of the deposit was influenced byregional unconformities and fault systems. The findings of this study enhance the understanding of the metallogenic processes associated with hydrothermal cobalt deposits and offer a scientific foundation for cobalt resource exploration within the Qin-Hang metallogenic belt.

Energy consumption in comminution processes, which include blasting, crushing, and grinding, constitutes a significant portion of operational costs in hard-rock mining. Traditional optimization approaches often treat blasting and crushing as separate systems, leading to inefficient energy distribution and underutilization of chemical energy （explosives） to alleviate the burden on downstream mechanical comminution.This study addresses this gap by developing a quantitative energy coupling model that connects blasting energy input, rock fragmentation distribution, and subsequent crushing energy consumption. To quantify these relationships, a comprehensive experimental program was conducted on two representative rock types：granodiorite porphyry and skarn.The methodology integrates dynamic impact tests using a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar （SHPB） with static-impact crushing tests employing a drop-weight apparatus.The SHPB tests, conducted under varying impact air pressures, simulated the rock fracturing process under explosive loading.The results indicate a clear linear dependency, wherein the three-dimensional mean particle size of the blasted rock decreases proportionally with increasing incident energy. Subsequent to the primary stage, drop-weight tests were conducted on oversized fragments to establish an exponential growth model for crushing energy consumption as a function of input particle size. This model underscores the substantial energy costs associated with processing coarse blast fragmentation.By mathematically integrating both stages, the study developed a comprehensive model of total energy consumption. The analysis reveals that the total system energy exhibits a characteristic “U-shaped” trend （decreasing then increasing） within the constraints of the process.Specifically, an increase in blasting energy initially leads to a significant reduction in mechanical crushing load. However, beyond a certain point, further increases in blasting energy result in diminishing returns.The model identifies precise optimal operating points, with minimum total energy consumption recorded at 176.66 J for porphyry and 91.54 J for skarn.These minima correspond to an optimal fragment size range of 37~42 mm.By targeting this specific fragmentation range, overall system energy consumption can be reduced by up to 42.8% compared to conventional operational parameters.These findings reveal a fundamental conflict between the nonlinear characteristics of crushing dissipation and the gradient distribution of blasting energy. The results indicate that relying exclusively on mechanical crushing for size reduction is energetically inefficient for hard rocks. Instead, increasing the proportion of rock breakage achieved through chemical energy or implementing multi-stage crushing strategies can substantially improve system performance.This study, for the first time, develops a closed-loop quantitative coupling model of blasting energy, fragment size, and crushing energy. It elucidates the nonlinear principles governing inter-process energy transfer and provides both a theoretical foundation and parameterized guidance for optimizing energy use throughout the entire process. This research offers significant engineering value for cost-effective and sustainable energy-efficient hard-rock mining.

The Huangjindong gold field, situated in the northeastern region of Hunan Province within the Jiangnan Orogen, represents a major gold production site，boasting cumulative proven resources of approximately 80 tonnes with an average grade of 5 g/t.The ore bodies are predominantly hosted within interlayer shear fractures that have developed along the limbs of overturned folds trending from northwest-west to east-west.Despite its economic significance，a comprehensive understanding of the ore-controlling structural architecture has been lacking.Historically, the absence of a systematic analysis of the structural framework and deformation styles has impeded both a profound understanding of metallogenic regularity and the scientific planning of exploration initiatives in this field.To address this deficiency，this study conducts a detailed structural analysis grounded in extensive, fine-scale route mapping and field-based structural observations.The primary objectives were to （1） delineate the fold architecture and characterize the deformation patterns that govern mineralization, （2） elucidate the formation mechanisms of the predominant structures, and （3） explore the implications for future gold exploration endeavors. Our findings reveal a structural framework characterized by two primary elements: a system of NWW- to E-W-oriented folds and a series of NE-oriented faults. A notable structural divergence is evident across the regional Niwan Fault.To the west of this fault, the fold system consists of overturned anticline-syncline pairs with NWW-trending hinges and axial planes consistently dipping towards the NNE. Conversely, the eastern block exhibits folds with E-W-oriented hinges and north-dipping axial planes, suggesting a significant counterclockwise deflection of structural trends in the footwall compared to the hanging wall. We propose that the initial development of this fold system was governed by a critical layer-parallel décollement horizon located between the Xiaomuping and Huanghudong formations.Under a regional NNE-SSW compressional tectonic regime, this décollement facilitated detachment and slip, resulting in the formation of fault-propagation folds at its leading edge. We hypothesize that the observed deflection across the Niwan Fault was induced by subsequent northward thrusting along a concealed, approximately E-W-striking reverse fault. The fault in question likely originates from the Caledonian orogeny, and its movement has resulted in the differential rotation of the footwall block. The structural model developed in this study has significant implications for exploration.Future research should focus on: （1） systematically investigating the ore-hosting potential of interlayer shear fractures that have developed along the limbs of the identified folds, as these serve as primary fluid conduits and sites of mineral deposition; （2） considering the vertical segmentation and enrichment characteristics of ore shoots within these structures; （3） revising traditional exploration strategies that assumed a straightforward correlation of ore veins across the Niwan Fault; and （4） improving the targeting of intersections between the northeast-trending fault system and the northwest-west to east-west interlayer shear fractures, as these junctions likely functioned as high-permeability zones conducive to fluid concentration and enhanced gold deposition. This refined structural framework offers a robust foundation for future evidence-based exploration in the Huangjindong gold field and similar structurally controlled regions.

As the depth of open-pit mining operations continues to increase, the stability of high-steep rock slopes has become a more significant concern, revealing the limitations of traditional stability analysis methods, particularly under complex geological conditions. This study focuses on a high-steep rock slope at a specific open-pit mine and introduces a novel stability analysis approach that integrates point cloud data with Rhino-FLAC^3D. Initially, close-range photogrammetry, facilitated by drones and enhanced by SIFT, SFM, and MVS technologies, is utilized to acquire and generate a dense point cloud representation of the slope. Subsequently, using the processed point cloud data, a three-dimensional geometric model of the slope is developed employing Rhino software. In conclusion, the model is integrated into FLAC^3D for stratified processing and numerical simulation to examine the displacement distribution and stress concentration characteristics of the slope, identify potential zones of instability, and compute a safety factor of 1.041. This value suggests that the slope is nearing its stability threshold. A comparative analysis with conventional methods demonstrates a marked improvement in accuracy with the proposed approach. Based on the analytical results, specific slope protection and reinforcement strategies are recommended. The findings indicate that the proposed modeling methodology, which integrates point cloud data with Rhino-FLAC^3D coupling, effectively captures the nuanced geometric features and discontinuities of the slope, thereby substantially enhancing the precision of the 3D slope model. As a result, more reliable numerical simulation outcomes are achieved, fulfilling the engineering requirements for the stability analysis of high-steep rock slopes.

The Shannan region in Xizang, situated within the eastern segment of the Tethyan Himalaya, is a significant area for the concentrated development of gold and antimony deposits in China. Over 60 gold and antimony deposits (occurrences) have been identified within the zone extending from Cuomei County to Longzi County. To enhance the identification of potential deposits (occurrences) and achieve breakthroughs in prospecting, machine learning methodologies can be employed to predict these potential deposits. This study focuses on the area covered by 15 standard 1∶50 000 geological survey sheets in Cuomei County and Longzi County, Shannan, Xizang. It integrates geological, geochemical, geophysical, topographical, and other relevant datasets to construct two XGBoost prediction models for gold and antimony deposits in the region, achieving model accuracies of 0.8807 and 0.9031, respectively. A dataset for predicting mineralization of gold and antimony deposits in the study area has been developed using machine learning techniques. This dataset facilitates the identification of prospective mineralization zones and prospecting targets for gold and antimony deposits. The findings demonstrate that the XGBoost model exhibits satisfactory performance in predicting the mineralization of gold and antimony deposits in Shannan, Xizang. Based on these predictive outcomes, 27 gold prospecting targets and 11 antimony prospecting targets have been identified. These research findings offer valuable insights for guiding gold and antimony prospecting efforts in this region.

The Bailincheng Zn-polymetallic deposit is situated within the northern section of the Mesozoic tectono-magmatic-metallogenic belt of the Taihang Mountains, specifically in the eastern region of the Dahenan granitoid pluton. This study employs electron probe microanalysis(EPMA) to determine the major elements compositions of Pyrite and sphalerite, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(LA-ICP-MS) for trace elements, and in-situ sulfur isotope analysis to elucidate the ore-forming environment, genetic type of the deposit, and the source of ore-forming materials. The orebodies of the Bailincheng Zn-polymetallic deposit occur in subtabular to lenticular forms, aligned with the structural belt, and are hosted within limestone. The findings reveal that Pyrite is characterized by an average sulfur content of 53.51% and iron content of 46.96%, indicating a slight enrichment in Fe and depletion in S compared to theoretical values(S=53.45%, Fe=46.55%), which suggests a Fe-rich, S-deficient nature. Additionally, δFe/δS-As and As-Co-Ni discrimination diagrams suggest a magmatic–hydrothermal origin. The Fe/(S+As) ratio in Pyrite exhibits a strong correlation with the mineralization position(r=0.878). In the Bailincheng deposit, Pyrite displays Fe/(S+As) values ranging from 0.857 to 0.902, with an average value of 0.877, suggesting formation in a shallow environment. The Co/Ni ratios in Pyrite range from 2.9 to 277.2, with Py-1(associated with early-formed oxide minerals) averaging 30.7 and Py-2(associated with late-stage sphalerite) averaging 131.5. Both Py-1 and Py-2 exhibit Co/Ni ratios greater than 1, indicative of hydrothermal Pyrite. Sphalerite displays Zn/Fe ratios ranging from 76.69 to 84.97 (average 80.46) and Zn/Cd ratios from 320 to 419 (average 377.16), which are characteristic of a medium-temperature hydrothermal deposit. Furthermore, the ln(Ga)/ln(In) ratios in sphalerite suggest affinities with skarn-type deposits. The δ ³⁴S values of Pyrite range from 5.47‰ to 8.88‰, with an average of 6.7‰. Compared to surrounding deposits, Pyrite from Bailincheng exhibits more positive δ ³⁴S values, indicating that the sulfur in the ore-forming fluids was primarily derived from magmatic-hydrothermal sources, with minor contributions from strata-derived sulfur. Pyrite is identified as the principal gold-bearing phase, with arsenic and gold showing a positive correlation, suggesting that gold primarily occurs as lattice-bound ionic gold within the Pyrite. In summary, the Bailincheng Zn-polymetallic deposit in the northern Taihang Mountains is characterized by skarn-type mineralization, and represents a medium-temperature magmatic-hydrothermal deposit formed in a shallow environment.

The Jinshan gold mining area is located in the central-southern segment of the Qixia-Penglai metallogenic belt within the Jiaodong region and is characterized as a medium-sized altered rock-type gold deposit. As surface prospecting efforts have reached a bottleneck, there is an increasing urgency to pursue deep-side prospecting to identify additional resources. To expand the prospecting domain and achieve breakthroughs in deep and edge exploration, geophysical techniques such as high-precision surface magnetic surveys and controlled source audio magnetotelluric （CSAMT） soundings are employed to assess and evaluate gold resources in the eastern part of the Jinshan mining area. By processing inversion data from high-precision ground magnetic surveys and CSAMT soundings, and integrating these with previous geological research, a comprehensive geological interpretation was performed on the magnetic anomaly correlation imaging inversion results and the CSAMT inversion outcomes. This study elucidated the magnetic properties, geoelectrical characteristics, and spatial distribution of deep geological formations and fault structures in the eastern segment of the Jinshan gold mining area. It also delineated the development location, extension, and variations in the deep attitude of the regional ore-controlling structure, specifically the Xiaozhuang-Dazhuangtou ductile shear zone, within the eastern Jinshan gold mining area. Furthermore, the research identified that the minimum magnetic anomaly jump points, low-value anomaly zones in magnetic anomaly correlation imaging coefficients, and low-resistivity anomaly zones in apparent resistivity serve as geophysical indicators of the Xiaozhuang-Dazhuangtou ductile shear zone. Based on these insights, potential areas for mineralization were inferred. Subsequent drilling operations led to the discovery of one concealed gold ore body and five gold mineralization bodies within the two inferred favorable mineralization areas, thereby validating the reliability of the inversion interpretation results derived from the high-precision magnetic survey and controlled source audio magnetotelluric sounding. A comprehensive analysis indicates that the integration of high-precision magnetic surveys with CSAMT surveys enables precise detection of the spatial distribution and extension of deep geological formations and fault structures in the eastern sector of the Jinshan gold mining area. The ore-controlling structure, identified as the Xiaozhuang-Dazhuangtou ductile shear zone, is characterized by geophysical signatures of“low magnetism and low resistivity.” In the eastern region of the Jinshan mining area, this shear zone exhibits an approximately east-west orientation, with its dip angle decreasing progressively from nearly vertical to 45°~60° southward. Drilling validation results suggest that the eastern section of the Jinshan gold mining area possesses substantial prospecting potential, justifying further exploration in both deep and peripheral zones. The integrated geophysical methodology, combining high-precision magnetic surveys with CSAMT surveys, is demonstrated to be an effective strategy for deep and peripheral prospecting, highlighting its promising application potential.

The Walegen gold deposit is currently the sole medium-sized gold mineralization identified within the Qinghai segment of the West Qinling orogenic belt. To elucidate its metallogenic chronology, tectonic affinity, and genetic model, zircon U-Pb geochronology and whole-rock geochemistry analyses were performed on both unmineralized and mineralized quartz porphyry samples from the ore district. The zircon U-Pb concordia ages obtained were (235.5±2.0) Ma for the barren quartz porphyry and (238.8±2.3)Ma for the mineralized quartz porphyry, suggesting emplacement during the Middle Triassic period. Geochemical analyses indicate that the quartz porphyries are characterized by elevated SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ levels, alongside reduced concentrations of TFe₂O₃, MgO, and TiO₂. They also exhibit enrichment in large-ion lithophile elements (LILEs, such as Rb, Th, U, K) and depletion in high-field-strength elements (HFSEs, including Nb, Ta, Ti, P, Ba, Sr). These geochemical characteristics classify the quartz porphyries as peraluminous, medium- to high-K calc-alkaline I-type granites. The formation of these quartz porphyries occurred within a transitional tectonic environment, evolving from subduction to collision of the Mianlue oceanic plate in the West Qinling orogen. This magmatic activity was instrumental in supplying the necessary thermal energy and contributing to the ore-forming fluids, thereby playing a pivotal role in the geological process es responsible for the genesis of the Walegen gold deposit.

In order to advance the engineering applicability of basalt fiber reinforced polymer （BFRP） anchors in complex geological settings,this study undertook field pull-out tests on a railway slope and conducted a systematic analysis of the bonding performance and load transfer characteristics of BFRP anchors under in-situ stress conditions. The investigation focused on axial force, shear stress, load-displacement curves, and macroscopic failure phenomena under varying pull-out loads to elucidate the influence of anchorage length on the mechanical response. The findings demonstrate that when the anchorage length is less than 3.0 meters, the axial force distribution remains relatively uniform. However, lengths exceeding 3.0 meters result in discrete distributions with a tendency to shift towards greater depths. The shear stress along the anchorage depth follows a biphasic pattern characterized by rapid attenuation followed by gradual attenuation. While increasing the anchorage length significantly enhances the load-bearing capacity, it does not alter the overall distribution trend of shear stress. The load-displacement curves of long anchors exhibit cumulative failure characteristics, which can be categorized into elastic, elastoplastic, and sliding failure stages. Post-test analyses indicate that the spatial distribution of cracks within the grout is influenced by a tensile stress field, which mirrors the deformation sequence and stress disparities between the two interfaces. These findings elucidate the load transfer mechanism and failure modes of BFRP anchoring systems, offering both theoretical support and empirical evidence for parameter design and practical engineering applications.

A refractory zinc ore, distinguished by its high magnesium content and low grade, was found to contain valuable elements, primarily zinc and cadmium, with concentrations of 1.60% and 50.60 g/t, respectively, predominantly hosted within marmatite. The principal impurities in the ore were identified as SiO₂ and MgO, with concentrations of 37.66% and 34.47%, respectively. The gangue minerals were primarily composed of serpentine, pyroxene, amphibole, and chlorite, with marmatite exhibiting a complex paragenetic relationship with these magnesium-bearing gangue minerals. To effectively mitigate the adverse effects of high serpentine content on zinc flotation performance, a series of systematic single-factor flotation condition tests were conducted. The interaction mechanism between a combined reagent of C₆H₈O₇+(NaPO₃)₆ and serpentine was analyzed using infrared spectroscopy. Additionally, changes in the elemental composition and morphological characteristics on the surface of marmatite, both before and after treatment with C₆H₈O₇+(NaPO₃)₆, were meticulously examined using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy(SEM-EDS). The optimal technical parameters for the roughing flotation stage were ascertained through experimental investigations. These parameters comprised a grinding fineness of 75.23% passing 0.075 mm, a C₆H₈O₇ dosage of 600 g/t, a (NaPO₃)₆ dosage of 800 g/t, a CuSO₄ dosage of 500 g/t, a butyl xanthate dosage of 120 g/t, and a No.2 oil dosage of 24 g/t. Utilizing a closed-circuit flotation flowsheet characterized by “one roughing, two scavenging, and two cleaning stages, with middlings sequentially returned to the preceding stage”, a final zinc concentrate was effectively produced. This concentrate exhibited an assay of 48.52% Zn, 1 400×10^-6 Cd, and 1.92% MgO, with respective recoveries of 89.47% for zinc, 84.20% for cadmium, and 0.16% for magnesium oxide. Infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that the interaction with the C₆H₈O₇+(NaPO₃)₆ reagent system resulted in the emergence of two new distinct absorption peaks on the serpentine surface. The observed spectroscopic features were identified as the C=O and P=O stretching vibration peaks. Simultaneously, the Mg-O out-of-plane vibration peak exhibited a shift from its initial position at 567 cm^-1 to 546 cm^-1. These spectroscopic alterations suggest that the reagent combination likely adsorbs onto the serpentine surface through complexation. Further corroboration was provided by SEM-EDS analysis, which revealed that post-treatment with C₆H₈O₇+(NaPO₃)₆, elements such as O, Mg, and Si were no longer detectable on the marmatite surface. Notably, the marmatite surface was predominantly devoid of adhering serpentine particles. This compelling evidence indicates that the application of C₆H₈O₇+(NaPO₃)₆ effectively mitigates hetero-coagulation between serpentine and marmatite, thereby significantly enhancing the selectivity of the flotation process.

The Dayingezhuang gold deposit, located in the Jiaodong Peninsula, is primarily characterized by gold mineralization. However, the presence of significantly elevated silver（Ag） grades in the shallow sections suggests the possibility of overprinting by subsequent silver mineralization. Utilizing systematic core logging, microscopic ore petrography, electron probe microanalysis, and comprehensive geochemical data analysis, this study identifies a distinct silver mineralization event within the Dayingezhuang deposit. The findings indicate that silver enrichment is strictly confined to depths above -1 000 meters and is spatially segregated from the deeper gold orebodies. Silver predominantly occurs as intergranular silver（97.59%） within medium- to low-temperature sulfides, such as galena and sphalerite, forming an Ag-Pb-Zn elemental assemblage. The ore-forming fluids are characterized by a medium- to low-temperature, moderate- to low-salinity H₂O-NaCl system, which is distinct from the CO₂-rich, medium-temperature system associated with the primary stage of gold mineralization. It is concluded that the silver mineralization event transpired subsequent to the principal gold mineralization episode in the Early Cretaceous, was governed by NW-trending faults, and represents a product of medium-low temperature hydrothermal activity during a regional tectonic transition to strike-slip extension. This study not only advances the understanding of multistage mineralization processes in Jiaodong-type gold deposits but also provides significant constraints for the evaluation of associated silver resources and deep prospecting in the region.

In order to examine the progression of damage and the propensity for rockburst in deep granite subjected to high geothermal temperatures, triaxial compression tests were performed on granite specimens at three distinct temperatures: ambient(25 ℃), 55 ℃, and 75 ℃, utilizing the MTS 815 Flex GT rock mechanics testing system. The study employed acoustic emission(AE) monitoring and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the mechanical behavior, AE characteristics, and failure patterns of granite under varying thermal conditions. Additionally, the brittleness index and impact energy index were utilized to quantitatively assess the rockburst tendency. The findings demonstrate that temperature significantly influences the acoustic emission(AE) characteristics, failure modes, and rockburst propensity of granite. Under ambient temperature conditions, granite predominantly undergoes intergranular brittle failure, characterized by smooth fracture surfaces, and the AE signals are marked by abrupt high-energy bursts preceding the peak stress. The brittleness index at this temperature is 0.62, indicating a pronounced rockburst tendency. At 55 ℃, the specimens exhibit fragmented failure features, and the AE signals reveal staged energy surges. Although the brittleness index decreases to 0.30, the rockburst tendency remains pronounced. At 75 ℃, the fracture surfaces display densely distributed and disordered microcracks, with AE signals transitioning to continuous emissions, and the brittleness index further decreases to 0.25. The impact energy index decreases to 1.94, indicating a diminished tendency for rockburst occurrence. These results demonstrate that increased temperature enhances the initiation and propagation of internal microcracks, facilitating progressive energy dissipation. Consequently, this process reduces the accumulation and abrupt release of elastic energy, thereby transitioning granite from high to low brittleness and ultimately mitigating the risk of rockburst. This study offers theoretical support for predicting and mitigating rockburst hazards in deep, high-temperature geological settings.

The Mangyahedong region is situated within the Qimantage metallogenic sub-belt of the western East Kunlun orogenic belt, noted for its advantageous metallogenic conditions. In recent years, a diverse array of mineral resources, including gold, lead-zinc, iron, cobalt-nickel-copper, and tungsten, have been progressively identified within an area spanning 80 km², yielding significant prospecting outcomes. Nonetheless, the metallogenic types and characteristics of these deposits have not been comprehensively summarized. Utilizing exploration and research data, this study integrates the geological characteristics of the deposits and preliminarily identifies five metallogenic types: （1）Structurally controlled alteration-type gold deposits, which are governed by northwest-trending ductile-brittle faults and hosted in volcanic rocks of the Qimantage Group, classified as orogenic gold deposits. （2）The volcanogenic massive sulfide(VMS) type lead-zinc deposit is located at the interface between volcanic and clastic rock formations, characterized by laminated siliceous rocks and massive to stockwork ores. （3）The hydrothermal type cobalt-nickel-copper deposit is fault-controlled and represents the first identification of independent cobalt minerals, such as grimmite(NiCO₂S₄), suggesting a mesothermal to epithermal origin. （4）The skarn-type iron deposit is situated at the contact zone between intermediate-felsic intrusions and carbonate rocks. The hydrothermal quartz vein-type tungsten deposit is characterized by scheelite-bearing quartz veins. The mineralization exhibits temporal progression and spatial zoning. Within the Ordovician back-arc basin, the volcanic-sedimentary sequence of the Qimantage Group was established, with the volcanic formation enriched in gold, cobalt, and nickel serving as the source bed, and synsedimentary fault exhalation leading to the formation of the VMS-type lead-zinc protore. During the Early Devonian, collisional orogeny resulted in the formation of orogenic gold deposits. In the Late Triassic, magmatic activity led to the development of skarn-type iron deposits, hydrothermal quartz vein-type tungsten deposits, and hydrothermal-type cobalt-nickel deposits. In terms of spatial distribution, the mineral deposits are collectively influenced by the three formations of the Qimantage Group and northwest-trending faults. Specifically, the volcanic formation is associated with gold(Au) and cobalt-nickel(Co-Ni) deposits, the clastic formation is linked to lead-zinc(Pb-Zn) and tungsten(W) deposits, and the contact zone of the carbonate formation is related to iron (Fe) deposits. The northwest-trending faults serve as the primary structures for ore transportation and hosting. Results from geochemical surveys conducted at a scale of 1∶25 000 reveal high coefficients of variation for gold and tungsten. Three northwest-trending anomaly belts(Au-As-Sb, Pb-Zn-Ag, Co-Ni-Cu-Cr) are spatially aligned with ore-controlling faults and host strata, with anomaly characteristics in the southeastern segment comparable to those in the northwestern segment, where known deposits are present. Based on comprehensive data integration, two prospecting targets have been identified: the Hongweishan-Heishigou Au-Pb-Zn target(YC2) and the Heishigou Co-Ni target(YC1). The former exhibits medium- to large-scale potential for gold and lead-zinc, while the latter demonstrates medium-scale potential for cobalt-nickel. This study offers a significant reference for mineral exploration within the Qimantage metallogenic belt.

Spodumene is presently the most critical raw material for lithium extraction, with over 60% of China’s spodumene resources situated in plateau regions exceeding 4 200 meters in altitude. The extreme environmental conditions in these areas—characterized by low atmospheric pressure, low temperatures, and severe water scarcity—pose significant challenges to the application of conventional flotation techniques. Consequently, flotation-based beneficiation in high-altitude regions is often associated with elevated operating costs, inconsistent reagent performance, limited process controllability, and inadequate environmental adaptability. To address these challenges, China has established its inaugural 10 000 t/a heavy-media spodumene concentrator in Dahongliutan. While the implementation of dense-medium separation has effectively reduced beneficiation costs, the resulting heavy-media lithium concentrate typically contains substantial amounts of high -density dark gangue minerals, limiting its Li₂O grade to a pproximately 5%. This not only diminishes the value of the product but also escalates transportation costs over long distances for mining operations situated on remote plateaus. To enhance the grade of heavy-media concentrate, this study investigates the feasibility of employing color sorting technology, leveraging the color contrast between light-colored spodumene and dark gangue minerals. The experimental program comprised trials of binary mixture sorting, comparative asse-ssments of whole-size versus size-fraction sorting, and an evaluation of the effects of particle size on detection sensitivity and separation performance. The objective was to develop a color-sorting flowsheet capable of achieving stable and efficient upgrading under the challenging conditions of high-altitude lithium beneficiation. The findings indicate that particle size classification is crucial in improving optical recognition accuracy and sorting efficiency. In processing heavy-media concentrate with an initial Li₂O grade of 5.10%, a flowsheet integrating size classification with one rougher and one cleaner optical sorting stage yielded a final concentrate containing 6.02% Li₂O with a lithium recovery rate of 83.17%. In comparison to whole-size sorting, the concentrate grade exhibited an enhancement of 0.46 percentage points, while recovery increased by 6.92 percentage points, indicating a significant improvement in separation performance and the overall beneficiation index. This study provides compelling evidence that color sorting is a technically feasible and economically advantageous method for upgrading lithium concentrate in plateau regions. As a dry, reagent-free, and low-energy separation process, it circumvents the limitations associated with flotation, reduces carbon emissions, and decreases the volume of material requiring transportation. The proposed color sorting strategy presents a sustainable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly solution for enhancing the utilization efficiency of spodumene resources in high-altitude mining areas. Furthermore, it holds substantial engineering potential to support the industrial development of lithium resources in western China.

Green development encompasses the utilization of environmentally sustainable technologies and models characterized by minimal resource input, consumption, and pollution, while maximizing output and benefits. This approach aims to foster a development paradigm that is harmonious with both human and environmental well-being. Several foreign mining nations have pioneered the establishment of green exploration regulations, thereby amassing substantial practical experience. In response to the dual imperatives of ecological civilization and the assurance of national energy and resource security, green exploration has emerged as an essential strategy for the sustainable advancement of China’s geological exploration sector. An examination of the evolution of pertinent green exploration regulations and standards, both domestically and internationally, reveals that developed mining countries have instituted a comprehensive legal and management framework for green exploration. This framework is primarily characterized by stringent environmental permitting, rigorous oversight, differentiated governance, and the dynamic revision of regulations. Although the development of green exploration in China commenced relatively recently, it has achieved notable progress. National legislation and regulatory frameworks have laid the foundational design for environmentally sustainable exploration. Ministerial regulations have facilitated policy execution, while local regulations have bolstered enforcement efforts. Geological exploration units have implemented internal rules and regulations, and national standards for green exploration have provided essential guidance. Industry standards have further advanced the geological exploration sector towards environmental sustainability. Additionally, group and local standards have outlined specific methodologies for implementing green exploration practices. Consequently, China has established an initial regulatory framework encompassing state, ministerial, local, and enterprise levels, alongside a comprehensive standard system comprising national, sector, association, and local standards. Regulations furnish the foundational and obligatory framework for the development and enforcement of standards, whereas standards offer the technical support and operational pathways necessary for regulatory implementation. Together, standards and regulations collaboratively underpin efforts in green exploration. Currently, the regulatory framework and standards governing green exploration in China exhibit several deficiencies, including incomplete coverage, inadequate regulatory mechanisms, and a lack of effective incentive policies. To address these issues, it is recommended to enhance development strategies by refining the legal framework for green exploration, establishing a comprehensive standard system that encompasses the entire process, and innovating dynamic regulatory mechanisms to ensure the effective implementation of relevant regulations and standards. Additionally, the introduction of financial incentive policies is crucial to facilitate the iterative advancement of green exploration technologies, equipment, and associated regulations and standards. This study aims to provide a reference for further improvements in China’s green exploration laws and regulations, management oversight, and standard formulation and revision, thereby contributing to the advancement of national ecological civilization and the security of energy resources.