The Jiaodong Peninsula represents the largest gold orefield in China and ranks as the third largest globally，with orebodies predominantly controlled by fault structures.The mineralization of gold deposits within the Sanshandao fault zone exhibits variability attributable to alterations in the controlling fault structures，leading to disparities in ore body continuity and ambiguous exploration indicators.This study systematically cataloged and sampled multiple drill holes and underground tunnels along exploration line 30 in the Beibuhaiyu and Sanshandao gold deposits.Based on the paragenetic associations of minerals and the cross-cutting relationships among ore veins，the gold deposits in the northern sea area can be categorized into four distinct metallogenic stages：quartz-pyrite-potassium feldspar（stage Ⅰ），quartz-pyrite-chalcopyrite-native gold（stage Ⅱ），quartz-pyrite-galena-sphalerite-native gold（stage Ⅲ），and barren siderite-calcite（stage Ⅳ）.Notably，stage Ⅱ and stage Ⅲ represent the primary metallogenic phases for native gold.The analysis of ore-bearing and barren sections of controlling faults through shortwave infrared spectroscopy has demonstrated substantial differences in alteration mineral composition，Al-OH absorption peak positions，and crystallinity index （IC）.Notably，elevated Pos2200 and IC values exhibit a strong positive correlation with gold mineralization.Furthermore，statistical evaluation of grade data from multiple drill holes，augmented by machine learning algorithms，underscores the significant influence of IC values.The analysis of trace elements in pyrite revealed substantial positive correlations among elements including arsenic（As），lead（Pb），bismuth（Bi），tellurium（Te），antimony（Sb），and，gold（Au）.Consequently，this study has established a novel exploration indicator grounded in variations in fault attitude，shortwave infrared spectroscopy markers，and pyrite elemental，commposition.This indicator holds considerable significance for informing practical prospecting efforts.

The cohesion（c） and internal friction angle（φ） of rock are critical parameters in the design and stability assessment of rock engineering projects.Direct measurement of these parameters necessitates condu-cting numerous rock triaxial or shear tests，which are both time-intensive and expensive.This study proposes the development of intelligent models to predict the values of c and φ based on four readily obtainable parameters：P-wave velocity（V_P），density（ρ），uniaxial compressive strength（UCS），and Brazilian tensile strength（BTS）.A total of 199 datasets containing various rock types were collected and randomly partitioned into a training set（80%） and a test set（2%）.The distribution characteristics and correlations among the data were analyzed using scatter plots for data distribution and correlation plots for variables.To address discrepancies in characteristic attributes，such as magnitude and order of magnitude across different input variables，a normalization function was applied.Subsequently，five ensemble trees were utilized to develop predictive models for rock shear strength parameters.Bayesian optimization was employed to optimize the hyperparameters of the models.Concurrently，five-fold cross-validation was implemented during model training.To evaluate the performance of the models，four widely recognized regression metrics were utilized：The coefficient of determination （R2），root mean square error （RMSE），mean absolute error （MAE），and variance accounted for （VAF）.Additionally，a ranking system was introduced to provide a comprehensive assessment of the five models.The model evaluation demonstrated that the constructed models exhibited robust predictive performance，with the extremely randomized tree model outperforming others.Specifically，for predicting the value of c，the R² was 0.993，the RMSE was 0.45，the MAE was 0.309，and the VAF was 99.306%.For predicting the value of φ，the R² was 0.97，the RMSE was 0.823，the MAE was 0.612，and the VAF was 97.058%.Furthermore，the application of the SHAP interpretation method for sensitivity analysis indicated that V_P，UCS，and BTS significantly influenced on the prediction of c，whereas ρ had a substantial impact on the prediction of φ.Finally，rock blocks were collected and processed into samples for physical-mechanical testing to determine the V_P，ρ，UCS，BTS，c，and φ values of rocks at various locations within the Jinchuan Ⅱ and Ⅳ mining areas in China.The model was effectively utilized to predict the c and φ values for rocks in the Jinchuan mining area，thereby validating its practicability.Furthermore，a graphical user interface was developed to facilitate ease of use for engineers and technicians in the field.

The debate surrounding the source，properties and evolution of ore-forming fluids and the genesis of gold deposits in the Wangu area are still remains unresolved.To address this issue，the present study focuses on the Jiangdong gold deposit within the Wangu area，conducting a comprehensive analysis of quartz samples from different stages of the deposit.This analysis includes SEM-CL observation，microtemperature measurement of fluid inclusions，laser Raman spectroscopy，and H-O isotopic compositional analysis.Through examination of the relationship between the veins and the symbiotic combination between the minerals，four distinct mineralization stages have been identified.The mineralization stages at the study site are prioritized as follows： （1）quartz-scheelite stage，（2）quartz-pyrite stage，（3）quartz-pyrite-arsenopyrite-polymetallic sulfide stage，and （4）quartz-calcite stage，and the main mineralization stages are the second and third stages.Fluid inclusions within the quartz at each stage were categorized into three types，namely aqueous inclusions （TypeⅠ），aqueous and CO₂ three-phase inclusions （TypeⅡ），and pure CO₂ inclusions （TypeⅢ）.The homogeneous temperatures of the four phases of fluid inclusions range from 264 ℃ to 347 ℃，255 ℃ to 329 ℃，194 ℃ to 271℃，and 157 ℃to 235 ℃ respectively，aand the salinities range from 2.82% to 8.56% NaCl_eqv，from 1.84% to 9.04% NaCleqv，from 2.24% to 11.23% NaCl_eqv，and from 1.87% to 8.71% NaCl_eqv.The H-O isotope analysis indicates that the ore-forming fluids in the Jiangdong gold deposit are predominantly sourced from magmatic fluids，likely associated with magmatic activities during the Yanshanian period.Fluid-rock interactions may have resulted in the early ore-forming fluids being influenced by partially metamorphic fluids.Over the course of mineralization from early to late stages，the composition of the ore-forming fluid transitioned from a medium-temperature and medium-low salinity H₂O-NaCl-CO₂ system to a medium-low temperature and medium-low salinity H₂O-NaCl system.Gold is primarily transported in the form of Au（HS）{}_{\mathrm{2}}^{-} within ore-forming fluids，with fluid immiscibility and fluids-rock reaction likely serving as the primary mechanisms for gold precipitation.When considering the geological characteristics of the Jiangdong gold deposit，along with fluid inclusion studies and H-O isotope data，it can be classified as a magmatic hydrothermal deposit associated with magmatic activity.

During the development of high-temperature true triaxial testing， the imposition of high-temperature environments， cyclic loading and unloading， cyclic thermal shocks， and other complex loading conditions necessitates stringent requirements for the thermal insulation performance of the test system. In oder to scientifically and rationally select appropriate thermal insulation materials for the high-temperature true triaxial test machines under such complex conditions， three kinds of high-temperature engineering thermal insulation materials （GX）， glass fiber， and high-temperature resistant resin composite thermal insulation material （BX） and high temperature barrier composite mica material （YM）were prepared. A series of laboratory tests， including cyclic thermal shock， high-temperature exposure， and cyclic loading and unloading， were conducted to simulate the mechanical and thermal conditions representative of operational environments. These tests aimed to evaluate the thermal conductivity， elastic modulus， compressive strength， and microstructural evolution characteristics of the materials under complex working conditions. The results indicate that the thermal conductivity of the three insulation materials initially increases and subsequently decreases with rising temperature under high-temperature conditions， while the elastic modulus exhibits a certain degree of reduction. During cyclic thermal shock experiments， the thermal conductivity of the YM material demonstrated a consistent decline with an increasing number of heating and cooling cycles. In contrast， the thermal conductivity values of the other two materials initially increased and then decreased.The variation in the elastic modulus exhibited a pattern analogous to that observed under high-temperature conditions. Under cyclic loading and unloading conditions， the thermal conductivity of the insulation material initially increases and subsequently decreases as the number of cycles progresses. Notably， the first cycle of loading and unloading exerts the most significant influence on the thermal insulation and physical properties of the material. Scanning Electron Microscopy （SEM） results indicate that the pores within the laminated structure of the YM material remained small following thermal shock， with no significant crack formation observed after high-temperature treatment. The structure was both complete and stable. A comprehensive evaluation of the thermo-mechanical properties revealed that， after exposure to high-temperature environments and cyclic thermal shock， the structural integrity of the YM material was exceptionally stable. Consequently， YM material is deemed the optimal choice for insulation in rock true triaxial testing machines. This study establishes a foundational framework for the selection of thermal insulation materials in true triaxial test equipment and offers significant guidance for both the research and application of thermal insulation material sheets in true triaxial test machines.

Yushugoushan gold deposit is located in the western part of the north Qilian orogenic belt，it is a newly discovered medium-sized gold deposit.It belongs to post-magmatic hydrothermal gold deposit.The formation of the gold deposit is closely related to the hydrothermal alteration of the granodiorite porphyry veins.In order to confirm the intrusive age，lithogenesis and magma source characteristic of the granodiorite porphyry veins，the study of LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb isotopic dating，Hf isotope and whole-rock geochemical were carried out.The results show that the lithology of granodiorite porphyry veins is altered granodiorite porphyry，which intrudes into the structural fracture zone in the Yingou Group strata.The LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb age of granodiorite porphyrys obtained is （423.5±3.5）~（422.8±3.4）Ma，indicating that the magma emplacement age is Late Silurian.The major elements of granodiorite porphyrys are characterized by low TFe₂O₃（1.57%~2.43%），MgO（0.91%~1.43%）contents and A/CNK values（1.10~1.29），suggesting the granodiorite porphyrys belongs to the calcalkaline and peraluminous series rock.They are relatively enriched such as Rb，Ba，Sr and light rare earth elements，and depleted Nb，Ta and Y，Yb，it is characterized by high Sr content（289×10^-6~486×10^-6） and Sr/Y ratio （65.1~95.3），low content of Y （4.11×10^-6~5.48×10^-6） and Yb（0.38×10^-6~0.49×10^-6），this likely indicates adakitic granite.In-situ Hf isotope analysis of zircon shows that the ε_Hf（t） values range from 7.50 to 11.0，and Hf two-stage model age is 0.86 Ga to 0.67 Ga，suggesting that the major rock is the product of partial melting of juvenile crust derived from the Neoproterozoic depleted mantle.Combined with the regional geological background，it is preliminarily considered that the Yushugoushan granodiorite porphyry veins is formed the post collision extension stageintracontinental extension，during the Late Silurian，strong intracontinental extension induced the partial melting of the Neoproterozoic juvenile crust in the orogenic belt，and formed adakitic magma.In the process of its continuous upwelling and evolution，the Yushugoushan granodiorite porphyry dyke were formed.

The tailings yield of gold mines is typically high leading to the utilization of a small amount of binder in dense tailings slurry for the preparation of backfilling materials used in underground goaf filling.This practice facilitates the resource utilization of tailings and goaf treatment.However，the particle size of tailings used for backfilling is becoming finer and finer，and the high transport resistance of fine tailings and the low strength of cemented fine tailings backfill are the problems that hinder its application.In order to solve this problem，the fine tailings backfilling in gold mine in Jiaodong area was taken as the engineering background in this paper，and the grain size and mineral composition of fine tailings were analyzed.The slag based binder proposed in the previous study was used to prepare the fine tailings backfilling material.The pipeline conveying performance of fillers was analyzed by rheological test and L-tube test.The internal microstructure of the backfill was characterized by scanning electron microscopy，uniaxial compressive strength test was carried out，and the strength formation and growth mechanism of the fine tailings backfill was analyzed.The results show that，in addition to the large specific surface area of fine tailings，the high proportion of low hardness minerals（Mohs hardness less than 3） such as clay minerals is another internal reason for the high flow resistance of fine tailings backfilling slurry and the decrease of strength of backfill.The larger viscosity is conducive to the formation of laminar flow of fine tailings.The laminar-turbulent critical velocity of fine tailings slurry first increases slowly and then rapidly with the increase of concentration.The critical velocity of fine tailings slurry can be determined by the improved laminar-turbulent critical velocity model，so as to control the slurry velocity.The fine tailings slurry has a reasonable filling concentration of 64%，the slurry of this concentration is laminar flow and can achieve full pipe state，and the strength of the fine tailings filling body can meet the mine demand.The slag-based binder is suitable for fine tailings backfilling.With the hydration of the binder，most of the free water in the slurry becomes the binding water of the hydration product ettringite（AFt） and the hydrated calcium silicaluminate （C-A-S-H）.Moreover，the inner structure of the backfill increases in density through the continuous filling of hydration products，which promotes the increase of strength.The research conclusion proves that the strength of fine tailings backfill that meet mining demand can be obtained by determining the suitable concentration of backfill slurry and using the new binder，and the feasibility of fine tailings backfill in gold mines was demonstrated.

The Xihuashan gold mining area is located in the Qilian tectonic metallogenic belt of the Qinling-Qilian-Kunlun orogenic belt，Machang and Liugou gold deposits have been found in the mining area.The ore-bearing strata in the area are the metamorphic strata of the Haiyuan group，and the veins are controlled by the fault zone.The ore types are mainly altered lamprophyre type，quartz vein type and altered rock type.In order to find out the genetic type and metallogenic process of the Xihuashan gold deposit，the field geological survey，microthermometry of fluid inclusionsand H-O-S isotope geochemistry of Machang and Liugou gold deposit were carried out.The results show that the homogenization temperature of quartz fluid inclusions in Machang gold deposit ranges from 140.1 ℃ to 382.6 ℃，and mainly concentrated in 250~260 ℃，the corresponding salinity is 2.57%~10.72% NaCl_eq.The homogenization temperature of quartz fluid inclusions in Liugou gold deposit ranges from 203.2 ℃ to 353.9 ℃，and mainly concentrated in 270~280 ℃，and the freezing point temperature is -8.2~-3.2 ℃，the corresponding salinity is 5.28%~12.08% NaCl_eq，mainly concentrated in 7%~8% NaCl_eq.The δD values of quartz in Machang gold deposit are -86.5‰~-87.2‰，and the δ¹⁸O values are 15.4‰~16.7‰.The δD values of quartz in Liugou gold deposit are -90.2‰~-91.6‰，the δ¹⁸O values are 15.7‰~17.0‰.Therefore，the ore-forming fluid belongs to the medium-low temperature medium-low salinity fluid，the main source of magmatic water.Additionally，the δ³⁴S values in the pyrite of the Machang and Liugou mine areas range from -1.00‰ to 0.27‰.The combination of the S isotopic composition in the regional stratigraphy and electron probe analysis of pyrite suggests that the sulfur source of gold-bearing sulfides（with δ³⁴S values close to zero） is primarily derived from deep magma，whilesulfides containing trace amount of gold or without gold are derived from the surrounding rock stratigraphy.During the Late Garidonian period，the magmatic dynamic and thermal influence of the Juewushan rock mass made the ore-forming materials in the white schist such as muscovite albite quartz schist in the Xihuashan area concentrated in fracture fissures to form early hydrothermal quartz veins. Simultaneously，in the late stage of magmatic differentiation and evolution，the ore-froming materials were separated from the magma，forming mineralized veins such as lamprophyre veins and quartz albite veins.When the solution temperature eventually dropped to the temperature of gold precipitation，the ore-forming hydrothermal fluid precipitated and enriched in the favorable position of the fault zone，forming gold deposits such as quartz vein types and fracture alteration rock types.

In view of the low accuracy and uneven water distribution of water content in rock samples with different water saturations，a preparation method of rock samples with different water saturations and uniform distribution of water content was proposed based on the principle of osmotic technology and chemical thermodynamics.The basic principle consists of two parts：One is to control the concentration and molecular weight size of polyethylene glycol（PEG） in organic solution，so as to precisely control the matrix suction values of the solution water and water in the sample to determine the final water saturation of the sample.The other is to control the type of supersaturated solution placed in the constant humidity environment of the rock sample，so as to precisely control the chemical potentials of the component water when the total weight of the sample is stable，and the final water saturation of the sample is determined. The water saturation of rock samples prepared by this mothed are qualified samples with uniform saturation distribution.The water rationality of the method for accurately preparing rock samples with uniform water saturation distribution was also verified by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging（NMRI） experiments.Meanwhile，a device is designed independently to prepare rock samples with different saturations under constant humidity environment，and the constant strain rate compression test of sandstone under different saturation conditions was carried out by using the device.The test results show that the uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus of sandstone decreases with the increase of water saturation.After the peak，the post-peak stress decline slows and the brittleness of the sample decreases with the increase of water saturation. With the increase of confining pressure，the compaction stage of sandstone sample is weakened，and the deformation of the sample undergoes the process of elastic-brittle→elastic-plastic→strain hardening.The results of the study provide new methods and ideas for the accurate preparation of rock samples with different water saturations.

The Wulong gold mine in Liaodong has been mined for more than 80 years，the reserve of mining resources has seriously declined，and the problem of insufficient reserve resources is particularly prominent.It is urgent to identify the deep and peripheral mineral resources in the mining area.Through the measurement of transient electromagnetic method（TEM）in the northwest and southeast sides of the v163 ore vein and the south side of the No.100 fault，the corresponding 2D and 3D geoelectric models were constructed，and the charac-teristics of low resistance anomalies in the mining area were analyzed.Combined with previous achievements，the genetic types of gold deposits and the next exploration direction were inferred.The results show that the low resistance area on the P0 section in the northwest direction of the v163 ore vein is caused by a group of fine-grained diorite veins，including the northwest section of the v163 ore vein，which is highly likely to belong to the quartz vein type mineralization.The low resistance area in the 3D geoelectric model on the south side of the No.100 fault corresponds to the Dagudingzi gold deposit.The deep scale of the low resistance area on the north side increases，and the anomaly is not closed，indicating that the deep part of the north side of the area has a good prospecting prospects and it is worthy of further work.In the 3D geoelectric model in the southeast direction of the v163 ore vein，the low resistance anomaly value is significantly lower in magnitude than the former two，suggesting that it is caused by an alteration zone.After the engineering verification hole，it is revealed that there are multiple layers of discontinuous silicified altered rocks vertically in this area，with a maximum thickness of 41 m.The alteration types include silicification，sericitization，chloritization，and varying degrees of pyrite mineralization.This research indicates that there are not only quartz vein type gold orebodies in the Wulong gold deposit，but also altered rock type gold，which may be the main direction of the next pros-pecting in the mining area.

During deep tunnelling using drill-and-blast method，excavation damaged zone （EDZ） is inevitably induced in surrounding rocks due to the coupled impacts of blast loading and dynamic initial stress unloading and thus affect the structure stability.Therefore，it is very important to predict EDZ depth before roadways excavation.Relying on the field measurements of EDZ in several underground mines as the research object，300 data samples were collected.Four mainstream hyperparametric optimization algorithms，i.e.，genetic algorithm （GA），gray wolf optimization algorithm（GWO），particle swarm optimization algorithm（PSO），and salp swarm algorithm （SSA），were used to optimize the XGBoost algorithm and to construct four hybrid models for EDZ prediction.Comparative analysis of predictive model performance was conducted in terms of R²，RMSE，MAE and MAPE，along with a sensitivity analysis of the influencing parameters.Finally，the optimal PSO-XGBoost model was applied to a transportation roadway in an underground mine for engineering validation.The results show that the GA-XGBoost，GWO-XGBoost，PSO-XGBoost，and SSA-XGBoost models achieve the best predictive performance with swarm sizes of 90，70，60 and 100，respectively.Among them，the PSO-XGBoost model demonstrates the best predictive performance with correlation coefficients of 0.9244 and 0.8787 in the training and testing sets，respectively.Moreover，compared to bench models（XGBoost，RF，SVM and LightGBM），both the prediction accuracy and stability of the optimized models are improved.The tunnel diameter（TD） and rock mass geological strength index（GSI） have the most significant influence on the loosened zone thickness，along with a noticeable impact from the vertical principal stress.The application results of the optimized XGBoost model in practical engineering show that the error between the measured value and the predicted value is within 10%，indicating that the PO-XGBoost is of significance for engineering application.

After mining operations，a large number of broken ore pillars will be left behind，forming a group of ore pillars.The group of ore pillars is of great significance for safe underground operations and the recovery of ore pillars resources.Under the influence of high ground stress，geological weak surface structure，free face generation，blasting vibration and other factors，the ore pillars group is very prone to instability，collapse，resulting in disaster of a large area of instability ore pillars group，thus causing great harm to underground workers and equipment.In order to strengthen the safety control of the mine pillars group，the stability analysis was carried out based on the renormalization group theory and Bayesian network.The renormalization group is a scaling transformation group.The self-similarity transformation of the basic unit can be used to describe the whole system，which is similar to the process in which the instability of a single pillar ultimately leads to the instability of the pillars group.Bayesian network can also overcome the uncertainty in the process of the instability of the pillars group.Therefore，based on the renormalization group theory and Bayesian network，the stability analysis model of pillars group was established.A pillars group in Tongkeng mine was taking as the research object.Firstly，the critical instability probability of the pillars group was derived based on the two-dimensional renormalization group model.Secondly，the multiple logistic regression model was used to deduce the calculation formula of the instability probability of a single pillar，then the stability，instability and instability probability of the pillar was calculated，and the stability probability of a single pillar was input into the Bayesian network to obtain the instability probability of the pillars group.Finally，by comparing with the critical instability probability of the pillars group obtained from the two-dimensional renormalization group model，the stability group of the pillars group was obtained.The research results show that this method can more accurately obtain the instability probability of the ore pillars group，and by defining the stability probability of a single ore pillar to carry out Bayesian network probability inversion and sensitivity analysis on the ore pillars，can design the optimal mining route of the ore pillars，and achieve safe，efficient and low loss recovery of pillars resources in the panel.This method can also provide reference for stability analysis and pillars resource recovery of similar mine pillar groups.

With the booming development of big data and Internet of Things technology，traditional mines have developed to smart mines and intelligent mines，and unmanned technology has been gradually applied to mining areas.In order to solve the problem that the rockfall detection of unstructured road in open-pit mine area has complex environment，large difference in rockfall size and similar color between rockfall and unstructured road surface，a rockfall detection model of mining road based on weighted bidirectional feature fusion was proposed.First，the SimAM attention mechanism is added to the backbone network，this attention mechanism is different from the previous channel attention mechanism and spatial attention mechanism，it can effectively eliminate the interference of the background environment without adding additional parameters，so that the model can focus more on the target characteristics of rockfall.Second，the weighted bidirectional feature pyramid（BiFPN）structure was used to realize multi-scale feature fusion in the neck.Since the PANet structure in the YOLOv5s network model only adds or splice the characteristics of the pyramid structure in the melting process，the bidirectional feature weighting was combined with the bidirectional feature of the weight and adaptive adjustment to ensure that the network model attaches proper importance to the rock ebaissees different sizes and different levels and realizes the addition between the low-level position information and high-level semantic information for multiple cross-layer weighted feature fusion，thus enhancing the feature extracion ability of the model for rockfall of different sizes.Finally，the lightweight convolution GSConv module was introduced into the col，which can be used to process function cards at this time，not only reducing redundant information，but also avoiding compression.The GSConv lightweight convolution module is based on deep separable convolution（DSC），ordinary convolution（SC） and channel shuffle operation，which improves the detection speed of the model by effectively reducing the complexity of the model.The experimental results show that the average detection accuracy of this algorithm reaches 92.8%.and the detection speed reaches 63.1FPS.Compared with the current fastest R-CNN，YOLOv4-tiny，YOLOv7 and YOLOv5s algorithms，the average detection accuracy is increased by 17.0，13.6，3.4 and 2.5 percentiles，and the detection speed is increased by 32.2，1.4，14.6 and 2.6 FPS，respectively.Moreover，the model size of the algorithm is only 12.9 MB，which is easy to deploy on mobile devices.Therefore，the algorithm can realize the real-time and accurate detection of unstructured road rockfall in mining area，and ensure the safe driving of unmanned mining card.

The formation of the Dayingezhuang gold deposit involves the coupled effects of tectonic deformation，pore-fluid transport，heat transfer，and hydrogeochemical reactions.In this paper，FLAC^3D nume-rical simulation software and modern mineralization rate concept were used to carry out numerical simulation of force-heat-fluid-chemical coupling of Dayingezhuang gold deposit，so as to explore the controlling effect of fracture structure，bulk deformation，and chemical process coupling on the emplacement of gold orebody.The simulation results demonstrate the following findings： From the perspective of physical process，the steep-slow transition and its local undulation zones along the Zhaoping fault tend to develop larger volume strains with differences of up to 1% compared to the surrounding rocks.This uneven strain distribution leads to the formation of uneven ore-holding spaces and pore pressure variation distribution.Significantly differences between high values of positive and negative pore pressure gradients are observed near the zones with large volume strains，while the differences in other zones are less notable.From the perspective of chemical process，mineralizing fluids tend to converge and stagnate at sites with high volume strain during their migration from the deep to the shallow parts.This convergence of mineralizing fluids leads to a greater precipitation of gold orebodies （mineralization rate less than 0），indicating the occurrence of intense water-rock reactions.In contrast，the areas where the mineralizing fluids don’t converge exhibit a predominance of positive mineralization rate dis-tribution，suggesting the absence of significant gold orebody precipitation.Furthermore，the ROC curve analysis with an AUC value of 0.815 provides quantitative evidence of the strong correlation between the mineralization rate and known gold orebodies，suggesting that this coupling of multiple physical-chemical processes at the same sites may be a key factor governing the formation of Dayingezhuang gold deposit. Based on these observations，it can be inferred that the deep-seated regions of Dayingezhuang deposit hold considerable mineralization potential.

In recent years，with the decrease of land mineral resources，the development of marine minerals has become a global emerging industry，especially the mining of coastal bedrock deposits under the sea，has been the focus of mining development in various countries.For large-scale mining under the sea，the movement and deformation of the submarine rockbody poses a major threat to mining safety.It is important to pay attention to the deformation damage of the surrounding rock，which is important to realize the safe and efficient production of submarine mines. In order to study the deformation and damage characteristics of the surrounding rocks of the underground mine body in the Xinli mining area，the 55 exploration line perpendicular to the mine body was used as the monitoring profile，and the roadway roofs of -200 m，-240 m，-320 m，-400 m，-480 m，and -600 m sublevels were monitored by the underground four-level monitoring system that has been deployed since December 2015.The vertical displacements of the surrounding rocks in sublevels of the roadway at -200 m，-240 m，-320 m，-400 m，-480 m and -600 m were monitored for a long time，and the time series data of the settlement of the roadway roof in each sublevel were obtained.The deformation of the surrounding rock caused by metal ore mining is a complex mechanical problem.By analyzing the multi-year monitoring results，several significant characteristics of underground settlement are revealed.（1）The deformation caused by mining of the orebody in sublevel at different depths of the seabed shows a large influence range on the rock mass of the fault hanging wall，while the influence range on the footwall rock mass is small.（2）The closer to the orebody（or the ore-control fault F₁） the greater the subsidence of the rock body，forming the feature that the slope of the curve to the left of the maximum settlement point in the settlement curve is larger in absolute value，while the slope of the curve to the right is slightly smaller in absolute value.（3）The final subsidence curves of the six sublevels in the line 55 profile have similar shapes and are generally asymmetric funnel-shaped，with the -200 m sublevel and the -240 m sublevel having a gentle bottom of the cumulative subsidence curve，which is similar to a “pot”，while the -320 m，-400 m，-480 m and -600 m sublevels have a “funnel” shaped subsidence curve.This phenomenon is related to the mining activities in the mine area.（4）The single settlement value in any monitoring period in the sublevel at any depth has the characteristics of up and down fluctuation，which reflects the non-linear characteristics of settlement deformation to a certain extent.The practice of seabed mining in Sanshandao gold mine confirms that：Since 2005，with the expansion of mining scale，the increase of mining intensity and the extension of mining years，the deformation of some of the underground tunnels is serious，and the movement and deformation of the underground surrounding rocks may cause seawater to gush into the tunnels along the damaged rocks，thus threatening the life safety of mining personnel.The study concluded that the thickness of the orebody，mining depth，mining intensity，surrounding lithology and rock structure as well as filling effect in the Xinli mining area are potential factors affecting the deformation of the surrounding rock in the mining of the inclined orebody.Among them，the presence of the controlling fault F₁ in the mine area directly affects the shape of the surrounding rock deformation curve，and this deformation feature should be considered in future production work as well as safety maintenance work（roadway repair work） to prevent from affecting productivity or even generating safety accidents.

Rock joints have significant influence on the propagation of stress waves in jointed rock mass.Study on the propagation law of stress waves in jointed rock mass is of great practical significance and theoretical value for rock blasting，earthquake engineering and explosion protection.The code was written by FISH language to modify the normal stiffness of micro-joints in the smooth joint model，and a particle flow model of rock joints with nonlinear deformation characteristics was established.The propagation characteristics of stress waves across single nonlinear deformed joints were analyzed，and the influence laws of joint stiffness，stress wave amplitude and stress wave frequency on the transmission and reflection coefficients were obtained.The interaction mechanism between stress wave and joint was revealed from microscopic perspective.The results show that the joint equivalent stiffness has a great influence on transmission and reflection coefficients of the stress wave.The larger the equivalent stiffness is，the larger the transmission coefficient is，and the smaller the reflection coefficient is.When the joint stiffness reaches a certain critical value，the transmission coefficient increases slowly and tends to a constant value.With the increase of the amplitude of incident wave，the transmission coefficient is increasing and reflection coefficient is decreasing.The stress wave transmission coefficient decreases with the increase of incident wave frequency，and the joint shows high frequency filtering.

Quartz （carbonate） vein type and altered rock type ores are the most important ore types in hy-drothermal gold deposits，and the quartz vein type ores are widely studied. However，altered rock type ores are much less well studied due to the complexity of mineral compositions and unavailability for fluid inclusion and geochemical analysis. Compared with quartz veins，altered rock ores generally has a lower grade but larger reserve，which is of great significance for gold exploration. Altered rock ores，closely associated with fluid-rock interactions，represent a typical mineralization style in hydrothermal gold deposits. In the Huangjindong gold deposit of the Jiangnan orogenic belt，South China，altered slate ores are mostly developed in the bleaching alteration zone.Previous research demonstrates that the alteration associated with mineralization mainly include sericitization，silicification，carbonatization and sulfidation，but the gold precipitation mechanism of altered slate ores remains indistinct. Based on field work， and petrographic observations，altered rock type ores in the Huangjindong gold deposit commonly occur in the bleaching alteration zone with a remarkable color transformation from greenish grey to yellow-pale grey.The bleaching alteration zone generally distribute symmetrically along carbonate-quartz veins and mainly characterized by the occurrence of siderite spots，as well as sericites and cryptocrystalline quartzes. Abundant gold-bearing sulfide in altered slates aggregate near carbonate spots，sharing similar geochemical compositions with those in quartz veins viaElectron Probe Microanalysis （EPMA）.These sulfides locally crosscut siderite grains，as well as the cementing of partially dissolved siderite grains by quartz，demonstrating that the fading alteration took place before gold mineralization and likely generated by the reaction of CO₂-rich fluids with host rocks. Tescan Integrated Mineral Analyzer （TIMA） analysis shows that two alteration zones have been observed in the altered slate，from the proximal to the distal side of the carbonate-quartz vein are silicification and sericitization，respectively. Micro area X-ray Fluorescence Surface Scan （μ-XRF） elemental mapping on carbonate-quartz vein and adjacent alteration zone suggest that most elements have obvious zoning. Mg，Fe and Mn are aggregated into spots in the alteration zones because of the appearance of siderite. Si is abundant in silicification zone，K and Al contents are high in sericitization zone. These results show that large amounts of siderite spots are generated during the pre-mineralization fluid-rock reaction，and thus provide favorable chemical traps for gold mineralization. The chemical reaction between gold-bearing fluid and siderite spot occurs during the ore-forming period，and contributes to gold mineralization by triggering sulfidation，which is the major genesis for the altered slate ores in the Huangjindong gold deposit.

Rare earth is a strategic and key metal mineral resource that promotes high-quality development of national economy and global economic restructuring. The Belt and Road Initiative provides major opportunities for rare earth trade among countries. Based on the trade data of rare earth related products along the Belt and Road from 2013 to 2019 in UN Comtrade， the network structure characteristics and evolution process of rare earth trade along the Belt and Road were explored from individual and overall levels by using complex network analysis method. At the individual level， the position and evolution trend of countries along the route in the rare earth trade network were explored based on the degree centrality， intermediate centrality， proximity centrality and point intensity of network nodes. At the overall level， the characteristics of network density， small-world network， and community structure were analyzed to explore the overall characteristics and evolution rules of network. The results show that： （1）From 2013 to 2019， the Rare earth trade network of the Belt and Road presents the characteristics of a “small world”， but the network density is low and the accessibility of the overall network structure is weak. （2）As an important participant in the Belt and Road rare earth trade， China has always played a core role in the trade network and has absolute influence and control over rare earth trade. （3）Due to industrial proximity， trade and transportation costs， cultural differences， countries with similar geographical locations have closer rare earth trade links.（4）The trade of rare earth terminal application products is the main aspect that affects the development of rare earth trade in the Belt and Road. Therefore， the research believes that the following measures can provide a basis for China’s rare earth trade strategy and policy formulation and the optimization of rare earth trade pattern. Firstly， strengthen infrastructure construction and reduce the impact of geographical location on the Belt and Road rare earth trade cooperation.Secondly， strengthen rare earth trade links among core countries in various regions to further consolidate China’s core position in the Belt and Road rare earth trade network.Thirdly， reduce rare earth trade barriers， improve the smooth flow of rare earth trade activities and the development of trade networks along the Belt and Road.Finally， expand rare earth trade cooperation partners and promote the diversification of rare earth trade market targets along the Belt and Road.

Nonferrous slag，a by-product of the nonferrous metal smelting process，can be used as a replacement for cement in the preparation of cementitious materials，which is a critical way to utilize large amounts of non-ferrous metallurgical solid waste resources.This study systematically analyzed to shed light on the latest research progress and achievements on the cementitious materials mainly prepared with the non-ferrous metallurgical slags both in China and abroad.Particularly，five aspects are emphasized in this paper，which are the composition and structural characteristics of nonferrous slag，potential cementitious properties，the activation method of slag，the preparation methods of cementitious materials，and the performance of its cemented body，respectively.The results showed as below：First，the mineral composition and structures of nonferrous slag differed widely.The crystallization of silicate mineral is almost complete and has high chemical stability，but the content of the vitreous body is lower.Second，the evaluation method of nonferrous slag potential gelling activity and the activity evaluation criteria are inconsistent.Third，the combination of phase modification and compound activation method could effectively improve the gelling activity of nonferrous slag.Fourth，nonferrous slag cementitious materials has good durability and high-temperature resistance and has certain properties of heavy metal solidification.At present，the preparation of cementitious materials based on nonferrous slag is mainly laboratory-based with few examples of large-scale industrial applications.The fundamental reason is that the problem of low and insufficient activity of nonferrous metallurgical slag has not yet been completely solved.As such，changing the structural characteristics of non-ferrous metallurgical slag is the key to overcoming the obstacles to its large-scale industrial utilization.Followed by this，the paper next discussed some important issues involved in the preparation process of cementitious materials and highlights the importance of the establishment of a non-ferrous metallurgical slag cementing system configuration database，the use of molecular research on simulation optimization of activation methods，and the development of simple and efficient activation methods，all in an effort to hasten the expansion of the future industrial application of non-ferrous slag cementitious materials preparation technology.

The deep exploration project of Yinshan copper polymetallic mine in Dexing，Jiangxi Province undertaken by Jiangxi No.4 Nonferrous Geological Exploration Team has achieved important exploration results. The newly proved resource reserves （331+332+333） are 540 000 tons of copper，230 000 tons of lead + zinc，57 tons of gold，914 tons of silver and 5.93 million tons of sulfur. It is equal to increasing the scale of a large copper mine，a large gold mine，a medium-sized lead-zinc mine and a near large silver mine. In this deep exploration，the original geological logging of more than 100 000 meters of drilling and more than 17 000 meters of tunnel has been carried out. 35 900 basic analysis samples have been taken and various rock and ore test samples matching with the exploration stage have been sent for inspection. In order to further expand the prospecting in the deep part of Yinshan，evaluate the prospecting potential in the deeper part of the mining area and predict the favorable space for ore generation，through the detailed geological observation and recording of various prospecting projects in the deep exploration，combined with the rock and ore test work，further systematically summarize the results of the exploration report，analyze and study the basic geological conditions and metallogenic characteristics of the deposit formation，so as to extract the results.The new understanding includes：（1）Yanshanian Yinshan subvolcanic body is closely related to mineralization，3# dacite porphyry is related to copper gold mineralization，5# quartz porphyry is related to lead zinc silver mineralization.（2）The altered quartz diorite in Caledonian period appears in many places on the outer side of the 3 Ying’an porphyry in Jiutong district，which，together with sericite phyllite and blasting breccia，forms the ore bearing surrounding rock in the Ninth-Xishan district.The opened magmatic activity channel is favorable for the emplacement of the 3 rock body related to the mineralization in Yanshan period.（3）The two flanks of Yinshan anticline are associated with the fracture structure belt，which is the main ore controlling structure.The northwest wing is associated with the East-West fracture structure belt，which is extremely developed with a wide strike and a long extension length. The south-east wing develops the North-South fracture structure belt，which is characterized by a short strike and a scattered distribution，which results in the north-west wing of Yinshan anticline controlling the occurrence and distribution of most ore bodies.（4）The location and shape of the orebody are directly controlled by the main fault and its associated network fractures on both sides. The sulfide vein continuity in the main fault controls the continuity of the ore body. The fine network vein ore is the main mineralization type，and the thick and large ore bodies are often composed of several main fault surfaces close to each other，such as the Ninth-Xishan District copper ore body.（5）The hydrothermal alteration associated with mineralization is a low-temperature alteration combination mainly composed of sericitization，carbonation and chloritization，which is lack of high-temperature potassium silicate salinization of porphyry deposits.The deep orebody of Yinshan copper polymetallic mine has not been closed，especially the outer contact zone on both sides of the deep 3 Ying’an porphyry at the turning part of Yinshan Ninth-Xishan area and the deep part of known orebody inclined extension are the best direction for subsequent ore prospecting.

Africa is the most important gold producing area in the world，and one of the hot spots to attract gold exploration investment as well.Based on the systematic collection and processing of the advances of the previous research on typical gold deposits and regional metallogenesis in the African continent，the spatial and temporal distribution of gold deposits in the African continent is summarized briefly in this article，which made the achievements below.The African continent consists mainly of four ancient cratons （i.e.Kalahari Craton，West Africa Craton，Congo Craton，and Sahara Meta-Craton） and Neoproterozoic orogenic belts developed around these cratons，as well as some Mesozoic basins developed on the cratons.The gold deposits predominantly occur in the ancient craton，especially in the Kalahari Craton in southern Africa and West African Craton in north-western Africa，where are the world famous gold producing areas.A small proportion of gold deposits are distributed in the Neoproterozoic orogenic belts，such as the Nubian Shield，and other Pan-African orogenic belts.There are many types of gold deposits in African，including conglomerate，orogenic，VMS，intrusion-related，porphyry，epithermal and IOCG types，with the former two being the most important types.The ore-forming age of gold deposits in Africa is mainly concentrated in three periods，i.e.Archean，Paleoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic.The enrichment of huge-sized conglomerate-type gold deposits in the Witwatersrand Basin of South Africa may be mainly related to their paleo-sedimentary environment，i.e.the alluvial braided river plain，while the gold enrichment in West African Craton，as the most important Paleoproterozoic gold region in the world，mainly attributes to the large amount of carbonaceous in the strata.Although many world-class gold deposits have been found in the African continent，their prospecting potential remains significant，especially in the search for orogenic gold deposits，as both the ancient craton and the Neoproterozoic orogenic belt occurring around the craton are favorable tectonic environments for the formation of orogenic gold deposits.For the gold exploration in the African continent，it is suggested that not only pay much attention to the deep prospecting of discovered gold deposits，but also to searching for the semi-buried and buried deposits，especially in the shallow covered areas of West African Craton and Congo Craton.By means of advanced geophysical，geochemical and remote sensing，the breakthrough of gold prospecting is expected.

Liumei gold deposit is located in the northeast of Dapingtianshan stock，Guigang，Guangxi Province.According to mineral composition and pulse cutting relation,the deposit hydrothermal activity process is divided into four stages:（1）quartz-pyrite stage；（2）pyrite arsenopyrite-quartz stage；（3）galena-sphalerite-chalcopyrite-tennantite-ankerite-quartz stage；（4）quartz-ankerite stage.The second stage as the main metal-logenic stage.The main gold carriers are arsenopyrite and pyrite. EPMA analysis shows that Au mainly exists in the form of “invisible” submicroscopic-supermicroscopic inclusion gold.Fluid inclusion test shows that the inclusions in quartz or calcite are mainly gas-liquid two-phase，the average temperature in the main metallogenic stage is about 181 ℃，the average salinity [w（NaCl）] is 9.36%，and the density is 0.946 g/cm³, indicating that the ore-forming fluid is low-temperature,low-salinity,low-density fluid.The hydrogen and oxygen isotopic composition (δD value between -73‰~-57‰，{\delta }^{\mathrm{18}}{\mathrm{O}}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{2}}\mathrm{O}} value between 2.3‰~6.1‰) indicates that the ore-forming fluid may be related to the magmatic hydrothermal fluid and was mixed by meteoric precipitation in the later period.The value of the gold-bearing δ³⁴S is between -0.8‰ and 0.5‰，indicating that the ore-forming material comes from magmatic rock.These features indicate that Liumei gold deposit is very different from typical carlin-type gold deposits，especially it is lack of characteristic of the low temperature carlin-type gold mineral combination (orpiment-realgar-cinnabar)，but instead contain more base metals mineral galena-sphalerite-chalcopyrite)，so it is closer to related to magmatic activities of distal low temperature hydrothermal deposit.Based on the spatial distribution characteristics of regional ore deposits and rock masses，the metallogenic model of Dapingtianshan magmatic hydrothermal system for porphyry gold and copper deposits (Longtoushan gold deposit)，skarn-type silver lead and zinc deposits (Touzha Ag-Pb-Zn deposit) and distal low temperature hydrothermal gold deposits (Liumei gold deposit) is proposed.The model implies that there should be intermediate temperate hydrothermal vein and skarn type silver-lead-zinc deposits deep in Liumei gold deposit and in the direction of Dapingtianshan rock mass.The model of magmatic hydrothermal metallogenic system established in this paper has important guiding significance for similar ore deposits in Dayaoshan area.

Yandan-Yantang gold deposit is located in Leye County，Guangxi，which is a large-scale carlin-type gold deposit，with a gold resource of more than 20 tons，newly discovered in Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi “Golden Triangle” area，China.The deposit is located in the northwest of Lingyun-Leye isolated carbonate platform，Guangxi.The host rock is calcareous sandstone with mudstone of Baifeng Formation of Middle Triassic.The orebodies are mainly controlled by anticlines and faults.The orebodies mainly occurs as vein type one in fault fracture zone，and a small amount are stratabound orebodies.The largest orebody is located in the core of the anticline and controlled by F₁ fault，inclining northward，with a dip angle of 30°~60°，a width of 1.0~38.8 m，a length of nearly 2.5 km，a depth of 50~400 m，and Au grade of 0.50×10^-6~7.00×10^-6 in general，and the average grade is 2.0×10^-6.The main mineralization and alteration are silicification，kaolinization，pyritization，arsenopyrite mineralization and stibium mineralization.The gold bearing minerals are arsenian pyrites and arsenopyrites.It has a typical combination of low temperature elements such as Au-As-Sb-Hg.Generally，it has typical carlin-type gold deposit characteristics.The results of soil and rock geochemical survey show that the Au and As elements in the ore-bearing fracture zone have good coincidence，they are all located in the core of anticline and distributed along the striking of F₁ fault.However，only As anomaly appears in the east of the fault，which is consistent with the feature that As is the front halo of orebody in carlin-type gold deposit，suggesting that the orebody may lie to the east.The geophysical data of TDIP and CSAMT show that the gold orebody has the characteristics of low resistivity and high intensification rate.The high intensification anomaly of TDIP lies to the east，which also shows that the gold orebody tends to extend to the east.Based on the geological characteristics and geophysical and geochemical anomalies，it is considered that the F₁ reverse fault in the core of anticline is the main ore-controlling fault，and the orebody has the trend of lying to the east，suggesting that the deep part of the mining area has good ore prospecting potential.

The regional time-space mining sequence is one of the important strategic methods for underground pressure management at depths and destress mechanical effect is closely related to the time-space mining sequence itself. Aiming at the large-area mining mechanical model of three-dimensional mining sequence from the centre to the periphery at depths， based on the stress transfer process and characteristics of rockburst stress hazard， the stress evolution laws and changes of rockburst stress hazard were studied during the mining process from a single stop to multiple stopes.The research results show that the three-dimensional mining sequence from the center to the periphery at depths can gradually realize the gradual transfer of high stress and the gradual transition of stress hazard around the mining operation area.The destress effect of ground pressure control for the time-space mining sequence at depths is to achieve the desired destress environment reconstruction and the progressive transfer of the stress hazard through the reasonable setting of the three-dimensional mining sequence.The mutual feedback analysis technology based on the combination of numerical simulation and microseismic monitoring could realize high integration of large area numerical simulation and big data of microseismic monitoring， real-time dynamic analysis and tracking evaluation， and it is an effective method to evaluate the destress effect of ground pressure control for the time-space mining sequence at depths.The essence of the destress effect of ground pressure control for the time-space mining sequence at depths is the idea to actively create low stress destress zone in the high-stress environment.This idea had been applied at Nickel Rim South mine in Canada， which had achieved a good destress effect and realized reasonable management for ground control. It is believed that this idea has important guiding significance for deep and ultra-deep mining in China.

The special geotectonic location of Baoshan block makes it undergo a series of Tethys evolutionary activities with frequent regional tectonic-magmatic activities.Granite is developed from Paleozoic to Cenozoic.In addition，a large number of basic intrusive rocks occurring as dikes and dikes are also developed in the region.Previous research and analysis of granite in the region is relatively systematic，but the study and analysis of basic rocks in the region，especially basic dikes commonly developed in typical polymetallic ore areas in the ore concentration area，is relatively weak.Previous studies and analyses only the chronology of diabase and its relationship with mineralization in the Hetaoping lead-zinc polymetallic ore area.The study and analysis of the petrogenesis of basic rocks is almost blank.Therefore，the diabase porphyrite in typical boreholes of Heiniu’ao gold deposit has been systematically analyzed in terms of petrochemical characteristics and zircon U-Pb dating in LA-ICP-MS in situ.The main elements of Heiniu’ao diabase porphyry are characterized by low SiO₂，low TiO₂，high Al₂O₃，low MgO，high FeO^T and low K₂O，belonging to the shoshonite series.Trace and rare earth elements are characterized by enrichment of light rare earth elements （LREE） and large ion lithophile elements （LILE） and depletion of high field strength elements（HFSE），suggesting that their source areas are lithospheric mantle.The content of Cr and Ni in the rocks is obviously lower than that in the original basalt magma，indicating that the magma may have undergone the crystallization separation of olivine and pyroxene.The obvious negative anomalies of Nb and Ta suggest that they were contaminated by crustal materials during the process of magma emplacement.The tectonic environment is consistent with the tectonic background of Jinchanghe diabase and Hetaoping diabase，which are intraplate extensional environments.The diagenetic age of the diabase porphyrite obtained in the mining area is （212.0±4.9） Ma，which is similar to the diagenetic age of the Hetaoping diabase obtained by predecessors （195.0±5.3） Ma，and that of the Jinchanghe diabase （217.3±5.8） Ma are all Late Triassic.It shows that the basic dikes in the area are the products of the Triassic magmatic activities.The closure of the Triassic Paleo-Tethyan Ocean resulted in the collision between Baoshan and Simao blocks，which resulted in extensional activities in Baoshan block.The basalt magma originating from the mantle emplaced upward along the weak tectonic zone to form diabase porphyrite of this time limit，and experienced crystallization differentiation and crustal contamination during the process of magma emplacement.

The instability of the goaf poses serious threat to mine safety，and its stability is affected by many uncertain factors.Therefore，it is very important to evaluate the stability of the goaf.Many factors affect the result in the evaluation process，for instance，many ambiguity and randomness information exist in the evaluation of the goaf stability，the evaluation index interval normally distributed，dynamic combination of different evaluation index affect the weight values，and the inconsistency of the indicator level.In order to solve these problems，a two-dimensional evaluation model of goaf stability based on variable-weighted cloud was established.On the basis of comprehensive consider the actual situation of the goaf and related research results，the stability evaluation system and grading standards of the goaf were established.The digital characteristics of the contact cloud of each evaluation index belonging to different levels were calculated respectively，and then the contact cloud maps were generated by using the contact cloud generator and Rstudio software.Substituting the measured values of the sample indicators into the contact cloud model to calculate the degree of certainty of the contact cloud.After that，the subjective weight and objective weight were calculated by using the analytic hierarchy process and the entropy weight method respectively.Considering the advantages and disadvantages of the subjective and objective weighting methods，the game theory was used to fuse these two empowerment methods to obtain the optimized comprehensive weight.Considering that comprehensive weights calculated by game theory were constant weight，which could not reflect the influence of the index value on the weight，the variable weight theory was used to change the weight to obtain the variable weight，so as to better display the effect of dynamic change of the index value on evaluation result.The comprehensive determination degree of the goaf was then obtained by calculating the certainty degree of measured index value belongs to each contact level cloud and the final variable weight.After that，the stability level of the gob was determined according to the principle of maximum membership degree.In order to solve the problem of inconsistent index level attribution，fuzzy entropy was introduced as the second dimension evaluation auxiliary parameter to characterize the stability complexity of the goaf.The model was applied to engineering practice and compared with traditional cloud model and matter-element extension model，the evaluation results are basically the same.The results show that the stability evaluation model of the goaf is scientific and reasonable，and it provides a new idea for the stability evaluation of goaf and the stability evaluation of similar projects.

The study of genetic mineralogy of pyrite could provide the important information for the estimation of deep mineralization potential.The deep drilling （ZK96-6，2 735.70 m） at the Sanshandao gold deposit uncovered that the mineralization could still extend to the depth （-2 613 m to -2 684 m） along the Sanshandao fault zone.Therefore，this study will focus on the genetic mineralogy of pyrite from the deep drill of Sanshandao gold deposit （-2 613 m to -2 684 m），exploring the indicators of typomorphic characteristics of deep pyrite for the deep mineralization.The detailed observation was given to the geometry typomorphic characteristics of different stages of pyrites.The contents of the major and trace elements of different stages of pyrites were analyzed by electronic probe and ICP-MS，respectively.The thermoelectrometry apparatus was operated in order to explore the thermoelectric characters of all stages of pyrites.The pyrite of quartz-gold-pyrite stage in deep gold orebody shows larger grain size than pyrite in other stages, which indicates that ore-forming fluids in this stage attained the supersaturation condition and amounts of pyrite precipitated.A lot of reduced sulfur could be fixed into pyrite，which led to the destability of Au-S complexes and gold precipitation.Selected trace elements contents of pyrite in deep gold orebody （-2 613 m to -2 684 m） were drawn in the （Au+Bi+Cu+Pb+Zn）-（As+Sb+Ba+Ag+Hg）-（Ti+Cr+Co+Ni） triangle discrimination diagram，which indicates gold orebody in this location belongs to the middle part of the whole orebody and the depth still has the gold mineralization potential.The occurrence rate of P-type pyrite and the gold grade show positive correlation，which indicates that the coprecipitation of P-type pyrite and gold.This relationship could be used as the criterion for the deep prospecting of gold and also indicate the enormous potential of gold mineralization in the depth of Sanshandao gold deposit.

The Zhongdian area, located in northwestern Yunnan, is an important porphyry belt in China. It hosts a large number of Triassic intermediate-felsic porphyritic intrusions and porphyry deposits such as Pulang porphyry Cu-Au, Xuejiping porphyry Cu, Chundu porphyry Cu, Langdu Cu skarn and Lannitang porphyry Cu-Au deposit. The Lannitang porphyry Cu-Au deposit is located in west belt of the Zhongdian area. The magnetite in Lannitang porphyry Cu-Au deposit is widespread and it occurred as disseminated and vein types in potassic and chlorite-sericite alteration zone.Specularite is also observed frequently in the post-mineralization dolomite-quartz coarse veins.We conducted the petrography and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to determine the texture and composition of iron oxides (magnetite and specularite). In this study, we identified three types of magnetite. Type-Ⅰ magnetite is disseminated in potassic alteration of deposit. It is generally contains ilmenite lamellas. Type-Ⅱ and Type-Ⅲ magnetite are occurred in magnetite single vein and magnetite-bearing quartz stockwork vein separately. Type-Ⅱ and Type-Ⅲ are distributed in potassic and chlorite-sericite alteration zone. The LA-ICP-MS analyses show that Type-Ⅰ magnetite is relatively rich in V, Ni and Mg than other two types of magnetite. Type-Ⅱ and Type-Ⅲ magnetite are more enriched in Mn, Zn, Sn, Sc and high-Ni/Cr ratio than Type-Ⅰ magnetite.Type-Ⅱ and Type-Ⅲ magnetite has similar content of many trace elements. The concentration of Cr,Ga,Ni and Co in specularite is obviously lower than those of magnetite. The ilmenite lamellae and low-Ni/Cr(Ni/Cr<1) ratio revealed that Type-Ⅰ magnetite belongs to igneous magnetite. Type-Ⅱ and Type-Ⅲ are distributed in veinlets and displayed high-Ni/Cr ratio (Ni/Cr>1). We suggested that they are hydrothermal magnetite. Type-Ⅰ magnetite (igneous) is intergrown with hydrothermal minerals including chlorite and sericite and it has quiet similar contents of Ti, Al and Cr with the other two hydrothermal magnetite.We suggest that Type-Ⅰ magnetite (igneous) experienced late-stage fluid alteration, which induced the loss of Ti, Al and Cr.The similar content of trace element between Type-Ⅱ and Type-Ⅲ magnetite indicated that they may precipitate from same period of fluid.In combination with previous studies, we propose that the presence of elements such as Al, Mn, Mg and Sc are in solid solution within magnetite (and/or specularite),but the Ca, S, Cu, Ba, Sr and Zr may be present in micro-/nano-scale mineral inclusions.The widespread presence of magnetite-hematite and specularite in the potassic alteration zone and low Mn concentration of magnetite indicates a high oxygen fugacity of the Lannitang porphyry Cu-Au deposit (magnetite-hematite buffer).

Over 4 500 tons of gold reserves have been proved in Jiaodong area，and Jiaodong area has become one of the important world-class gold cluster areas. Altered rock type，quartz vein type and interlayer fracture zone type gold ores are the major gold ore type in Jiaodong area，these gold ores are controlled by major regional faults，secondary faults and interlayer slide faults. Altered rock type gold deposit is the most important gold deposit in Jiaodong area. The discovery super-large gold deposits are controlled by Sanshandao，Jiaojia and Zhaoping faults，over 3 300 tons gold reserves have been proved in these three major faults. Sanshandao，Jiaojia and Zhaoping faults are characterized by poly-stage activities：early stage ductile shear deformation characterized by mylonite and mylonitic rocks，middle stage brittle deformation characterized by the cataclastic rock （or breccia），and late stage compressional deformation characterized by the fault gouge. The gold mineralization in Jiaodong area is closely related to the middle stage brittle deformation，and the gold mineralization occur within the catclastic（breccia） zones.The research shows that the three major faults still have huge exploration ore potential.

There are abundant gold resources in Qinghai Province.Based on the study of mineral resources potential in Qinghai Province，the metallogenic characteristics，gold types，ore control conditons and spatial distribution of gold deposits in Qinghai Province were analyzed，and the metallogenic regularity of gold deposits was put forward.The gold mineralization in Qinghai Province was divided into five metallogenic periods of the Pre-Cambrian，Early Paleozoic，Late Paleozoic，Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic，and the spatial distribution features of gold deposits in each metallogenic period were summarized.Based on the characteristics of the representative gold deposits in the main metallogenic belts，the gold mineralization series in Qinghai Province was established for the first time，and suggestions for future prospecting and exploration of gold deposits in Qinghai Province were proposed.

The studies of theories and technologies for positioning prognosis of concealed ore deposits are hot points and difficulties of international mining science communities. In combination with the experiences of scientific prospecting for concealed ore deposits over 20 years，and aiming at the difficulties of prospecting for concealed gold-polymetallic deposits，it is proposed that there must be a combination of geology，geophysics and geochemistry，the favorable metallogenic structural sites （ore-housing structures or ore-bearing tectono-lithological facies zones） should be the targets of positioning prognosis，the relationship between geology and geophysics should be understood and interpretated comprehensively.The three basic principles of the “geological-geophysical-geochemical three field anomalies coupling theory”，i.e. predicting target，scale and accuracy，are expounded.The basic meaning and main points of metallogenic geological structural filed，geochemical field and geophysical field are introduced.The integrated geological-geophysical-geochemical technological combinations which have been proven effectively are recommended. In the end，three instances are displayed to present the workflow and practical effect of applying the theory and technologies.

Qinhang metallogenic belt is located along the suture zone between Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks in South China，and its northeastern section is featured by large scale Cu-Au-Pb-Zn-Ag polymetallic deposits.Jinshan gold deposit is one of the largest gold deposits in this belt，the ore genesis and formation age remain in dispute.On the basis of detailed ore deposit geology and fluid inclusion studies，the quartz vein type orebodies was selected to conduct quartz fluid inclusion Rb-Sr isotope dating.The results show that samples from the V5 gold orebodies give a quartz fluid inclusion Rb-Sr isochron age of （751±98）Ma，and those from the V7 gold orebodies yield a quartz fluid inclusion Rb-Sr isochron age of （754±62）Ma.Two ages are consistent with the error ranges.In addition，the initial⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values of fluid inclusions hosted in auriferous quartz are （0.7056±0.0039）~（0.7103±0.0025），suggesting that the ore-forming fluids were derived from the low maturity basement strata.To sum up，Jinshan gold deposit belongs to the Neoproterozoic orogenic gold deposit，instead of Caledonian or Yanshanian periods of tectono-magmatic products.

Hongtoushan copper mine is one of the metal mine with largest mining depth in China，and the problem of ground pressure is prominent.In order to analyze the stability of deep stope and prevent the failure of surrounding rock，a high precision Zhongke microseismic monitoring system has been established in No.47 stope of -707 mining level in Hongtoushan copper mine.The positioning accuracy of the system can meet the requirements of mine production with multi-mined areas through artificial blasting test.The real-time monitoring results show that the stress of surrounding rock of No.47 stope is adjusted quickly，no obvious increase of microseismic activities after large blasting，and there is a positive correlation between field operations such as second blasting and ore extraction activities and microseismic activities.During the mining process，the microseismic active zone is mainly located near No.3502 tunnel，the ore outlet，-707 main roadway and the stope near the ventilation shaft 2.It is found that the first three areas exist significant dynamic failures by on-site reconnaissance，which matched the monitoring results.The stability analysis of surrounding rock based on regional division is helpful to explore the relationship between microseismic activities and large blasting，second blasting and ore extraction activities，and analyze the dominant factors of surrounding rock failure.

A systematic study of carbon-oxygen isotope and electron microprobe for Sanbao Mn-Ag deposit was carried out.It was found that the carbon isotope composition of primary rhodochrosite and coexisted calcite were negative and the oxygen isotopic value were positive，while the carbon isotope value of wall rock was near zero.The results show that the carbon in Sanbao Mn-Ag deposit mainly derives from the mantle source or deep magma system，but its carbon isotope value of this deposit doesn’t completely within δ13C value of deep mantle.It implies that the carbon in the ore-forming fluid may derive mainly from deep system，at the same time，atmospheric precipitation is added to cyclic leaching partial carbon produced from wall rock.The morphology of the ore bodies is stratoid layers，lentoid and lenticular and cystic，rather than typical of layered structure. Additionally，some magmatic accessory minerals such as zircon and rutile are discovered in the Mn-Ag ores.Comprehensive analysis show that the genetic type of Sanbao Mn-Ag deposit belongs to hydrothermal origin and not marine sedimentary deposit.Therefore，this study not only reports characteristics of stable carbon-oxygen isotope but is helpful to deepen the understanding on deposit genesis，broaden exploring information and improve prospecting effect.