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Gold Science and Technology ›› 2022, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (6): 877-890.doi: 10.11872/j.issn.1005-2518.2022.06.090

• Mining Technology and Mine Management • Previous Articles    

Evolution of Global Rare Minerals Trade Pattern and China’s Supply Security Research

Wenxing ZHU1,2(),Hengqi HU3,Shuitai XU3,4()   

  1. 1.Commercial College, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, China
    2.Nonferrous Metals Industry Development Research Institute, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
    3.Economic Management College, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
    4.Research Center of Mining Development, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
  • Received:2022-07-13 Revised:2022-09-12 Online:2022-12-31 Published:2023-01-06
  • Contact: Shuitai XU E-mail:81536597@qq.com;stxu@jxust.edu.cn

Abstract:

As the key raw materials of strategic emerging industries,rare mineral resources play an increasingly prominent role in the development of modern industry.In order to grasp the characteristics and pattern of the global rare mineral trade network,and understand the supply security of rare mineral products in China, this paper adopted the complex network to construct a global rare mineral trade network based on the UN Comtrade and the global rare mineral trade data from 2002 to 2020.This paper studied the overall trade characteristics,node centrality and group evolution of the trade network,and simulated the targeted interruption of the supply security of rare mineral products in China.The results show that:(1)The global rare mineral products trade network is gradually becoming more complex,the scale is expanding,the trade connectivity is gradually strengthened,and the characteristics of the small world are maintained all year round.(2)The United States,Germany,France,and the United Kingdom are located in the core position of the rare mineral trade network all year round,and have a strong control over the world’s rare mineral trade,and play an important bridge role in the trade network.(3)China’s position and control ability in the global rare mineral products trade network have increased year by year,and its trading partners have been increasing,and its influence in the trade of rare mineral products has become increasing.(4)There are mainly 4 trading associations in the global rare mineral products trade network,and each community shows the evolutionary characteristics of continuous differentiation and reorganization.(5)The security of the supply of rare mineral products in China has been improved,but it is still in an unsafe state,and preventing targeted interruptions is of great significance to ensure the security of the supply of rare mineral products in China.According to this,the study believes that the following measures can provide a basis for optimizing the trade pattern of rare mineral products in China and formulating policies for supply security.First,establish long-term and stable trade links with the core countries of the global trade in rare mineral products.Second,implement a diversified trade strategy to enhance resilience to targeted disruption risks.Third,actively participate in the exploration of global rare mineral resources and promote the sustainable development of rare mineral resources in China.

Key words: rare minerals, complex network theory, trade patterns, evolutionary characteristics, community division, security of supply

CLC Number: 

  • F746.18

Table1

Trade network measurement indicators and explanation"

指标分类指标名称计算公式含义
整体特征指标网络密度ρ=MN*(N-1)衡量贸易网络中各经济体间联系的紧密程度。其中,M代表实际存在的连边数,N代表稀有矿产品贸易国家(地区)总数
平均度κ=1Ni=1Nki贸易网络中各个节点度的平均值,衡量网络的规模大小。其中,ki表示与经济体i有贸易关系的经济体数量
平均路径长度L=dij12N(N-1)贸易网络中任意2个经济体之间的距离的平均值,衡量国家(地区)贸易的传输效率和性能,反映网络的有效程度。其中,dij表示经济体i到经济体j的最短路径
平均聚类系数M=i=1NEi12ki(ki-1)/N贸易网络中某个国家(地区)的贸易伙伴之间存在贸易关系的平均概率,衡量稀有矿产品贸易的集团化程度。其中,Ei为经济体i与相邻节点两两连接的实际连边数
节点中心度指标度中心度DCi=i=jNaijN-1反映该节点在贸易网络中的影响范围,分为入度中心度和出度中心度。其中,aij为贸易网络邻接矩阵的数值
接近中心度CCi=1/(N-1)j=1,jiNdij衡量某国家(地区)在贸易网络中不受其他国家(地区)影响或控制的能力,值越大表示越容易接近其他节点
中介中心度BCi=abiNgabigab(N-1)(N-2)衡量某国家(地区)在贸易网络中的通道控制能力和中介能力,值越大表示对贸易产品的周转能力和控制能力越高。其中,gab为经济体a与经济体b间最短贸易路径总数;gabi为经济体a与经济体b间经过经济体i的最短贸易路径总数
点强度Di=j=1Nωij表示某国家(地区)的贸易总额,在有向网络中分为入强度和出强度,分别表示该国家(地区)出口或进口贸易总额。其中,ωij为加权贸易网络邻接矩阵数值
社团划分指标模块度Q=12mijωij-kikj2mσ(vi,vj)衡量网络分化程度,值越大表示社团划分效果越好。其中,m为最多可能存在的关系数;vivj表示经济体ij所在的贸易集团

Table 2

Classification of rare mineral resources"

类别名称
稀有轻金属锂、铍、铷、铯
稀有高熔点金属钛、锆、铪、钒、铌、钽、钨、钼、铼
稀散金属镓、铟、铊、锗、硒、碲
稀土金属镧、铈、镨、钕、钷、钐、铕、钆、铽、镝、钬、铒、铥、镱、镥、钪、钇
稀有贵金属铂、铱、锇、钌、钯、铑
稀有非金属石墨

Table 3

Rare mineral product HS code table"

类别稀有矿产品HS编码
稀有轻金属262091、282520、282739、283691、811212、811213、811219、850780、284190、284290、284169、841620、850650、850680、854330
稀有高熔点金属261100、261310、261390、261400、261510、261590、261900、262099 282300、282530、282560、282570、282690、282749、283699、283990、284170、284180、284990、320611、320619、720270、720280、720291、720292、720293、320649、740710、810110、810194、810195、810196、382430、810197、810199、810210、810291、810294、810295、810296、810297、810299、810320、810330、810390、810820、810830、810890、810920、810930、810990、811240、811292、811299、850780、853221、853921、853922
稀散金属262060、280450、280490、281119、284800、811230、811251、811252、811259
稀土金属280530、284610、284690、360690、720299、901320、902620
稀有贵金属284390、381512、711011、711019、711021、711029、711031、711039、711041、711049、711100、711292、711319711510
稀有非金属250410、380110、380120、380190、382499、681510、250490、690310、290490、730441、730449、730451、730459、854590

Fig.1

Evolution of global rare minerals trade total,participating economies and trade relations from 2002 to 2020"

Fig.2

Evolution of the overall characteristic indicators of the global rare mineral products trade network from 2002 to 2020"

Table 4

Top 10 countries(regions) in the centrality index of the global trade network of rare minerals"

排名2002年2013年2020年
经济体入度经济体出度经济体入度经济体出度经济体入度经济体出度
1美国76德国202美国135德国211美国110中国208
2法国67意大利177英国115法国196德国100德国203
3德国67英国173德国114美国192英国98荷兰198
4英国67美国170中国107中国192阿联酋95美国194
5意大利64法国167法国105荷兰189法国94法国193
6瑞士64中国164瑞士104英国186中国91英国187
7比利时61瑞士151阿联酋101瑞士179比利时91比利时185
8西班牙60荷兰147加拿大100意大利179瑞士88意大利176
9荷兰58西班牙145意大利98加拿大174荷兰87西班牙176
10加拿大57中国香港144比利时94比利时168意大利87印度175

Table 5

Top 10 countries with near centrality and intermediary centrality in the global rare mineral trade network"

指标名称2002年2013年2020年
经济体指标值经济体指标值经济体指标值
接近中心度德国0.883德国0.907中国0.891
意大利0.806法国0.858德国0.875
英国0.795中国0.845荷兰0.859
美国0.787美国0.845美国0.846
法国0.779荷兰0.836法国0.843
中国0.772英国0.827英国0.826
瑞士0.740瑞士0.808比利时0.820
荷兰0.730意大利0.808意大利0.795
西班牙0.726加拿大0.794西班牙0.795
中国香港0.724比利时0.778印度0.793
中介中心度美国0.026美国0.064美国0.038
德国0.026德国0.036中国0.026
法国0.020英国0.030德国0.025
英国0.018中国0.029英国0.023
意大利0.016法国0.029阿联酋0.018
瑞士0.012瑞士0.025法国0.018
新加坡0.012澳大利亚0.020荷兰0.016
中国0.010加拿大0.020瑞士0.015
比利时0.010意大利0.019比利时0.015
中国香港0.009荷兰0.019加拿大0.014

Table 6

Top 10 countries in the global rare minerals trade network point strength indicator"

指标名称2002年2013年2020年
经济体指标值经济体指标值经济体指标值
入强度美国144.884瑞士1 184.136美国1002.757
英国71.283中国香港1 137.669英国973.741
瑞士65.273中国1 062.802瑞士872.734
德国51.265阿联酋625.180中国香港447.566
中国香港46.026美国473.453德国379.666
日本39.430印度431.698中国378.570
法国34.561英国314.524印度245.361
韩国26.102德国211.959新加坡221.706
中国24.681新加坡184.052阿联酋176.489
意大利22.888泰国159.393日本166.880
出强度美国120.287瑞士1 456.692瑞士844.011
德国77.613英国953.997中国香港582.878
英国59.876中国香港891.749美国535.92
日本57.688美国600.091英国452.671
意大利56.976中国448.334中国451.221
瑞士47.603阿联酋306.049德国393.194
中国香港43.030德国284.101阿联酋360.785
中国41.297苏丹238.192俄罗斯284.06
澳大利亚36.583加拿大209.316日本231.583
加拿大30.565新加坡196.601加拿大201.543

Table 7

Number of modules and communities of the global rare mineral trade network"

年份模块度社区数
20020.2955
20080.3485
20140.3264
20200.2594

Fig.3

Evolution of the spatial pattern of the global rare mineral trade network group from 2002 to 2020"

Fig.4

Evolution of supply safety of rare mineral products in China from 2002 to 2020"

Fig.5

Simulation of targeted disruption of rare mineral products in China"

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[1] Shuitai XU, Caiwei MA, Wenxing ZHU. Study on the Structure and Evolution of Rare Earth Trade Network Along the Belt and Road [J]. Gold Science and Technology, 2022, 30(2): 196-208.
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