The Xiaohengjiang gold deposit, situated in northeastern Hunan Province, represents a significant recent discovery within the Guanzhuang gold deposit comprehensive exploration area in Liling City, Hunan Province. This deposit encompasses the Tieshijian and Taohua ore sections and is hosted within the Huanghudong Formation of the Lengjiaxi Group, part of the Neoproterozoic Qingbaikou Formation. Its formation and spatial distribution are predominantly influenced by nearly north-south-oriented fault structures. The primary ore types present include fractured-altered slate and sulfide quartz vein gold ores. Currently, the deposit is classified as having a medium resource scale, with substantial potential for further exploration and resource expansion. Despite its geological importance, there has been limited research investigating the relationship between acidic magmatic rocks and gold mineralization in this region. To address this research gap, the present study concentrates on the geochronology, petrogenesis, and tectonic implications of the granodiorite veins exposed within the mining area. Utilizing zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating techniques, the emplacement age of the granodiorite veins was determined to be in the Early Paleozoic［（437.2±8.0）Ma］. This result suggests that the gold mineralization events in the region are temporally linked to Caledonian magmatic activities, indicating an association with regional tectonomagmatic processes. The granodiorite veins exhibit high silicon content, moderate aluminum levels, and are enriched in alkali elements, while displaying low concentrations of iron, magnesium, manganese, and phosphorus, characteristics typical of S-type granites. The rare earth element（REE） distribution patterns demonstrate a rightward decline, accompanied by a weak negative Eu anomaly and significant enrichment in large-ion lithophile elements（LILEs） such as Rb, Th, U, and La. In contrast, high-field-strength elements（HFSEs）, including Nb, Sr, P, and Ti, show notable depletion. These geochemical attributes suggest that the granodiorite veins originated from crustal sedimentary sources through partial melting and underwent substantial fractional crystallization during their formation.Furthermore, the granodiorite veins are postulated to have formed within a tectonic environment transitioning from a syn-collisional to a post-collisional extensional regime. This transitional setting facilitated the interaction between tectonic and magmatic processes, thereby contributing to gold mineralization. A comprehensive analysis confirms a spatial and temporal correlation between Caledonian magmatic activities and gold mineralization events. Based on these findings, it is recommended that future exploration efforts concentrate on areas surrounding Caledonian intrusive rocks. These areas may possess untapped mineralization potential, offering opportunities for the discovery of new gold resources. This approach not only enhances the understanding of mineralization processes but also provides practical guidance for regional gold exploration and resource development strategies.

Hainan Island, located in the southern region of the South China Block, has experienced a complex tectonic evolution, notably influenced by the Triassic Indosinian orogeny, characterized by terrane collisions, magmatism, and metamorphism. Within this geological context, the Baolun gold deposit, situated in the exocontact zone of the Jianfeng granitic intrusion in southwestern Hainan and recognized as the island’s largest high-grade gold resource, has presented longstanding questions concerning its metallogenic age and genesis. To resolve these uncertainties, Re-Os isotopic dating of molybdenite extracted from auriferous quartz veins has been conducted, yielding model ages ranging from 223.8 to 227.4 Ma and an isochron age of (224.6±7.2)Ma. These results definitively constrain the mineralization to the Late Triassic Indosinian epoch, aligning it temporally with regional tectonic, magmatic, and metamorphic activities. The deposit exhibits characteristics typical of orogenic gold systems, including a compressional tectonic setting, control by crustal-scale faults, and quartz-sulfide vein mineralization. Fluid generation is attributed to devolatilization processes during Indosinian metamorphism, with additional magmatic contributions from the Jianfeng intrusion. Structural transitions from compression to extension facilitated fluid migration along shear zones and faults, ultimately leading to ore deposition. These findings not only confirm Baolun as a definitive orogenic gold deposit but also underscore the exploration potential in similar tectonic settings across Hainan. This study provides a genetic model that integrates metamorphic, magmatic, and structural controls, offering a framework for targeting such deposits in complex orogenic terranes.

The Eastern Kunlun Metallogenic Belt is recognized as one of the most significant gold ore concentration regions in both Qinghai Province and China as a whole. The eastern segment of this belt is home to prominent gold fields such as Wulonggou, Kaihuangbei, and Gouli, whereas the western segment contains fewer and smaller-scale deposits. The Mangyahedong gold deposit, situated in the Qimantage area within the western segment of the Eastern Kunlun Metallogenic Belt, exemplifies a typical shallow coverage zone and serves as a crucial metallogenic concentration area for gold and polymetallic mineralization. To facilitate advancements in gold exploration within this region, geochemical surveys at a 1∶25 000 scale were conducted, identifying 63 gold anomalies and 5 composite anomalies predominantly characterized by gold. These gold anomalies are primarily located along the Mangyahedong-Hongweishan Heishigou zone, forming a NW-SE-trending banded pattern that aligns with the orientation of regional fault structures. The anomalies exhibit high intensity, often displaying a three-tiered concentration zonation. An analysis of elemental enrichment characteristics indicates that the coefficients of variation（CV） for Au, As, and Sb all exceed 2.0, suggesting strong differentiation（e. g., the CV for Au in OSQ₂ reaches 12.12）. The enrichment coefficients（EF） exceed 2.0, indicating enriched conditions. The pronounced degree of enrichment and the marked heterogeneity in element distribution suggest a substantial potential for mineralization. Cluster analysis reveals that the F4 factor encompasses Au and As, with loadings surpassing 0.7, indicating an association with low-temperature tectonic activity. Analysis of elemental content across geological units indicates that the OSQ₂ stratum （altered andesitic basalt） has an average Au content of 5.4×10^-9, which is nearly three times the regional average. Subsequent soil surveys at a 1∶10 000 scale identified 12 composite anomalies primarily characterized by Au and Cu, notable for their extensive scale, high intensity, and strong reproducibility. For example, the AP3 Au anomaly spans 0.36 km² with a peak value of 1 890×10^-9 and shows a strong spatial correlation with As and Sb. Follow-up verification of key anomalies revealed promising indicators of gold mineralization. Within the GA11-Jia1 Au anomaly （AP1-AP3）, five gold-bearing structural alteration zones were identified through surface tracing and trench drilling. These zones extend 0.5~5.2 km in length and 0.8~9.9 m in width, trending NW and dipping SW. Fourteen gold orebodies have been delineated, exhibiting lengths ranging from 140 to 1 300 m, true thicknesses between 0.80 and 9.34 m, and grades of 0.8 to 26.4 g/t, with an average grade of 2.27 g/t. Structural superi-mposed halo analyses reveal that proximal halos near the main orebody at depth display inner/strong zone anomalies, whereas leading halos are characterized by outer zones and tail halos by mid-inner zones. This suggests a significant downward extension of the orebodies or the potential presence of blind orebodies at depth. In conclusion, multi-scale geochemical surveys conducted in the Mangyahedong area have proven effective in delineating gold exploration targets and alteration zones, thereby demonstrating substantial prospecting efficacy and facilitating a robust assessment of deep mineralization potential. This methodological approach serves as a practical exploration strategy and offers critical insights for the exploration of analogous gold deposits, with wide applicability and significant promotional value.

The Xilin area in Guangxi is geologically positioned within the Xilin-Baise fault-fold belt of the Northwest Guangxi Depression on the Yangtze Plate, representing a vital segment of the Au-Sb polymetallic metallogenic belt in the western Guangxi-southwestern Guizhou-southeastern Yunnan region, also known as the Youjiang Basin. To explore the distribution characteristics of ore-forming elements and mineralized bodies, and to achieve advancements in mineral exploration, this study implemented a 1∶10 000 scale soil geochemical survey and prospecting prediction. Through a systematic analysis of geochemical parameters, correlation coefficients, spatial distribution patterns, and single-element/composite anomalies using indicator elements (Au, Ag, As, Sb), three key anomalous zones (GXB-1, GXB-2, GXB-3) were identified for prioritized exploration. The key findings indicate that Au and Sb exhibit high concentration and variation coefficients, suggesting a strong metallogenic potential. Significant correlations have been identified among Au, Sb, and As, indicating their potential as indicator element associations. The skewed distribution patterns of Au and Sb suggest the presence of secondary enrichment processes. An integrated analysis of metallogenic characteristics and geochemical anomalies has led to the identification of five single-element anomalies and two composite anomalies. Trenching verification has revealed three auriferous mineralized zones. The gold mineralization predominantly occurs in silicified clastic rocks of the Baifeng Formation, specifically at structural contacts between NW-trending cross-layer fractures and interlayer fracture zones. These structural features have been established as key indicators for prospecting in future exploration endeavors.

In recent years, substantial advancements have been achieved in lithium prospecting within the Altyn region, where exploration and research have identified a series of Caledonian spodumene pegmatite-type lithium deposits. Nonetheless, the metallogenic potential of Indosinian lithium, along with the mechanisms of lithium migration and enrichment in pegmatite-type lithium deposits, continues to be a subject of considerable scientific interest. The Kumusayi granite-pegmatite type lithium-beryllium deposit is classified as a medium-sized spodumene deposit, with the potential to reach a super-large scale. Its host rock is biotite schist, which exhibits significant hydrothermal alterations, such as greisenization, adjacent to the ore bodies. Through comprehensive field investigations and analytical techniques, including petrographic microscopy, electron probe microanalysis （EPMA）, and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （LA-ICP-MS）, the formation age of the lithium-ore-forming pegmatite has been established. Furthermore, the mineralogical composition of various mica types within the pegmatite and host rocks has been elucidated, and the migration and evolution patterns of rare metal elements, such as lithium, have been investigated. The U-Pb isotopic analysis of monazite from the Kumusayi lithium deposit indicates that the formation ages of the coarse-grained tourmaline-spodumene granite pegmatite and the muscovite granite pegmatite with inclusions are （224.6±3.0）Ma and （224.2±3.6）Ma, respectively. These findings suggest that the formation occurred during the Indosinian period. The investigation of mica minerals elucidates the magmatic-hydrothermal evolution process of the Kumusayi pegmatite-type lithium deposit. During the magmatic stage, the crystallization of spodumene significantly depleted the system’s lithium content, subsequently leading to the formation of lithium-bearing muscovite （magmatic-type）. During the ensuing magmatic-hydrothermal alteration of the host rock, some lithium was leached from the host rock and re-precipitated to form lithium-rich muscovite （Li₂O=1.8%~2.3%）. In later stages （H2-H3）, the muscovite continued to consume lithium from the hydrothermal fluid, culminating in the formation of low-lithium muscovite （Li₂O=0.08%~0.15%） in the final stage. The study provides substantial evidence that the interplay between magmatic processes and hydrothermal activity is a critical factor in the enrichment and mineralization of lithium within muscovite-type lithium deposits. The determination of the Indosinian lithium mineralization age, along with insights into the detailed processes of lithium migration and enrichment during magmatic-hydrothermal events at the Kumusayi lithium deposit, offers new chronological data and exploration insights for lithium mineral exploration in the Altyn region.

As mining activities continue to intensify, underground roadways encounter unprecedented stability challenges due to increasingly complex stress environments, dynamic geological variations, and anthropogenic disturbances. Accurate prediction of roadway deformation is essential for ensuring mining safety and optimizing operational layouts. However, conventional single neural network models often struggle to effectively capture both abrupt local features and long-term evolutionary trends in nonlinear displacement time series. To address these limitations, this study introduces an innovative hybrid model combining a Temporal Convolutional Network and Long Short-Term Memory（TCN-LSTM-AddAttn） architecture, enhanced with an additive attention mechanism, to achieve high-precision predictions of roadway deformation. The proposed architecture employs a parallel framework to leverage the strengths of both TCN and LSTM. An additive attention mechanism is incorporated to dynamically prioritize critical patterns from both networks. The model employs learnable parameters to calculate feature similarity and utilizes the Softmax function to generate normalized weights, facilitating the adaptive fusion of multi-scale representations. Validation of the model is conducted using displacement data from four monitoring points(W1430-10, W1430-11, W1480-7, W1530-11) across various roadways in the Yunnan Zizou iron mine. Data preprocessing involves the removal of outliers using a Hampel filter, interpolation of missing values via cubic spline, and min-max normalization to standardize input scales. The processed data are divided into training, validation, and test sets in an 8∶1∶1 ratio. Hyperparameters, including TCN channels (32), LSTM hidden dimensions (64), batch size (32), and learning rate (0.001), are optimized through grid search to ensuring generalization across diverse mining scenarios. Experimental results indicate that the TCN-LSTM-AddAttn model outperforms standalone TCN, LSTM, and the TCN-LSTM hybrid models. In the case of W1430-10, the TCN-LSTM-AddAttn model demonstrates a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.0292 mm, representing a 47.95% reduction compared to the TCN-LSTM model. Additionally, it achieves a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.0396 mm, marking a 37.34% reduction, and a Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE) of 0.0337, indicating a 47.91% reduction. The Adjusted R² (R _adj) value of 0.9861 suggests near-perfect prediction accuracy. For W1430-11, the model records an MAE of 0.0282 mm (28.79% reduction), an RMSE of 0.0366 mm (27.52% reduction), a SMAPE of 0.0738 (28.70% reduction), and an R _adj of 0.9799. Comparable improvements are noted for W1480-7 and W1530-11, with prediction errors consistently remaining below 0.1 mm. By incorporating multi-scale feature decoupling and dynamic weighting, the proposed model offers robust technical support for assessing mine roadway stability, identifying risk zones, and providing early safety warnings.

In recent years, substantial advancements have been achieved in the exploration of gold deposits within the Back-Longmenshan tectonic belt, which boasts a resource of approximately 50 tons. The Xinjiazui gold deposit, a newly identified site within this belt, exhibits medium to large prospecting potential. The gold deposits are predominantly located within the northeast-trending Yanzibian-Huashigou brittle-ductile shear zone, with the formation of ore bodies and mineralized bodies being stringently governed by these shear zones. The host rock primarily comprises iron bearing magnesite spotted phyllite and carbonaceous silica slate. The predominant ore type is quartz vein, and the mineralization alterations closely associated with gold include silicification, pyritization, and minor arsenopyritization.While previous researchers have made certain advancements in the study of this ore deposit, there remains a relative paucity of research focused on its mineralogical aspects. This study, grounded in comprehensive field investigations, concentrates on the gold-bearing minerals pyrite and arsenopyrite. Utilizing methodologies such as microscopic observation, back-scattered electron(BSE) imaging, and electron probe micro-analysis(EPMA), the research aims to elucidate the mineralogical characteristics of these gold-bearing minerals, investigate the occurrence state of gold, and determine the physical and chemical conditions of mineralization, as well as the genesis of mineral deposits. The findings indicate that the hydrothermal mineralization process can be categorized into three distinct stages: Stage Ⅰ, characterized by quartz-pyrite formation; Stage Ⅱ, defined by quartz-calcite-natural gold polymetallic sulfide, development; and Stage Ⅲ, marked by quartz-carbonate, formation, with Stage II being identified as the principal mineralization phase. Pyrite is classified into three generations:the sedimentary diagenesis stage(Py0), the early mineralization stage(Py1), and the main mineralization stage(Py2), during which arsenopyrite coexists with the main stage pyrite. Gold is present in two forms: visible gold and invisible gold. Visible gold appears in the main mineralization stage of pyrite as encapsulated and fractured gold. The occurrence of invisible gold exhibits distinct variations. During the sedimentation and early mineralization stages, gold within pyrite is present as nano gold(Au0). In contrast, during the main mineralization stage, pyrite contains both nano gold(Au0) and lattice gold(Au⁺). In arsenopyrite, all gold exists exclusively as lattice gold(Au⁺). The Xinjiazui gold deposit was formed under medium-high temperature conditions at a moderate to considerable depth, with f(S₂) values ranging from -8.5 to -4.5. When compared to typical ductile shear zone-type gold deposits in the Longmen shan orogenic belt, and considering the geological and geochemical characteristics, it is inferred that the Xinjiazui gold deposit is an orogenic gold deposit influenced by brittle-ductile shear zones.

The manganese deposits in China are predominantly of sedimentary type, having formed from the Middle Proterozoic to the Neoproterozoic, the Late Paleozoic, and the early Mesozoic eras. These deposits are chiefly located in South China, with the “Datangpo-type” manganese deposit serving as the most representative example. In recent years, notable advancements have been achieved in the study of marine sedimentary carbonate-type manganese deposits within the Carboniferous sedimentary rock series in western China. Several medium to large manganese deposits, including the Aoertuokanashi, Muhu, and Maerkantu deposits, have been discovered in succession. The Xiaoerbulake manganese deposit, which is the focus of this study, is a newly identified deposit, situated in the Aketao area of Xinjiang Province. This deposit formed at the margin of a continental rift basin, exemplified by Qiaerlong, and is found within the stratified gray-black manganese-mineralized, pyrite-bearing argillaceous limestone of the Lower Carboniferous Talong Group. The deposit is primarily characterized by the presence of three manganese-rich minerals: rhodochrosite, manganocalcite, and kutnohorite. To comprehensively examine the sources of ore-forming materials and the formation environment of the Xiaoerbulake manganese deposit, a series of petrographic, mineralogical, and lithogeochemical analyses were undertaken. The lithogeochemical data reveal that in comparison to the surrounding rocks, the manganese ore is characterized by titanium depletion and low SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratios, indicative of high-iron, medium-phosphorus, low-grade manganese ore. Trace elements such as Rb, Ta, and Hf are relatively deficient, whereas Th, Sm, and Y are enriched. The distribution of rare earth elements（REE） shows a pattern of light REE depletion and high REE enrichment, marked by a weakly negative Ce anomaly, a positive Eu anomaly, and a positive Y anomaly, suggesting that the manganese deposit originated from submarine hydrothermal venting. Environmental discrimination analysis indicates that the Y/Ho ratio of the manganese ore aligns with values typical of Phanerozoic limestone; additionally, the Sr-Ba ratio, the weakly negative Ce anomaly, and the positive Y anomaly imply that manganese mineralization occurred in a brackish to hypersaline, relatively oxidized depositional environment. The mechanism of mineralization can be described as follows: during the late Paleozoic era, Fe-Mn-enriched polymetallic submarine hydrothermal fluids interacted with seawater. This interaction led to the preferential accumulation of Mn²⁺ and Fe²⁺ ions as mixed （Mn, Fe）-（oxy）hydroxide complexes within redox transition zones characterized by relatively oxygen-deficient, reducing, and mildly alkaline to acidic conditions. These complexes subsequently underwent diagenetic transformation through reactions with carbonate ions, resulting in the formation of manganese carbonate assemblages predominantly composed of rhodochrosite. These assemblages were then transported to favorable sedimentary depressions, where they co-precipitated with carbonate sediments, ultimately leading to the formation of the Xiaorbulak manganese deposit.

To establish a foundation for assessing the feasibility of comprehensive utilization of mineral resources in a lead-zinc ore, an extensive investigation into process mineralogy and beneficiation testing was conducted. This study employs a range of analytical techniques, including chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy micro-area composition analysis, and mineral liberation analysis (MLA), to examine the chemical composition, mineral composition, and occurrence state of the primary minerals—lead, zinc, and silver—within the ore. The research focuses on identifying the key mineralogical factors influencing mineral processing efficacy. Subsequently, the beneficiation process and achievable separation indices of the ore were determined through beneficiation testing. The findings indicate that the mineral composition of the ore is relatively complex, with the predominant metal minerals being galena, sphalerite, and pyrite, while argentite is the sole silver mineral present. The gangue minerals predominantly comprise feldspar (including both potassium feldspar and plagioclase feldspar), quartz, and chlorite, with subordinate amounts of sericite, biotite, rhodochrosite, and fluorite. The principal recoverable elements in the ore, through beneficiation, are lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and silver (Ag), with concentrations of 2.72%, 2.28%, and 65.00×10^-6, respectively. Lead is primarily present as lead sulfide, constituting 89.34%, followed by lead sulfate at 7.72%. Zinc predominantly occurs as zinc sulfide (sphalerite), accounting for 95.61% of its presence. Silver is mainly found as silver sulfide (argentite), comprising 65.68% of its occurrence. This ore is characterized as a silver-bearing primary lead-zinc sulfide ore with a typical disseminated structure.The primary mineralogical factors influencing the beneficiation outcomes are as follows: Firstly, the complex and irregular output forms of galena and sphalerite within the ore, along with their intricate intergrowth, significantly impact the quality and recovery rates of lead and zinc concentrates. Secondly, the close association between argentite and galena, followed by sphalerite, dictates the pathway for silver enrichment. Based on the ore’s characteristics and preliminary exploratory tests, beneficiation research was conducted utilizing a priority flotation process, specifically prioritizing lead flotation followed by zinc activation. This approach yielded stable test indices. The closed-circuit flotation test achieved a lead concentrate with a grade of 65.08% Pb and a recovery rate of 91.32%, and a zinc concentrate with a grade of 41.70% Zn and a recovery rate of 85.96%. Additionally, the valuable metal silver was significantly enriched in the lead concentrate, with a content of 1 323.80×10^-6 and a recovery rate of 79.28%. The outcomes of the beneficiation tests exhibit a high degree of consistency and alignment with the predictions made by process mineralogical studies.

High-quality and stable backfill is a crucial technical requirement for ensuring safe and efficient mining operations. This study addresses the issue of unstable backfill quality in a gold mine, which adversely impacts stope safety and production efficiency, by exploring the feasibility and optimization of paste backfill utilizing fine-grained tailings. Through comprehensive testing of the tailings’ fundamental physical and chemical properties, flocculation settling behavior, slurry flow characteristics, and numerical simulation of pipeline transportation, optimal backfill process parameters were identified. The test results indicate that the tailings possess a specific gravity of 2.651 g/cm³, a natural bulk density of 0.967 g/cm³, with particles smaller than 74 μm comprising 71.33%, categorizing them as typical fine-grained tailings. Flocculation settling tests reveal that a feed concentration of 12% and a flocculant dosage of 30 g/t yield optimal settling performance, achieving a bottom flow concentration of 53.38%. The incorporation of a rake mechanism further enhances the bottom flow concentration to 61.35%. Rheological assessments reveal that the fine-grained composite tailings slurry behaves as a non-Newtonian fluid characterized by yield stress, aptly described by the Bingham model. The findings indicate that the slurry’s mass concentration substantially influences its flowability, with increased concentration correlating with decreased flowability, whereas the ash-to-sand ratio exerts a comparatively minor influence. Furthermore, numerical simulations of pipeline transport demonstrate that when the slurry concentration surpasses 65%, the slurry maintains uniform flow within the pipeline, devoid of stratification or segregation. The velocity profile displays typical fluid dynamic characteristics, exhibiting higher velocities at the pipe center and lower velocities near the pipe wall. Mass concentration, inlet flow rate, and pipe diameter significantly impact resistance loss, while the ash-to-sand ratio has a lesser effect. Specifically, reducing the mass concentration, enhancing the inlet flow rate, or decreasing the pipe diameter results in increased resistance loss within the pipeline. These research outcomes furnish a theoretical foundation and practical guidance for optimizing fine-grained tailings paste backfill processes and pipeline system design, improving backfill quality and system stability, and supporting safe and efficient mine production.

Tailings dams, which are primarily utilized for the storage of tailings or industrial waste produced by mining activities, represent significant sources of high potential energy and pose considerable risks.A failure of such a dam could result in immeasurable losses.Consequently, online monitoring of tailings dams is essential for real-time analysis and risk mitigation.This monitoring is critical for promptly assessing the safety status of tailings dams, preventing dam failures, and safeguarding human lives and property. Therefore, anomaly detec-tion in time series data derived from tailings dam monitoring systems is of paramount importance. In response to the frequent occurrence of anomalies within multi-sensor monitoring systems for tailings dams, which severely affect safety assessments, this paper proposes an enhanced TCN-Transformer hybrid anomaly detection model.This model incorporates a temporal convolutional network （TCN） component into the traditional Transformer model, replacing the absolute position encoding mechanism.This approach effectively captures complex long-term dependencies in time series data, thoroughly integrates global temporal information, and enhances the model’s accuracy in anomaly detection.Moreover, the model’s self-attention mechanism has been optimized through the implementation of a branching structure design and the integration of maximum and minimum strategies.This enhancement enables the extraction of spatial features from tailings dam time series data, allowing reconstruction errors and correlation differences to reinforce each other during detection. Consequently, the model’s anomaly detection performance is improved. By employing a self-supervised training paradigm, the model reduces its dependence on large-scale supervised datasets, thereby enhancing its practicality and generalization capabilities.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed TCN-Trans-former anomaly detection model achieves an average F1 score of 0.9486, marking a significant improvement in detection accuracy and performance over traditional models.This model holds substantial importance for anomaly detection and safety management in the context of tailings dam time series data.

Utilizing the global refined copper trade volume data spanning from 2004 to 2023, we employ complex network analysis to construct both random and weighted networks, thereby examining the global refined copper trade patterns from three perspectives: the overall trade structure, trade associations, and the roles of major trading nations. Additionally, we apply an enhanced gravitational model to assess the potential of China’s refined copper trade with its top 10 trading partners. The findings reveal that: (1)The global refined copper trade exhibits characteristics of a small-world network, characterized by a multi-core trade association structure, evolving from an initial dominance by European and American countries to later incorporating nations from Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. (2)China and the United States emerge as principal importers of refined copper, while Chile, Peru, Japan, and Australia serve as major exporters. The United States and India function as pivotal intermediaries in the refined copper trade, with Germany and Italy acting as central hubs. (3)Among the top 10 trading partners, Chile and Australia present potential, for restructuring, whereas South Korea, the United States, and Zambia, exhibit significant potential. Additionally, Japan, the Philippines, Kazakhstan, Peru and Poland are potential pioneering. The study provides some policy recommendations for the development of international refined copper trade and China’s import of refined copper.

The Biaoshan area located within the Beishan Orogenic Belt in Inner Mongolia, is geographically positioned north of the Yueyashan-Xichangjing ophiolite belt and south of the Hongshishan-Baiheshan ophiolite belt. This area is part of the Shibanjing-Heidashan Cu, Au, Fe, Ni metallogenic belt. Recent discoveries, including the Elegenwulanwula Cu-Mo deposit, Xiaohulishan Mo deposit, Dulongbao Mo deposit, and Zhusilenghaierhan Cu deposit, underscore the region’s intense mineralization and promising potential for fur-ther exploration. However, the increasing challenges associated with surface exploration and the interference of cover layers with traditional geochemical methods, necessitate the use of deep-penetrating geochemical techniques to elucidate the causes of anomalies and accurately identify target areas for future mineral exploration. This study examines the elemental migration characteristics and anomaly response mechanisms of geogas survey in the Biaoshan area, establishing seven geogas geochemical profiles in the southern Biaoshan region. Through a detailed analysis of single-element anomalies and element associations, the geogas anomaly characteristics within the region were systematically investigated. The findings reveal that the copper（Cu） element displays an extensive anomaly range and elevated anomaly values, identifying it as the most promising element for mineralization within the area. The geogas element association anomalies further demonstrate that bismuth（Bi）, antimony（Sb）, copper（Cu）, lead（Pb）, and zinc（Zn） exhibit significant anomaly scales and strong spatial coincidence. This suggests that copper is the primary mineralizing element, with bismuth, antimony, lead, and zinc serving as associated mineralizing elements. In light of the geological context of mineralization, two comprehensive anomalies were delineated. Subsequent analysis of these anomalies led to the selection of one for further investigation. Anomaly inspection, revealed a copper orebody, characterized by a width of 1~3 m and an extension exceeding 30 m. This orebody is hosted within the third formation of the Beishan group and altered gabbro, and is accompanied by alterations such as malachite, chalcopyrite, goethite, and silicification. The mineralization is controlled by northwest-trending faults and associated secondary structures, with the spatial distribution of the mineralization body closely aligning with the anomaly morphology. Considering the geological conditions conducive to mineralization, it is posited that the region holds potential for the discovery of medium-temperature to low-temperature hydrothermal copper polymetallic deposits. Prospecting indicators for this category of mineral deposits have been identified. The findings of this study indicate that the geogas survey technique is an effective method for detecting concealed copper polymetallic deposits in arid and semi-arid regions with surface cover.

In the field of rock mass engineering, the precise simulation of the post-peak mechanical behavior of rocks is essential for ensuring engineering safety and for the prevention and management of disasters. To overcome the limitations associated with fixed parameter approaches in conventional Mohr-Coulomb models for simulating post-peak failure stages, this study introduces an innovative experimental data-driven multi-parameter dynamic collaborative correction method. Initially, by integrating Python with the FLAC^3D platform, we developed a real-time backpropagation algorithm alongside a three-dimensional constitutive field dynamic iteration model. This framework facilitates the multi-threaded collaborative optimization of parameters, including cohesion, internal friction angle, and dilatancy angle, via embedded interfaces. Subsequently, utilizing strain gradient adaptive theory, we devised a real-time data assimilation engine capable of dynamically adjusting constitutive parameters through cyclic correction mechanisms. This approach effectively addresses the modeling challenges posed by the nonlinear coupling effects inherent in traditional static segmentation methods, which exhibit errors exceeding 15%.During the validation process, a numerical model for uniaxial compression, with dimensions of 50 mm×50 mm×100 mm and comprising 2 541 mesh elements, was utilized. A Python script was employed to dynamically invoke the s.stress()[2][2] function in FLAC^3D, allowing for the extraction of stress fields. This process initiated multi-parameter collaborative corrections whenever the experimental data surpassed a deviation threshold of Δσ=0.01 MPa. The experimental findings demonstrate that the dynamically corrected model effectively captured the post-peak strain-softening behavior of the rock. The stress levels predicted by the original model consistently exceeded the actual values, whereas the stress simulations from the corrected model aligned closely with the experimental values, thereby completely mitigating the trend of overestimation. This study offers novel insights into optimizing the accuracy of rock parameter estimation and provides a scientific basis and guidance for geotechnical engineering design.

To investigate the influence of blasting disturbances on the surrounding rock of stopes in deep environments, this study developed a numerical model of a deep stope featuring staged longhole drilling, utilizing the discrete element method platform (PFC^3D) and based on the engineering conditions of a hard rock mine in southern China. A five-row fan-shaped blast hole configuration was designed, and numerical simulations of millisecond-delayed blasting were conducted. The findings indicate that distinct dynamic response characteristics are observed in various zones of the surrounding rock under multi-row blasting conditions. Notably, the particle vibration amplitudes in the goaf sidewalls initially increase and subsequently decrease as the blast hole row spacing increases. Additionally, the vibration of the roof shows a marked reduction when the spacing exceeds 1.5 meters, whereas the row spacing between 1.0 and 1.5 meters has a relatively minor effect. Significant vibration accumulation is anticipated on the bench face and free surface. Cumulative deformation damage is primarily observed in the left abutment, bench face, and roof of the goaf under blasting loads, while the right abutment exhibits minimal damage. A distinct strip-shaped damage zone is evident on the left abutment, and large-scale rock collapse is likely on the bench face. Field validation corroborates substantial collapse risks in the roof strata and localized damage zones in the left abutment, aligning with numerical predictions. This study offers practical guidance for optimizing blasting design and mitigating disaster risks in deep hard rock mining operations.

In the context of fostering sustainable and healthy development within the rare earth industry, it is imperative that enterprises adhere to environmentally compliant operations. Nonetheless, the industry is currently confronted with significant challenges, including environmental regulatory rent-seeking, inadequate oversight, and insufficient supervision. These issues not only jeopardize the industry’s sustainable development but also pose potential risks to ecological environments. This study introduces an innovative tripartite evolutionary game model that incorporates rare earth enterprises, local ecological-environmental bureaus, and the Ministry of Ecology and Environment （MEE）. An in-depth analysis was conducted to investigate the evolutionary strategies of each stakeholder under various scenarios, and the stability of system equilibrium points was thoroughly examined. Additionally, numerical simulations were utilized to systematically assess the impact of key parameter adjustments on strategy selection, thereby providing quantitative scientific evidence to inform the optimization of regulatory policies. The findings indicate that： （1） The implementation of a robust reward-punishment mechanism by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment （MEE） is crucial. This mechanism not only effectively mitigates rent-seeking behavior between rare earth enterprises and local environmental authorities but also steers all stakeholders towards environmentally compliant strategies by dynamically adjusting the intensity of incentives. （2） Excessively high reward levels may have detrimental effects, potentially reducing the central government’s motivation for stringent oversight. Consequently, a scientifically designed reward-punishment mechanism must ensure that “the aggregate of rewards/penalties for enterprises and the credit losses incurred under rigorous supervision surpass their rent-seeking benefits, or that the total rewards/penalties for local environmental bureaus exceed their collusion gains.” This is vital for ensuring the sustainable development of the industry. （3） The study underscores the limitations of singular governance approaches. The results demonstrate that relying solely on cost-benefit adjustments or traditional reward-punishment measures is inadequate for effective governance. It is recommended that the Ministry of Ecology and Environment （MEE） implement a collaborative governance strategy that capitalizes on the synergistic integration of reward-punishment and credit constraint mechanisms. By intensifying penalty severity and credit losses, alongside augmenting incentives and diminishing corporate environmental costs, the standardization of enterprise compliance can be more effectively realized.

The aim of this study is to determine the optimal width of mine pillars that ensure stability under room-and-pillar mining conditions. A phosphorus mine in Guizhou serves as a case study for this investigation. The research integrates theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and on-site monitoring to examine the load-bearing mechanisms of mine pillars and their appropriate widths within the context of room-and-pillar mining. Additionally, the study explores the impact of pillar width on quarry stability and validates the proposed optimization plan for pillar dimensions through simulation tests and practical engineering applications. The findings indicate that, following the initial excavation of the quarry, the maximum vertical displacement of the quarry’s roof plate varies at each stage. The displacement distribution is predominantly symmetrical along the quarry’s center line and decreases progressively towards the sides of the center line. As the excavation of the mining pillar advances through each phase of the quarrying process, a positive correlation is discerned between the displacement changes within the quarry and the exposed quarry area. Simultaneously, the displacement of the peripheral rock overlying the quarry demonstrates a gradual reduction along the left and right sides of the quarry’s center line. The displacement and settlement values of the surrounding overlying rock progressively decrease along these sides, culminating in a final displacement pattern that resembles an ‘arch’ shape. Following the excavation of each stage of the ore body, a high-stress region emerges within each stage of the mine pillar and the mining airspace. The quarry’s mine pillar enters a yield state, with the vertical stress on the quarry’s roof plate being significantly lower than that on the mine pillar. Tensile stress predominantly occurs around the mining airspace. The maximum vertical displacement and settlement value, as well as the maximum vertical stress value of the quarry, are recorded at 41.5 mm and 76.17 MPa, respectively. Notably, there is no significant plastic damage to the mine pillar, with damage being confined to localized areas. Empirical evidence from field engineering practice indicates that the theoretical analysis supporting an 8-meter pillar width is justified. Throughout the various phases of the ore body re-mining process, the displacement and settlement of the mine pillar remain minimal, with a recorded maximum displacement of 13.37 mm and a peak stress of 3.45 MPa, the reby confirming the pillar’s stability. These findings offer valuable theoretical insights and technical support for the safe and efficient extraction of phosphorus mines under analogous conditions.

The Daju area is situated in Angren County, Xigaze City, Tibet, approximately 30 km southwest of the Zhunuo super large porphyry copper deposit. The Daju granite hosts a substantial development of tourmaline veins, which vary in width and can reach up to 1 meter at their widest point. Comprehensive analyses, including electron probe microanalysis and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （LA-ICP-MS）, have been conducted to elucidate the genesis, geochemical characteristics, and prospecting implications of these tourmaline veins. Based on microscopic examination and morphological characteristics, tourmaline in the Daju area can be categorized into three distinct types：（1） Fan-shaped tourmaline （Tur-Ⅰ）, predominantly subhedral to euhedral, exhibiting yellowish-brown to greenish-blue pleochroism, and possessing the largest particle size; （2） Cylindrical tourmaline （Tur-Ⅱ）, also subhedral to euhedral, primarily short columnar with cross-sections often triangular or polygonal, displaying yellow-green pleochroism and medium particle size; （3） Fine granular tourmaline （Tur-Ⅲ）, mostly anhedral and granular, generally amorphous, with yellowish-orange to green pleochroism, and characterized by the smallest particle size. All types of tourmalines have moderate Mg/（Mg+Fe） ratio, high Na/（Na+Ca） ratio, and low ^X□/（^X□+Na+K） ratio, belonging to the alkali group dravite tourmaline-black tourmaline solid solution series, and the main replacement mechanism of elements is Fe³⁺Al_-1 and （NaMg）（^X□Al）_-1. The elevated magnesium content （1.18~1.74 apfu）, strontium content （589×10^-6~1 943×10^-6）, vanadium content （154×10^-6~371×10^-6）, and the absence of aluminum cation at the Y position in the three types of tourmalines suggest a hydrothermal origin. In the graphical projection for Sr/Pb-Zn/Cu-Ga deposit type discrimination, tourmaline from the Daju area predominantly falls within the transition zone from metamorphic tourmaline to porphyry copper deposits. This suggests a potential genetic link between the formation of tourmaline in the Daju area and porphyry copper deposits. Trace element analysis reveals that Daju tourmaline exhibits a high Sr/Y ratio, elevated levels of Ba, Rb, and Ni, and a low Li content. These geochemical characteristics align with those observed in the Zhunuo porphyry copper deposit but differ from tourmalines associated with lithium and beryllium mineralization in the leucogranites of the Gyirong and Cuona regions in southern Tibet. This indicates that the Daju area holds significant potential for the formation of porphyry copper deposits, warranting further exploration efforts.

The Zhongdian region is divided into eastern and western porphyry metallogenic belts. The Cilai copper deposit, located within the western belt, represents a newly identified porphyry copper system in this area. To determine the petrogenetic age, tectonic setting, and magmatic source of the Cilai porphyry body, we performed zircon U-Pb dating and comprehensive whole-rock major and trace element analyses on the Cilai quartz diorite porphyry. The zircon U-Pb dating results reveal that the formation age of the Cilai quartz diorite porphyry ranges from（217.5±1.8）Ma to （216.9±1.4）Ma, situating its origin in the Late Triassic period. This porphyry is characterized by high SiO₂ content（64.94%~67.31%） and elevated alkali levels （K₂O+Na₂O=7.27%~8.84%）, classifying it as part of the high-K calc-alkaline series. The rock exhibits enrichment in light rare earth elements （LREEs）, significant LREE-HREE fractionation \left[{(\mathrm{L}\mathrm{a}/\mathrm{Y}\mathrm{b})}_{\mathrm{N}}=\mathrm{33.11}~\mathrm{39.41}\right], and a weak negative Eu anomaly（δEu=0.81~0.98）. It is enriched in large-ion lithophile elements （LILEs） such as Rb, Ba, Th, and U, while it is depleted in high field strength elements （HFSEs） like P, Ti and Zr. The rock exhibits elevated strontium （Sr） concentrations（692×10^-6~1 180×10^-6）, reduced yttrium （Y） levels （11.7×10^-6~13.1×10^-6）, and increased Sr/Y（56.7~100.0） and La/Yb （48.7~58.0） ratios, which are characteristic of adakitic magma. The Cilai quartz diorite porphyry is characterized by high thorium/uranium （Th/U） ratios and low, concentrations of magnesium oxide （MgO）, chromium （Cr）, and nickel （Ni）. The Th/La, Nb/Ta, Rb/Sr, and Ba/La ratios are intermediate between those of the upper mantle and crust, with certain values aligning more closely with average mantle values. This suggests that the melt from subducted oceanic crust ascends and interacts with the mantle wedge, producing adakitic magma, which subsequently interacts with the crust to form the current thorn rock mass. The geochemical properties and zircon U-Pb dating of the Cilai quartz diorite porphyry, combined with the positioning of sample points on the MgO-Fe₂O₃-Al₂O₃ diagram and tectonic environment discrimination diagrams within island arc and active continental margin regions, suggest that the Cilai deposit, along with other significant copper deposits, such as the Chundu deposit, originated from the same magmatic event within the western porphyry metallogenic belt. These deposits are the result of the westward subduction of the Ganzi-Litang oceanic crust during the Late Indosinian period.

To examine the mechanical properties and energy evolution of dolomite subjected to dry-wet cycles and cyclic loading and unloading, a series of conventional compression tests were conducted using the MTS 815.04 test system. These tests were performed under varying confining pressures, specifically utilizing 0.3σ _c, 0.5σ _c, and 0.8σ _c as the upper limits of the tertiary stress for hierarchical cyclic loading and unloading. The lower limit of the stress amplitude was set at 1 MPa, and the cyclic loading and unloading frequency was maintained at 0.8 Hz, with 30 cycles executed at each stress level. Triaxial cyclic loading and unloading tests were conducted on dolomite samples that had undergone different numbers of dry-wet cycles to analyze and discuss the stress-strain curves, peak strength, dynamic modulus of elasticity, energy evolution, and energy consumption ratio characteristics. The findings indicate that the stress-strain curves of dolomite subjected to dry-wet cycles exhibit a concave and non-linear nature, with hysteresis loops resembling a “curved moon” shape. Under cyclic loading and unloading, the peak strength surpasses that observed in conventional compression at identical confining pressures, with enhancements of 11.69%, 12.81%, and 17.43%, respectively. The peak strength increases with rising confining pressure but decreases as the number of dry-wet cycles increases. Although total deterioration intensifies with more dry-wet cycles, the rate of increase diminishes, indicating a gradual weakening of the deterioration effect. The dynamic modulus of elasticity exhibits variable changes across different stress levels, showing a strengthening phase at a 0.3σ _c stress level and a weakening phase at 0.5σ _c and 0.8σ _c stress levels. Both total and elastic energies demonstrate a characteristic stepwise increase with escalating stress levels, with the highest energy dissipation ratio occurring during the first cycle at any given stress level. The mean energy dissipation ratio rises with increasing confining pressure, the number of dry-wet cycles, and stress levels. The findings of this study offer a theoretical foundation for understanding the mechanical properties of rocks in complex environments, and has great reference significance for the disaster prevention and control of mine slopes.

In-situ leaching is a significant factor contributing to landslide occurrences in ion-adsorption rare earth mines. To ensure the safe and efficient operation of such mines, a case study was undertaken at an ion-adsorption rare earth mine located in southern China. Utilizing numerical simulation techniques and the Midas-GTX finite element software, a three-dimensional numerical simulation model of the mine slope was developed. This model incorporated the actual in-situ leaching construction phase of the project. The study examined the effects of three leaching parameters—leaching intensity, leaching duration, and the spacing between injection holes—on pore water pressure, average effective stress, shear strain, and displacement within the slope during the in-situ leaching process. By employing the slope safety factor as a criterion, the sensitivity of liquid injection parameters to the stability of the rare earth mine slope was quantitatively assessed. Based on the overall volumetric flow rate of the leaching solution within the slope and the slope’s stability status, the optimal leaching parameters for this mine were identified. The findings indicate that an increase in leaching intensity resulted in a general rise in pore water pressure, a reduction in average effective stress, an increase in shear strain, and an augmentation in displacement, collectively diminishing the overall stability of the slope. Prolonged leaching time facilitated the transition of the slope from unsaturated to saturated conditions. Throughout this transition, pore water pressure, increased while average effective stress decreased, with a notable surge occurring after 30 days. Concurrently, shear strain and displacement escalated, culminating in slope instability at the 30-day mark. Expanding the spacing between injection holes effectively reduced the number of holes and the volume of leaching solution penetrating the soil, thereby enhancing slope stability. Both injection intensity and injection duration emerged as highly sensitive parameters influencing slope stability, whereas the spacing of injection holes was identified as a sensitive parameter. Under the condition of ensuring the stability of the slope of the ion-adsorption rare earth mines, the optimal injection parameters are an injection intensity of 2.3 m³/d, a hole spacing of 1.50 m, and an infiltration rate of the leaching solution reaching 2.09 m/d.The research findings provide significant reference value for the safe production of ion-adsorption rare earth mines and the selection of leaching conditions.

In response to the surface moraine collapse and debris flow incidents resulting from the natural caving method at the Pulang copper mine in Yunnan Province, this study undertook laboratory experiments on moraine grouting. The objective was to investigate the fundamental mechanisms and developmental processes of cement slurry diffusion within moraine, as well as to analyze the diffusion characteristics and solidification effects of cement slurry under varying grouting pressures. The experiments utilized undisturbed moraine with a stone content of 50% and a moisture content of 11.83%, employing five grouting pressure gradients of 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0 MPa. Utilizing a self-developed grouting apparatus, the study systematically examined the impact of grouting pressure on grouting volume, diffusion radius, formation of splitting channels, and the solidification effect. The findings indicate that:（1）Due to the percolation effect, the diffusion of cement slurry within the moraine is primarily governed by compaction and splitting diffusion, rather than permeation diffusion. During the initial phase of grouting, the slurry compacts the moraine proximate to the grouting port, forming a spherical slurry bubble, which characterizes the compaction diffusion stage. As the pressure escalates to the splitting threshold, the slurry propagates along the moraine’s weakest surfaces, resulting in the formation of primary and secondary slurry vein structures, marking the splitting diffusion stage.（2）Quantitative analysis reveals a positive correlation between grouting volume, diffusion radius, splitting crack width, and channel length with grouting pressure. Notably, the diffusion radius and splitting crack width exhibit a nonlinear growth trend as grouting pressure increases.（3）Furthermore, throughout the grouting process, the cement slurry exerts a significant lifting effect on the moraine. By compacting and splitting the moraine, the slurry generates an upward lifting force, which effectively mitigates moraine settlement.（4）Scanning electron microscopy reveals that the C-H crystals, C-S-H gels, and ettringite minerals formed during the cement hydration process occupy the pores within the moraine and interact with the moraine particles, resulting in a dense mass structure that significantly enhances the mechanical properties of the moraine.（5）The solidification effect of cement slurry grouting on moraine is primarily characterized by two mechanisms: compaction effect and skeleton support effect. For the compaction effect， the grouting process increases the density of the moraine, thereby enhancing its strength. For the skeleton support effect， the cement slurry veins provide structural support and constrain the deformation of the surrounding moraine, functioning as a skeletal framework. This study aims to elucidate the diffusion behavior and solidification effects of cement slurry in moraine, offering theoretical insights for moraine grouting reinforcement projects and the prevention and management of collapse pit geological hazards.

In the field of geotechnical engineering,the characteristic parameters of rock mass structural planes are pivotal for the classification and quality assessment of engineering rock masses,with direct implications for project safety and stability.Traditional methods,such as field measurements and core sampling from drillings,are commonly utilized to determine the structural plane parameters necessary for evaluating rock mass quality.However,these conventional techniques are constrained by limitations,including substantial errors and vulnerability to external interferences,rendering them inadequate for the demands of detailed geological investigations.In contrast, borehole televiewer technology offers significant advantages in capturing the in-situ structural characteristics of borehole walls in underground rock masses.This technology is characterized by high precision and minimal error rates,thereby providing innovative solutions for the accurate identification of structural planes,parameter acquisition, and comprehensive evaluation of rock mass quality.This study deve-loped algorithms to accurately and efficiently determine key structural plane parameters—such as orientation characteristics,depth positions,and aperture—by analyzing spatial geometric features and planar characteristics derived from borehole wall image data obtained via borehole televiewer technology.The research critiques the limitations of the Rock Quality Designation （RQD） in engineering applications and integrates structural plane feature data from borehole wall images to propose the concept and calculation method of the Wall Rock Quality Designation （WRQD） . This approach aims to reduce human interference and mechanical disturbances in rock mass quality evaluation. Through engineering case studies,the distribution characteristics of structural plane occurrences in underground rock masses,as revealed by boreholes,were analyzed. Additionally,the variation features of RQD and WRQD across boreholes were investigated. The results indicate that WRQD values generally exceed RQD values,although localized instances were observed where WRQD values were lower than RQD.The interrelationship between the RQD value and the WRQD value is intricately associated with factors such as the types of structural planes, properties of filling materials, degree of cementation, lithology, and mechanical disturbances encountered during drilling.Utilizing empirical engineering data, an initial correlation between the RQD and WRQD values for limestone,sandy mudstone,sandstone,and granite was established,with correlation coefficients （R²） exceeding 0.83, indicating a strong fit of the data. This finding substantiates the reliability of WRQD as a basis for evaluating rock mass quality. The study has enhanced precise identification methods for rock mass structural planes and developed analytical approaches for quality characterization through borehole wall imaging.These advancements offer innovative methodologies for the detection and evaluation of underground rock masses, thereby contributing to the progress of research and practical applications in detailed engineering geological investigations.

Carbon-containing refractory gold ores present a significant technical challenge in the fields of mineral processing and metallurgy, primarily due to the impact of carbonaceous materials on gold leaching behavior. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the resource distribution, mineral structural characteristics, and adsorption mechanisms associated with carbonaceous materials in these ores. It emphasizes the exploration of the physical and chemical properties of carbonaceous materials and their interaction mechanisms with gold. The study reveals that factors such as specific surface area, pore structure, functional group composition, and degree of graphitization of carbonaceous materials have a substantial influence on the preg-robbing effect. The adsorption of elemental carbon is predominantly driven by physical adsorption, whereas humic substances interfere with gold leaching through chemical adsorption and complexation. In contrast, the impact of hydrocarbons on gold adsorption is found to be negligible. Furthermore, this paper examines the analytical capabilities of multi-scale characterization techniques in assessing the microscopic morphology, crystalline structure, and molecular composition of carbonaceous materials. It highlights the limitations inherent in single characterization techniques and underscores the necessity for the integration of multiple techniques to thoroughly analyze the structural characteristics of carbonaceous materials. This research offers significant theoretical foundations and serves as a reference for the efficient processing of carbon-containing refractory gold ores and the precise characterization of carbonaceous materials.

In the context of the “dual carbon” objective, the vertical integration of the energy metal industry chain has emerged as a crucial strategy for facilitating energy transformation. This study adopts a configurational perspective, employing the “Technology-Organization-Environment”(TOE) theoretical framework, alongside necessary condition analysis (NCA) and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis(fsQCA) methods, to systematically investigate the driving mechanisms behind vertical integration within the energy metal industry chain. The research findings indicate that: (1)Vertical integration results from the synergistic interaction of multiple factors, with technical, organizational, and environmental factors not being individually necessary conditions; (2)The backward integration of new energy enterprises follows two configuration paths: a single core-driven supply chain stability and a dual core-driven revenue supply chain stability; (3)The forward integration of non-ferrous metal enterprises is characterized by two modes: technology supply chain synergy-driven and technology-revenue-environment comprehensive driven approaches.The study reveals the distinct driving mechanisms of vertical integration employed by enterprises at various stages of the industry chain, offering both a theoretical foundation and practical insights for optimizing the configuration of the energy metal industry chain. The research indicates that enterprises should select an integration strategy aligned with their specific resource endowments, while governmental bodies should develop tailored industrial policies to facilitate the coordinated development of the industry chain.

The lower Ku’erbin River gold deposit, presently in the explorationphase, represents a newly identified epithermal gold deposit within the northern Lesser Khingan Range. The gold orebodies, or mineralization, are predominantly hosted within the Lower Cretaceous Ganhe Formation andesites, marking the inaugural discovery of gold mineralization in this region. To systematically investigate the relationship between the host rocks and gold mineralization, comprehensive field geological surveys, petrological analyses, zircon U-Pb geochronology, and petrogeochemical studies were undertaken. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating indicates that the andesites hosting the ore were formed at (106.4±1.0)Ma(MSWD=1.8) during the late Early Cretaceous. Petrogeochemical and zircon Hf isotopic analyses reveal that the Ganhe Formation andesites in the lower Ku’erbin River gold district are characterized as magnesian andesites of the low-iron calc-alkaline series. These andesites exhibit high MgO contents(2.55%~4.72%), elevated Mg^# values(48~64), and low TFeO/MgO ratios(1.01~1.95), indicating formation in an active continental margin tectonic setting. Their genesis is attributed to stagnant slab melting, primarily influenced by subducted sediment melts with additional contributions from subduction-related fluids. The magma experienced interactions within the shallow mantle and crust-mantle mixing during its ascent, exemplifying the synergistic coupling of multi-stage geological processes. Zircon Ce-U-Ti oxybarometry analysis indicates that the volcanic rocks of the Ganhe Formation in the mining area exhibit ΔFMQ values ranging from 0.13 to 2.85, with an average of 0.94, suggesting moderately high oxygen fugacity. Furthermore, the zircon Ti temperatures are relatively elevated, averaging 820 ℃, which is likely associated with the prolonged replenishment of the magmatic system. A comprehensive analysis suggests that the Ganhe Formation volcanic rocks possess significant gold mineralization potential, providing a crucial scientific foundation for future regional exploration efforts.

To address the challenge of high-temperature thermal hazards in deep mining operations, traditional thermal insulation support materials often suffer from limitations such as inadequate strength and poor durability. To improve and optimize the performance of thermal insulation support structures, modified ceramic particles and fibers were incorporated into the development of thermal insulation concrete materials. Utilizing the principles of functional gradient theory, the concrete structure was optimized, resulting in the construction of a functional gradient thermal insulation support structure. A corresponding model test system was established, integrating engineering practices to facilitate a comparative analysis of the thermal insulation effects between the newly developed thermal insulation support structure and conventional concrete structures. Through numerical simulation analysis, the impact of various parameters of the thermal insulation support structure on the thermal insulation efficacy of the surrounding rock in the roadway was examined, leading to the determination of optimal design parameters for the functional gradient thermal insulation support structure. The findings indicate that the engineered “support layer+thermal insulation layer” functional gradient structure successfully transitions from a high elastic modulus and high thermal conductivity at the surrounding rock interface to a low elastic modulus and low thermal conductivity at the roadway interface. This configuration effectively mitigates the deformation of surrounding rocks and reduces heat dissipation. In the model test, the application of the thermal insulation support structure resulted in a 28.74% reduction in heat dissipation from the surrounding rocks compared to a conventional concrete structure. As the thickness of the thermal insulation layer increased, the radius of the thermal adjustment zone in the surrounding rocks decreased, and the deformation of the roadway initially decreased before subsequently increasing. Additionally, a decrease in ventilation temperature further reduced the extent of the thermal adjustment zone. A comprehensive analysis of heat dissipation and deformation in the surrounding rocks, conducted using the efficacy coefficient method, it was determined that the optimal thermal insulation effect was achieved when the thickness of the support layer was 50 mm and the thickness of the thermal insulation layer was 50 mm.

To address the technical challenges associated with the design and construction of large-section single tunnels in water-rich basalt with tuff strata, such as the determination of construction methods and support parameters, a comprehensive study was conducted. This study was based on a new high-speed railway tunnel project in Yunnan Province and employed engineering investigation, field monitoring, and numerical simulation to examine the deformation and control technology of the surrounding rock. The results indicate the following：（1）Implementing initial support immediately after excavating the upper bench using the two-bench method significantly reduces the crown settlement rate, achieving a final settlement of approximately 38.5 mm, thereby effectively limiting further deformation of the arch base.（2）During excavation, horizontal deformation is concentrated at the arch foot and waist. After excavation, the maximum horizontal displacement shifts downward to the arch wall, with the affected area expanding outward in a butterfly-like pattern. In the two-bench method, the monitoring points at the upper and middle benches exhibit greater clearance convergence values and rates compared to the three-bench method, whereas the lower bench shows smaller values. Additionally, the rapid closure of the invert in the two-bench method results in superior deformation control.（3）Tunneling through strata with high water content creates a dewatering funnel, where groundwater seeps out along the tunnel face and benches. The two-bench method reduces the initial support closure time, leading to decreased dewatering. However, it results in the formation of a high-pressure zone above the crown.（4）The installation of additional drainage pipes can mitigate the load on the lining structure. Furthermore, the integration of mechanized construction techniques with the two-bench method has approximately doubled the average monthly construction progress.

With the extensive implementation of unmanned driving technology in open-pit mines, the challenge of obstacle detection for autonomous trucks operating in complex mining environments has become increasingly significant. To address issues such as low accuracy in multi-scale target detection and inadequate feature fusion for small targets, an obstacle detection model based on MEBP-YOLOv10 is proposed for the forward path of mining trucks. Initially, to improve the model’s feature extraction capabilities cost-effectively, certain C2f modules are substituted with the C2f-MSC module. Drawing inspiration from GhostNet, the C2f-MSC module achieves superior feature maps with a reduced number of parameters. Furthermore, the ECA attention mechanism is integrated into the backbone network. By assigning varying weights to each channel, it captures inter-channel relationships, enhances the extraction of obstacle features, and manages computational costs. Subsequently, to tackle the challenge of detecting small targets, the original PANet in YOLOv10 is replaced with BiFPN. Through bidirectional cross-scale connections and weighted feature fusion, the model’s capacity to integrate features of small obstacle targets is improved. The BiFPN employs a residual architecture, incorporating additional connections between the original input and output nodes within the same layer to preserve the integrity of feature information. Subsequently, the PIoU (Powerful-IoU) loss function is introduced to supplant the bounding box regression loss function in YOLOv10, addressing the limitations of ineffective penalty terms and thereby enhancing the model’s convergence rate and obstacle detection accuracy. Experimental results demonstrate that the algorithm achieves an average detection accuracy of 89.8%, a recall rate of 79.8%, and a mean Average Precision (mAP) of 83.5%. In comparison to the original YOLOv10 model, accuracy and mAP are improved by 4.7% and 4.2%, respectively. Moreover, the model surpasses current mainstream object detection networks in terms of accuracy, recall rate, and other performance metrics. Additionally, the detection speed of this model reaches 103.4 frames per second (FPS), satisfying the real-time requirements for obstacle detection on mining truck paths. The model’s size is merely 6.87 MB, rendering it suitable for deployment on edge devices. Therefore, MEBP-YOLOv10 enables real-time and accurate obstacle detection on mining truck paths in mountainous mining areas, ensuring safe driving for unmanned trucks.

In the field of deep underground engineering, comprehending the historical stress memory capacity of rocks is essential for determining the in-situ stress conditions of rock formations. To investigate the memory capacity of granite subjected to multiple stress periods, an initial uniaxial compression test was conducted to derive the stress-strain curve of the granite. The threshold values for each stress level were determined using the strain response method. Subsequently, four distinct prior loading schemes were established to simulate the multi-period stress conditions induced by various geological processes on granite. Following the completion of these prior loading schemes, uniaxial compression tests were performed on the specimens, and the Kaiser effect was evaluated. The acoustic emission parameters, including AE counts, cumulative AE counts, peak frequency, and amplitude, were identified and analyzed to assess the Kaiser effect after the uniaxial compression test on the preloaded specimens. The results indicate that when the uniaxial compression test is conducted immediately following the conclusion of preloading, the Kaiser effect in granite is pronounced. This is evidenced by significant acoustic emission signals occurring when the applied stress reaches the value of the previous maximum stress. Granite exhibits a capacity to retain memory of prior multi-period stresses, specifically, when the preloading stress exceeds the crack closure stress (σ _cc), even if it does not match the previous maximum stress, a distinct and strong signal is observed in the subsequent uniaxial compression test. During these acoustic emission events, granite generates low-frequency, high-amplitude signals. Conversely, if the preloading stress is below the crack closure stress (σ _cc), granite does not retain this memory.

The Saibagou region is situated in the eastern segment of the tectonic belt along the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin. Within this area, a series of gold deposits have developed along the NNW-oriented ductile shear belt and its subsidiary faults. This study conducted in situ sulfur isotope and trace element analyses of pyrite from the primary ore-forming stages of the Gashun, Tuoxingou, and Wudarehu gold deposits, building upon comprehensive field geological investigations and mineralogical studies. The findings reveal that the sulfur isotopes of the gold deposits in the Saibagou area exhibit a relatively concentrated tower-type distribution, with an average range of -1.55‰ to 3.93‰. This distribution suggests characteristics indicative of both mantle-derived and granite-derived sulfur, aligning closely with the sulfur isotope composition typical of orogenic gold deposits located along the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin. The overall composition is enriched with arsenic （As）, cobalt （Co）, nickel （Ni）, and selenium （Se）, while the relative concent rations of gold （Au）, silver （Ag）, copper （Cu）, lead （Pb）, zinc （Zn）, and bismuth （Bi） are notably high. A significant correlation is observed between Au and As. Gold predominantly occurs within the pyrite lattice as a solid solution, whereas copper primarily associates with pyrite as independent elements rather than substituting for iron （Fe）. The ore-forming fluid is characterized by a relatively reductive environment. Through a comprehensive analysis encompassing ore-controlling structures, alteration types, mineral associations, host rock characteristics, trace element geochemistry, and sulfur isotope data, the gold deposit in the Saibagou area is classified as an orogenic gold deposit.

Pyrrhotite is a prevalent gangue mineral found in non-ferrous sulfide ores, including those of copper, lead, and zinc. Its non-stoichiometric crystal structure, characterized by variable iron-to-sulfur(Fe/S) ratios, leads to complex crystal-chemical behavior. Additionally, the unstable bonding state at its surface makes it highly susceptible to oxidation when exposed to oxygen in the flotation pulp. These characteristics often impede the selective flotation separation of valuable minerals, presenting a significant challenge in the efficient recovery of non-ferrous metals. During the oxidation process, iron ions migrate from the bulk to the mineral surface, where they coordinate with O₂, OH⁻, and H₂O to form an outer layer of iron oxyhydroxide(FeOOH), while leaving behind an iron-depleted, sulfur-enriched sublayer. This process is influenced by the pulp’s pH and oxidation-reduction potential(Eh), leading to the progressive oxidation of monosulfide species within the sublayer to disulfides and polysulfides, thereby continuously altering the surface chemistry of pyrrhotite. Under mild oxidation conditions, surface metal-hydroxyl complexes are formed, which modify the surface charge and result in a positive zeta potential. In contrast, xanthate collectors are present in solution as negatively charged anions, which facilitates their electrostatic adsorption onto pyrrhotite. This interaction undermines the efficiency of depression and complicates the separation of pyrrhotite from target minerals. Under conditions of intensified oxidation, Fe(OH)₃ precipitates form on the mineral surface. The pronounced hydrophilic nature of Fe(OH)₃ results in the formation of a dense hydrophilic film, which markedly diminishes mineral floatability and significantly impedes the flotation of pyrrhotite. It is important to note that pyrrhotite primarily exists in two crystalline forms: non-magnetic hexagonal pyrrhotite and magnetic monoclinic pyrrhotite. The inherent crystallochemical differences between these forms result in distinct surface oxidation kinetics, surface electrical properties, and adsorption affinities for flotation reagents. Consequently, the two polymorphs exhibit differing flotation behaviors within the same flotation system, thereby substantially complicating the separation of valuable non-ferrous sulfide minerals. The detrimental impact of pyrrhotite on flotation separation is primarily exhibited through two mechanisms: (1)its oxidation process depletes dissolved oxygen(DO) in the pulp, which is crucial for the surface oxidation activation of target sulfide minerals during flotation;(2) galvanic interactions occur when pyrrhotite is in contact with other sulfides in the pulp, thereby modifying the surface chemistry of the associated minerals. In industrial applications, synergistic strategies can be implemented to selectively depress or activate pyrrhotite flotation. These strategies include controlling its oxidation rate by adjusting pH levels or adding antioxidants, regulating pulp DO through staged aeration or the use of redox modifiers, and modulating the electrochemical interactions between pyrrhotite and target sulfide minerals.

The backfill-rock composite serves as the primary load-bearing structure in the underground filling mining method. In order to elucidate the mechanical characteristics and crack propagation behavior of the backfill-rock composite, which holds significant importance for mining fill operations by manipulating the slurry concentration of the backfill to alter its mechanical parameters, uniaxial compression tests were performed on the backfill-rock composite, with the experimental process monitored using acoustic emission and digital image correlation (DIC) techniques. The findings indicated that: (1) The elastic modulus ratio of the test samples in this batch ranged from 0.072 to 0.102, the peak strain ratio ranged from 1.295 to 1.747, and the peak strength ratio ranged from 0.124 to 0.243. The elastic modulus and peak strength of the composite exhibited an initial decreasing trend followed by an increasing trend as the elastic modulus ratio and strength ratio increased, while the peak strain demonstrated a monotonic increasing trend with the rise in strain ratio. (2) The intricate interplay of the modulus-to-rock ratio, strain ratio, and strength ratio significantly influences the sequence of failure in the backfill-rock composite. Digital Image Correlation (DIC) monitoring images reveal that a lower ratio results in rock failure preceding backfill failure, whereas an increase in the ratio leads to backfill failure occurring before rock failure. (3) Throughout the failure process, the acoustic emission ringing count accumulates during both the pre-peak stress drop and post-peak stages. The cumulative acoustic emission ringing count initially decreases and subsequently increases as the ratio rises. Optimizing the proportioning parameters of the backfill-rock composite can enhance its load-bearing capacity.

In the context of extracting a broken orebody, the implementation of artificially constructed stress isolation measures is a critical approach to maintaining the stability of the mining site and ensuring operational safety. The effectiveness of stress isolation is often influenced by the sequence in which the orebody is mined. Utilizing the mining of a broken orebody in an underground mine as the engineering, context, this study aims to investigate the evolution of stress isolation effects and to determine the optimal stoping sequence for Transverse Longhole Open Stoping. A numerical model with dimensions of 15 m(length)×8 m(width)×24 m(height)was developed using FLAC^3D numerical simulation software to facilitate this investigation. Four mining schemes were designed for analysis, namely (a)continuous mining from both sides towards the center, (b)spaced mining from both sides towards the center, (c)continuous mining from the center towards both sides, and (d)spaced mining from the center towards both sides. Numerical simulations for these four distinct mining schemes were conducted using FLAC^3D software. The results indicated that Scheme (c) demonstrated the most advantageous performance in production mining. Specifically, it achieved the smallest cumulative plastic zone volume (51 782.8 m³), the least roof displacement(with a maximum displacement of 5.91 cm), and the most uniform stress distribution, thereby signifying optimal operational conditions. Consequently, Scheme (c) is recommended as the optimal mining sequence for Transverse Longhole Open Stoping of a broken orebody in a particular mine, which entails continuous mining from the center towards both sides. To investigate the stress isolation effect produced during orebody mining according to this sequence, particularly concerning the isolation effect of horizontal and vertical stresses, separate simulations of the mining processes at vertical and horizontal two-row mining sites were conducted. The displacement and stress distribution patterns during these processes were thoroughly analyzed. The findings indicated that in the vertical two row mining site, configuration, the vertical stress exerted on the roof of the lower stope during extraction was substantially lower than the in-situ stress at that location, when compared to the upper stope mining scenario. This configuration exhibited weaker stress concentration at the stope roof corners(3 MPa to 6 MPa) and resulted in smaller roof displacements. The average vertical displacement of the backfill roof was 0.86 cm less than that of the ore roof. In the horizontally aligned double-row stope layout, stopes with backfill sidewalls, as opposed to those with original rock sidewalls, consistently remained within stress-reduction zones throughout the mining process. After excavation, these stopes demonstrated reduced stress concentration at roof corners, with maximum horizontal displacement and tensile stress in backfill sidewalls decreased by 5.14 cm and 0.66 MPa, respectively, compared to ore sidewalls, culminating in a final sidewall displacement of only 2.2 cm. The study concluded that implementing a continuous mining sequence from the center toward both sides during fragmented ore body extraction could establish a stress isolation effect following stope backfilling, effectively enhancing stope stability and ensuring safe mining operations. These findings provide valuable references for similar mining operations. The research results can provide reference for similar mines.