By use of the optical microscope and electronic probe as main tools，this paper focused on the morphology，chemical composition，occurrences of gold minerals in the primary gold ores in Xinshan gold deposit in Yunnan Province，and their ore genetic significances was discussed in association with geological and mineralizing conditions.The results show that the gold minerals belong to Au-Ag solid solution series in which minor mercury and bismuth incorporated.In this solid solution series，electrum is the dominant species，argentiferous native gold in the second proportion and native gold is minor species.Pyrite is the dominant gold carrier mineral，and the occurrence of gold minerals is observed included gold，fissure-filled gold and intergranular gold.As the hydrothermal gold mineralizing process developed，affected mainly by the gentle decrease of fluid temperature and acidity and weak and ajusting activity of ore-controlling fault，gold minerals crystallized orderly as native gold at first，then argentiferous native gold and electrum finally，and following this order，their occurrence changed orderly as included，fissure-filled and intergranular gold.The chemical composition，occurrences and their variation regularities suggest Xinshan gold deposit is mesothermal deposit and there is prospecting potentiality at the unexplored deeper part of the minig area.
Kangshan gold deposit is located in East Qinling-Dabie Mountain Mo metallogenic belt，where deep faults are developed and granites are abundant，dozens of molybdenum deposits，gold deposits and lead-zinc deposits are distributed there.It has the superior mineralization geological condition.Kangshan gold deposit is controlled by the NW direction Machaoying fault and the NE direction Kangshan-Qiliping fault，it is distributed in the top of deep concealed intermediate-acidic rocks.There are both planar and linear about the distribution of alteration belt in this area.Main alteration developed in the faults including potassic alteration，silication，carbonation and propylitization.The spreading of mineral veins is always NE direction and it has the ore-forming regularity of in groups by the almost same distance.Ore types are quartz vein type and altered rock type.The alteration and mineralization are under combined controlled by rock mass and veins.According to analysis of regional metallogenic conditions，studying of the metallogenetic regularity，magmatic origin（porphyry）（Mo-Cu（Ag））-postmagmatic gas-liquid metasomatic （quartz vein） （Au-pb-Ag） models are established in the deep and periphery of Kangshan gold deposit may also exist porphyry type Mo-Cu（Au）deposit.The altered rock deposit in the district is the main deposit type of this kind of deposit.
In the field of Zhaojia gold mine， there are two types of developing northeast trending fault structure and they are ore-bearing or barren respectively.There are obvious differences between them: The ore-bearing northeast trending structure was formed in the early and medium stage of Yanshan cycle. Although the trend of this fault strike is 30 degrees northeast， it has the wave-like curves (The southern part is turning to the trend of east-west direction). Besides， its dip angle is a bit general (10-20°) and the fault zone is thick. And it has strong silicification， sericitization and pyritization. The quartz vein with different thickness can penetrate the fault zone and associate with gold， silver， lead and zinc mineralization. When they reach the regular grade， they can become ore body.The barren northeast trending structure was formed in the later period of Yanshan cycle (Late Cretaceous).The trend of occurrence is straight and 20 degrees northeast. Its dip angle is a bit steep (Approximately 70°).The fault zone is mainly composed of the crushed cataclasite， crushed rock and fault gouge and does not have obvious alteration and mineralization. Based on the features of the two types of northeast trending fault structure， the ore-bearing potential of northeast trending fault structure across Jiaodong can be evaluated and estimated.This can also offer some implications and suggestions for gold prospecting in this region.
Qingchengzi ore field is located at middle of Liaoning-Jilin rift，northern of China-Korean platform Yingkou-Kuandian uplift，experienced multiphase tectonic movement.Since the 20 century，Qingchengzi ore field have been found more than ten gold deposits，such as Baiyun，Gaojiabaozi，it is one of the most well-known domestic gold field.But the genesis of Qingchengzi gold deposit is also the focus of many scholars’debate.In order to define the relation between the nappe structure and the ore-controlling，the genesis of gold deposit was duscussed with the angle of nappe structure deformation.According to the occurrence of gold deposit and the relationship with nappe structure deformation and with magmatic hydrothermal alteration，the ductile shearing deformation-hydrothermal reformation metallogenic model was build，and the gold deposit mineralization types are divided into two categories：（1）developed in the shear zone，controlled by shear deformation and hydrothermal alteration superimposed combination types of deposits；（2）developed in the secondary faults interchange or formation contact zone，controlled by faults and hydrothermal deposit.
Weijiayu gold deposit is located in the northeast plunging crown of Fuping mantle branch structure，its orebody is produced along the diabasic dike and surrounding rock broken contact zone and the deposit is a medium-low temperature nervation altered rock type gold deposit.Based on regional geological features，this article uses the theory of mantle branch structure，focus on analysis of its rock and hours controlling function，and hold that during the Fuping mantle branch structure activity in Yanshanian stage，NNE fault belts of Shanghuangqi-Wulonggou deep fracture and Zijinguan-Lingshan fracture leading of magma and ore hydrothermal.The intrusion of Luotuoan granite strain in this area is further communicated with the ore source at the depth，post-ore bearing hydrothermal solution ransports from bottom to top along the unsubstantial tectonic belt between early NW-diabase and surrounding rock，concentrated mineralization on the top and bottom near the diabase dykes.
Wangjiaping gold deposit is hosted in carbonate formation of upper Devonian Xinghongpu Group，and ore bodies are occur as lenticular，controled by secondary tensional fault around the main fault.Wall rock alterations include pyritization，silicification，orpiment，realgar，carbonization and iron carbonate and so on.In the mining area，Au and Hg，Sb and As are low temperature elements，which have linear correlation.The total amount of rare elements in ores is 94.71×10-6 to 141.03×10-6，average is 117.3×10-6，（La/Sm）N changes in the range from 3.86 to 4.52，which are different from the wall rocks.This shows that the source of ore-forming materials is not wall rocks，but probably come from the deep magma and underlying rock column.Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic characteristics show that the source of the water mainly originated from are magmatic and rain water.The range of δ34S is from -1.51‰ to 12.8‰，the average value is 6.54‰，sulfur may originated from mixture of magmatic hydrothermal and sour formation.The range of major metallogenic temperature is from 90 ℃to 140 ℃，the mineralizing fluid is medium salinity and low density fluid，and average value of metallogenic pressure is 133 MPa.The genetic type of the deposit belongs to medium and shallow low temperature hydrothermal type deposit.
The research about the Changba lead-zinc deposit has owned a wide concerns，especially in the undetermined sources of ore-forming fluids.The study mainly discussed the sources of ore-forming fluids according to analyze helium and argon isotopes compositions of fluid inclusions in pyrite from the Changba lead-zinc deposits.The results show that 3He/4He ratios are range from 0.0137 to 0.0758 Ra，which indicates that the ore-forming fluids were crust-derived fluids.The average of 40Ar/36Ar ratios is 438.78，which is higher than that of the air saturated water（295.5），indicated that radiogenic Ar in crust joined in ore-forming fluids.The low ratios of 40Ar*（%） and 40Ar*/4He showed that the air saturated water involved in the ore-forming process，and part of ore-fluids captured higher radiogenic 4He in surrounding rock.It is concluded that the ore-forming fluids of Changba lead-zinc deposit is formed by a comprehensive action of sedmentary-exhalative metallization in Devonian and tectonic alteration Indo-early Yanshan.
Changlingzi Lead-Zinc deposit is located in the south of Huanggang-Ganzhuermiao polymetallic ore belt，which is one of the most important Ag-Pb-Zn-Cu polymetallic metallogenic belts in the Southern Da Hinggan Mountains.Based on the strata，lithology and structure，the geological characteristics and genesis of the deposit are discussed in this paper.It was thought that the Ⅰore belt of metallogenic material mainly comes from Permian carbonate rocks，deep source magma activity，the formation and migration of ore-bearing hydrothermal，and contact with carbonate metasomatism to form the skarn type zinc polymetallic ore body；Ⅱore zone of Yanshan period granite differentiation of ore and metallogenic hydrothermal ore-forming provide the heat source material，the occurence mode is hydrothermal filling vein，the formation and distribution of ore bodies are controlled by the north-east thrend structure significantly，formed the warm fluid pulse type metal body.
It is known that silver ore resources are rich in China，and metallogenic condition is superior with good prospecting potential，particularly for the Da Hinggan Mountains.For example，in recent years，several large and super-large silver deposits were found at the northern and southern-middle parts of the Da Hinggan Mountains.In the present study，based on the results of silver ore prospecting at southern part of the Da Hinggan Mountains and its ore-forming geological background，main ore-controlling elements，etc，the types of silver deposits in Chifeng region were summarized and sectioned.Overall，the study region can be sectioned into six types，namely，thermal fluid vein type，porphyry type，epithermal type，exhalitive-sedimentary type，structure altered rock type.In addition，the exploration process of silver deposits was elaborated，finally，the prospecting thoughts for silver polymetallic deposit was summarized，which has important significance for future prospecting.
Xinli deposit of Sanshandao gold mine is the first exploited hard rock mine under seawater in China，which mainly occurred in seabed rock between 20 and 670 m in depth and covered by only 2 to 3 meters thick clay aquiclude under seawater.To ensure mining safety and according to mining geological conditions，six intelligently memory displacement meters had been buried in 13#，17# and 37# transverse drifts along exploration lines of 63，71 and 111，respectively.Two buried ways were designed for the six meters.One was an updip drill threading through footwall rock into fill mass and for monitoring the relative deformation between backfill and footwall rock.Another one was an updip drill penetrating footwall rock and F1 main fracture surface into hanging wall rock and for recording the relative deformation between footwall and hanging wall rocks.And the deformation and movement characteristics of backfill and hanging wall rock have been obtained from September 2013 to December 2014.The results showed that the body of fill mass and hanging wall rock under seawater were subject to a comparatively small deformation and remained good stable during the monitoring process.
In order to interpret the deformation behavior of mine backfill and surrounding rock when mining Xinli deposit of Sanshandao gold mine，a quasi-two dimensional mechanical model was built as a plane strain problem.According to the mechanical behavior of fill mass，double-yield plasticity model was adopted for the body of the fill mass and strain-hardening or softening plasticity model was used in the grid of pillars and surrounding rocks.Several displacement monitoring points were set in positions of interest in a FLAC3D model and their results relatively really reflected the movement and deformation rules of the backfill and surrounding rock in cut-and-fill stoping by overhand method.The results showed that the body of fill mass was mainly subjected to compressive deformation in horizontal direction and had a cumulative effect on its volume deformation.And after the compressive deformation of the backfill in vertical direction reaches a maximum value，roof surrounding rock have a vertical upward component of movement under the action of horizontal tectonics stress.
In order to make scientific evaluation on the optimization of mining method to avoid the subjective arbitrariness of experience analogy method of the under-three-objects orebody，based on entropy weight theory and CTODIM decision method，the mining method optimization evaluation model of a submarine hard rock mines was established.In consideration of four aspects of technique，economy，security and resources，and selected ten evaluation indexes to build the structure of evaluation indexes，and to get the entropy weight of the indexes.Then used CTODIM decision to calculate overall perceived dominance degree of mining method selection and sorting. Eventually determine the mechanized panel in filling mining method for the optimal solution.Mining practice shows that the decision model provides a scientific basis for the mining optimization of “under-three objects”，and it has a certain theoretical significance and practical value，and also provides a new method for the similar systems engineering decision problem.
Applying the existing venues as well as facilities，by reasonable planning，construction scheme and optimization of construction sequence，the original horizontal filling station was optimized to be the type of vertical filling station.With this improvement and modification，various issues and disadvantages such as the outdated equipment of original filling station，backward technology，no guarantee for the quality of the filling pulp as well as mining-filling imbalance were solved.After modification of the filling system optimization， the achieved significant results are summarized as follows：（1）a new filling station presented advantage of big sand reserves，good mud making effect，thus gold production capacity was greatly improved；（2）the optimized system was a high degree of automation，simple operation and less laborious；（3）the new system also showed running stability，controllable operation，accurate static and dynamic measurement，stable slurry concentration； （4）the cost of filling was significantly reduced and economic efficiency of enterprises was improved.Practice operation demonstrated that the filling system needs less investment with good benefits.Therefore，it provides a valuable reference and experience for similar mines.
The content of the ballast in the cemented filling body is the key factor to determine the bearing capacity.Acoustic emission experiments are conducted to monitor cemented filling body under uniaxial compression used by RMT-150C material testing machine.Acoustic emission parameters of each stage before peak value of stress-strain can be harvested with 1 MHz acoustic emission sensor.The experimental results show that the effect of the ballast on the changing law of the filling body in different loading stages.Contrast stress-strain-cumulative number of AE events relationship curve，the addition of the block stone is beneficial to reduce the rate of crack generation and expansion of the filling body，and bearing capacity is strengthened.The relation of cemented backfilling’s damage degree described by the number of cumulative AE events and damage-level stress curve are obtained based on the test results.Analysis shows，ballast has a good inhibitory effect on the damage of cemented tailings backfill in the early stage of load bearing and the surge of damage occurred deferred.
By analysis of GNSS high precision locating，working principle of the angle sensor and study of the motions of hydraulic excavator working device，use of GNSS antenna installation at the tail of excavator，angle sensor on cab top，boom and bucket rod，GNSS high precision positioning，vehicle body attitude determination，kinematics problem solving techniques and algorithms were written to the program，precise localization of the excavator and work device posture monitoring were completed.System based on excavator real-time accurate and reliable positioning and attitude control，combined with the digitization of geological and geographic information，and mining guidance is realized，including target position，position of bucket，orebody information below bucket the current position，stope boundary.The test results indicate the monitoring accuracy of the excavator is high，and the mining guidance system based on the posture monitoring of the excavator has a broad application prospect.
In order to improve the recovery of a certain refractory half oxidized gold ore in Qinghai Province，based on the process mineralogy research，the ore leach test，flotation and flotation tailings CIL experiment was carried out，then the environmental gold agent and sodium cyanide contrast leach test.The results show that respective used 1#，2# environmental leaching gold agent and the sodium cyanide，the gold leach rate was 80.07%，79.71% and 80.80% when the -74 microns content is 91.81%.Used flotation and then CIL leach process，the grade of the flotation concentrate is 125.94×10-6，the recovery of flotation is 73.72%，the flotation tailings leach test used 1#，2# environmental leaching gold agent and the sodium cyanide，the dressing comprehensive recovery respectively reached 92.67%，93.62% and 94.99%，when the -74 microns content is 83.64%.
Flotation process is an indispensable step of gold mineral processing.Several difficulties are existed when analyzing the gold flotation process，such as the complexity of multiple parameters which have a comprehensive influence on the flotation and the lack of mechanism models related to flotation.To solve the above problems，on the background of a domestic gold ore dressing plant，a simulation system for gold flotation process was established to simulate the process of gold flotation.Before the establishment of the system，several flotation related mathematical models were established and these models includes the optimization model of production planning，the distribution model of ore quantity，the prediction model of flotation reagents dosage and the prediction models of technical indexes.Then，the simulation system was designed and the system was developed.In this part，a commercial simulation software named ExtendSim was selected as the development platform to develop the simulation system，and the development process of the system was given in this paper. Finally，simulation experiments were conducted using the simulation system and the results was compared with the actual production data.The result of the comparison demonstrates that the simulation system built here can effectively estimate the variation of technical indexes under the conditions of different operating parameters and control parameters.
Based on Omnina that is a Epsilon3 ED-XRF type fluorescence spectrometer with polarization scattering energy，an analysis method for determination of major，minor and trace elements in drilling rock core samples was established.It is faster to determine the major，minor and trace elements using intensity to calculate overlap coefficient and taking compton line as internal standard to subtract interference，hence the analytical results will be more precision and accuracy.In addition，the curve obtained by spectral regression analysis can be used for all of the elements/components.The core samples are cut out pieces by hydraulic cutter，more importantly，analytical instrument and operation condition should be the best.The Omnina with automatic scanning sequence can be applied to detect all of the elements/components in the samples，also it has the advantage of analyzing multiple elements rapidly and simultaneously.The established new analytical method and obtained data are extremely helpful to the drilling construction progress，which will significantly improve the efficiency of construction production. The developed method was put into use for months of field pilot work in the Erguna mining area of Inner Mongolia and we have achieved good geological prospecting results.
Based on the least square method，linear correlation and statistical tests between Au and Sb determined by geoelectric chemistry method in 126 samples of line 41 to 46 at gold-antimony orefield in Longshan，Hunan Province.The same analysis was also conducted between integrating anomaly characteristics of Au and As-Ab-Hg that separated by sequential extraction.The obtained correlation coefficients were 0.895（Au and Sb） and 0.859 （Au and As-Ab-Hg），respectively，bigger than the critical value（0.811），suggesting the significant correlation between gold and associated elements.The test results were in good agreement with known combination features of the abnormal geochemical element in the mining，which can be applied for analysis of quality evaluation. Therefore，it is considered that the analysis results are reliable.Under the conditions without appropriate standard substances or duplicate sample monitoring，geochemical analysis element correlation evaluation method was proposed，which is advantageous to the geochemical prospecting popularization and application.
It is found that the present of 0.04% DDTC in sample solution and 0.2% DDTC in reductant solution at the same time can greatly enhance generation efficiency of volatile species of Au.The problem that computer automatic adjustment range does not meet the experimental conditions of shielding gas or carrier gas can be solved by connecting a rotor flowmeter with control valve in series in shielding （or carrier） gas path.The measuring range of the rotor flowmeter is 0~1 200 mL/min，and it can be adjusted manually.The result shows that the optimal signal intensity and signal-to-noise ratio can be gotten when carrier gas flow rate is 100 mL/min and the shield gas flow rate is 700 mL/min.Signal is above ten times stronger than AAS method after optimizing the parameter of instrument and chemical vapor generation.The method is used in determination of gold of ore sample，the results are consistent with those gotten by flame AAS.The reaction mechanism can be assumed by comparing molecule structure of DDTC，polyurethane foam and thiourea molecules，which will help find new gold sensitizations.
The progress in the study for the process of treatment cyanide wastewater by electrochemistry methods were introduced，the basic principle，characteristics and applications of electrolytic oxidation，electrolytic deposition，electric adsorption，electrodialysis and electrolytic flocculation were mainly introduced.Based on the review of latest research progress of treatment cyanide wastewater by electrochemistry technology both at home and abroad in recent years，prospects of the cyanide wastewater treatment technology were proposed.
Heap leaching is an effective method to deal with low grade gold ore.However，the ores containing much fines and clay are not suitable for direct heap leaching.In order to improve the permeability of ore heap，granulating and pretreatment are necessary.Granulating pretreatment can greatly enhance the gold leaching process and in most cases the leaching rate of the gold can also be improved.The issue researched the granulation of refractory gold ores on laboratory-scale condition.Rock ore and fine ore particle are mixed to granulation，using the cement，gypsum，bentonite，polyacrylamide and lime or several of the bond selection agents as binder.More groups of experiment were carried out，and eventually got the granulation adding appropriate cement，lime and polyacrylamide have better comprehensive performance，and the suitable grain size ratio of ore and powder mine is 1∶2，the most suitable water quality is 140~160 mL/kg.Due to the leaching strength of granulation adding gypsum binder is very poor，it’s not suitable for use as a binder.
The experiment of pretreating the refractory gold ores containing antimony by ozonation leaching was carried out.The results show that，98.13% Sb and 43.52% S could be leaching under the following optimum conditions，that is，leaching at 75 ℃ for 4 h with HCl concentration of 4.5 mol/L，liquid-solid rate at 10∶1，ozone concentration at 121.9 g/L.The gold could be enriched in the slag after dealing with the oxidation leaching.Thiourea was used in leaching gold from the ores and the leaching slag，70.17% Au could be extracting from the leaching slag，while only 12.36% from the ores.Therefore，comprehensive recovery of Sb and Au could be achieving by ozonation pretreatment.The results can provide theoretical and technological supports for leaching stibnite and pretreating refractory gold ores by ozone oxidation.
According to the gold concentrate of a cyanide plant，in order to further enhance the rate of cyanide leaching，the minitype，semi-industrial and industrial experimental study were conducted under atmospheric oxygen enriched leaching technology in this study.The results of minitype test showed that the rich oxygen leaching process can increase the leaching rate by 0.3%，and the semi-industrial test displayed that the gold leaching rate was obviously higher than that obtained by the air leaching.In addition，industrial test results during three months demonstrated that the oxygen rich leaching can improve the leaching speed compared to the technique of air leaching，and significantly increase the leaching rate by 0.18%.With the oxygen rich leaching，the silver grade in leach residues can be even low to 5×10-6~6×10-6，and it increased economic benefits by 4.9 million yuan per year.Hence，the research results in the present work provide reference for application in the gold enterprises，and will promote the development of the cyanide leaching technology in the future.
In order to protect water resources，realize green development and gold extraction with environmental protection，it was tried to use ten pro-environment type regents for gold leaching，and selected better regents used for further industrial test.The results showed that one of the gold extraction regents had the advantages of environmental protection，fast procedure and easy operation.For example，leaching efficiency reached to70.47% for 747 g/t mineral aggregate，particularly for oxidized ore，leaching efficiency can even be up to75.16%.Thus，the pro-environment type regent was applied to CIP process for six months production.The results of practice in production demonstrated that this gold extraction regent can replace to NaCN，and leaching efficiency was about 72.92%for 650 g/t mineral aggregate，showing that the production cost reduced by 4.78 RMB/t and 0.57 million RMB/year.Obviously，this kind of gold extraction regent has the good economic benefit and remarkable environmental benefit，hence it can be applied in the gold industry in future.
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