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Gold Science and Technology ›› 2024, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (1): 144-159.doi: 10.11872/j.issn.1005-2518.2024.01.002

• Mining Technology and Mine Management • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Research on the Evolution of Global Rare Earth Trade Network Pattern and the Relationship Between Competition and Cooperation

Qianlin YE1,2(),Jiyue MA2()   

  1. 1.Institute of Nonferrous Metals Industry Development, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
    2.School of Business, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, China
  • Received:2023-12-18 Revised:2024-01-19 Online:2024-02-29 Published:2024-03-22
  • Contact: Jiyue MA E-mail:jxlgyql@163.com;995040565@qq.com

Abstract:

Rare earth is a key raw material for the development of strategic emerging industries in major countries.Clarifying the evolution pattern and competitive characteristics of global rare earth trade is of great strategic significance for seizing the commanding heights of future industrial development.Based on the perspective of the whole rare earth industry chain,the trade data of seven rare earth products from 1999 to 2022 were selected,and the clustering,centrality and community structure characteristics of the global rare earth trade network were analyzed by complex network analysis method.Competition intensity index and interdependence index were introduced to explore the competition and cooperation relationship in rare earth trade.The research shows that the scale of global rare earth trade continues to expand,the trade network space coverage is wider,connectivity and accessibility are gradually enhanced,with typical “small world” network characteristics.In the rare earth trade,the trend of a few countries occupying most of the trade links is becoming more and more obvious,and the difference in trade resources between nodes is very large.In addition,the rare earth trade is significantly divided into communities,but the composition of members within each community is unstable.From the perspective of competition and cooperation,the average competition intensity of rare earth trade has a small cyclical change,and the competition relationship is mainly reflected in the countries (regions) with a large volume of rare earth trade,and the interdependence tends to be low,and the trend of diversification of trade partners is obvious.On the whole,the competition and cooperation relationship between China and other rare earth trade participating countries(regions) is characterized by “high competitiveness and low dependency”.

Key words: rare earth trade pattern, complex network analysis, competition and cooperation relationship, rare earth product, dependency relationship, strategic emerging industry

CLC Number: 

  • F742

Fig.1

Distribution maps of global rare earth trade networks in 1999,2011 and 2022"

Fig.2

Global rare earth trade amount from 1999 to 2022"

Fig.3

Variation of density and average clustering coefficient of global rare earth trade network from 1999 to 2022"

Fig.4

Variation of average shortest path length and small world coefficient of global rare earth trade network from 1999 to 2022"

Table 1

Top 10 countries (regions)in PageRank from 1999 to 2022"

年份国家(地区)PageRank年份国家(地区)PageRank
1999日本0.1062015中国0.173
美国0.104德国0.111
中国0.084日本0.064
德国0.066美国0.057
法国0.045西班牙0.026
英国0.035法国0.024
荷兰0.027中国香港0.024
韩国0.025瑞士0.021
西班牙0.025荷兰0.02
意大利0.024马来西亚0.02
2007中国0.1492022中国0.286
日本0.094澳大利亚0.141
德国0.065德国0.066
美国0.059美国0.041
西班牙0.045日本0.038
法国0.038法国0.022
意大利0.025西班牙0.02
土耳其0.023土耳其0.016
英国0.023巴西0.015
荷兰0.022印度0.014

Table 2

Top 10 countries (regions) in proximity centrality from 1999 to 2022"

年份国家(地区)接近中心性年份国家(地区)接近中心性
1999德国0.7522015荷兰0.85
美国0.723中国0.84
英国0.715德国0.793
法国0.689美国0.793
荷兰0.674加拿大0.762
中国0.662法国0.749
意大利0.657英国0.736
西班牙0.646西班牙0.71
日本0.639印度0.707
印度0.633比利时0.691
2007中国0.7982022中国0.86
德国0.775加拿大0.768
美国0.755德国0.76
英国0.734法国0.752
加拿大0.708美国0.749
法国0.696荷兰0.731
意大利0.687印度0.71
西班牙0.685土耳其0.71
比利时0.681比利时0.707
印度0.678英国0.689

Table 3

Top 10 countries (regions) in terms of intermediary centrality from 1999 to 2022"

年份

国家

(地区)

中介中心性年份国家(地区)中介中心性
1999美国0.1442015荷兰0.114
德国0.140中国0.095
英国0.122美国0.075
法国0.073加拿大0.075
中国0.065法国0.059
印度0.054新西兰0.053
荷兰0.051德国0.053
西班牙0.045英国0.042
日本0.039中国台湾0.033
意大利0.036比利时0.029
2007中国0.1062022中国0.143
德国0.099美国0.082
美国0.092加拿大0.078
英国0.064法国0.076
加拿大0.060德国0.045
新西兰0.046印度0.045
印度0.044荷兰0.039
比利时0.041土耳其0.032
法国0.037韩国0.030
土耳其0.026南非0.029

Fig.5

Variation of modularity value of global rare earth trade network and its equivalent scale random network from 1999 to 2022"

Table 4

Results of community division of global rare earth trade network from 1999 to 2022"

年份社区1社区2社区3社区4社区5
节点数量/个主要节点节点数量/个主要节点节点数量/个主要节点节点数量/个主要节点节点数量/个主要节点
199983德国、法国、英国、荷兰、西班牙、意大利等41美国、墨西哥、巴西、加拿大等43中国、日本、韩国、新加坡、泰国等12俄罗斯、爱沙尼亚、巴拿马、白俄罗斯等10澳大利亚、沙特阿拉伯、新西兰等
2007103德国、西班牙、法国、意大利、土耳其、英国、荷兰等45美国、墨西哥、加拿大等30中国、日本、泰国、韩国、马来西亚、澳大利亚等13俄罗斯、爱沙尼亚、立陶宛等23印度、南非、肯尼亚、斯里兰卡、津巴布韦等
201589德国、西班牙、法国、瑞士、荷兰、意大利、土耳其等45美国、墨西哥、俄罗斯、加拿大等45中国、日本、马来西亚、泰国、韩国、菲律宾等34印度、南非、阿联酋、赞比亚、津巴布韦、伊朗等3科特迪瓦、布基纳法索、马里
2022126德国、法国、西班牙、土耳其、印度、瑞士等37美国、墨西哥、加拿大、中国台湾等30中国、澳大利亚、巴西、韩国、缅甸、尼日利亚等14日本、菲律宾、越南、马来西亚、泰国、中国香港等9南非、津巴布韦、莫桑比克等

Fig.6

Variation of average competition intensity of global rare earth trade network from 1999 to 2022"

Table 5

Top 15 countries(regions) in terms of competitive intensity from 1999 to 2022"

排序各年份排名情况
199920042009201420192022
1美国德国德国德国德国澳大利亚
2德国美国美国美国美国德国
3日本日本日本日本日本美国
4法国西班牙西班牙法国澳大利亚日本
5英国法国法国荷兰法国法国
6荷兰英国荷兰瑞士西班牙西班牙
7意大利意大利英国西班牙瑞士瑞士
8西班牙瑞士意大利意大利荷兰韩国
9韩国荷兰瑞士韩国英国土耳其
10比利时韩国韩国英国意大利巴西
11新加坡土耳其土耳其土耳其韩国荷兰
12挪威比利时奥地利马来西亚马来西亚意大利
13泰国巴西比利时墨西哥土耳其印度
14马来西亚加拿大泰国印度印度墨西哥
15瑞士泰国印度俄罗斯泰国英国

Table 6

Top 15 countries (regions) in terms of competition intensity with China from 1999 to 2002"

排序各年份排名情况
199920042009201420192022
1美国德国德国德国德国澳大利亚
2日本日本日本日本美国德国
3德国美国美国美国日本美国
4法国西班牙西班牙瑞士澳大利亚日本
5英国法国法国法国法国法国
6荷兰意大利荷兰荷兰西班牙巴西
7韩国英国意大利西班牙瑞士西班牙
8西班牙瑞士英国意大利马来西亚瑞士
9意大利荷兰瑞士韩国荷兰韩国
10新加坡韩国韩国马来西亚韩国土耳其
11比利时土耳其土耳其英国意大利荷兰
12泰国比利时奥地利土耳其英国意大利
13挪威泰国比利时墨西哥印度印度
14马来西亚巴西泰国俄罗斯土耳其菲律宾
15墨西哥加拿大印度印度泰国墨西哥

Fig.7

Distribution map of dependency network among countries (regions) with a global rare earth trade scale of 10 million from 1999 to 2022"

Table 7

Interdependence index between China and the top 15 countries (regions) in global rare earth trade volume"

排序名年份依存指数
199920042009201420192022
1日本0.530日本0.613德国0.346德国0.146德国0.108澳大利亚0.005
2美国0.133德国0.476日本0.736日本0.587日本0.427德国0.049
3德国0.196美国0.121美国0.172美国0.101澳大利亚0.023日本0.205
4法国0.207西班牙0.764西班牙0.266瑞士0.035美国0.386美国0.881
5韩国0.475法国0.366法国0.380马来西亚0.987马来西亚0.856菲律宾0.586
6英国0.235韩国0.537荷兰0.062菲律宾0.466菲律宾0.932巴西0.188
7荷兰0.426意大利0.560韩国0.265法国0.194法国0.087韩国0.077
8新加坡0.344瑞士0.080意大利0.063西班牙0.027西班牙0.134法国0.064
9马来西亚0.304英国0.153瑞士0.070荷兰0.087越南0.242瑞士0.026
10泰国0.984荷兰0.107英国0.146韩国0.375瑞士0.042西班牙0.270
11西班牙0.095土耳其0.001土耳其0.001越南0.248泰国0.407越南0.442
12意大利0.436泰国0.500泰国0.864意大利0.018韩国0.154土耳其0.204
13挪威0.000马来西亚0.366奥地利0.570俄罗斯0.271荷兰0.030意大利0.026
14比利时0.046巴西0.137巴西0.006墨西哥0.017意大利0.027墨西哥0.013
15墨西哥0.100墨西哥0.129马来西亚0.713泰国0.421墨西哥0.006荷兰0.022

Table 8

Dependence index levels between China and the countries (regions) involved in the world rare earth trade"

年份高度相互依存中度相互依存低度相互依存
主要国家(地区)总数主要国家(地区)总数主要国家(地区)总数
1999泰国、澳大利亚、土耳其、朝鲜等10南非、韩国、意大利、荷兰等12法国、德国、美国、希腊等20
2004卢森堡、拉脱维亚、塞浦路斯等13德国、爱沙尼亚、芬兰、伊朗等14挪威、加拿大、英国、巴西等35
2009塞内加尔、安哥拉、泰国、日本等15埃塞俄比亚、沙特阿拉伯等18澳大利亚、新喀里多尼亚、美国等45
2014马来西亚、摩尔多瓦、葡萄牙等17菲律宾、乌干达、缅甸、泰国等20法国、匈牙利、巴西、波兰等63
2019加拿大、菲律宾、格鲁吉亚等21埃塞俄比亚、阿富汗、日本等16喀麦隆、马里、约旦、土耳其等71
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[1] Qiumin LIAO,Lianying LUO. Evolution of the Global Trade Network Pattern of Rare Earth Products and Its Influencing Factors [J]. Gold Science and Technology, 2023, 31(5): 823-834.
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