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Gold Science and Technology ›› 2018, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (5): 596-604.doi: 10.11872/j.issn.1005-2518.2018.05.596

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Study on Environmental Risk Evaluation of Overseas Mining Investment

Minggui ZHENG1,2,Zhiliang HU1   

  1. 1 Research Center of Mining Trade & Investment,Jiangxi University of Science and Technology,Ganzhou 341000,Jiangxi,China
    2 The School of Management,University of Science and Technology of China,Hefei 230026,Anhui,China
  • Received:2018-04-29 Revised:2018-08-18 Online:2018-10-20 Published:2018-10-31

Abstract:

Uncertainty always exists in the overseas mining investment environment.Based on related literatures,expert experience and the data from the World Bank,etc,risk factors of the overseas mining investment environment were identified.A risk evaluation index system was established with political policies,economy and finance,society and culture,and infrastructure facilities as four primary indexes.Delphi method was used to determine the index weights,and the secondary indexes were graded according to the data from the World Bank,etc and recognized grading rules.The principle of contingency theory was introduced to establish an evaluation model with incentive variable weights.Twelve countries were selected for applications.The evaluation results show that countries with lower mining environmental risks are Canada,the United States,New Zealand,and Romania,which are the preferred areas for mining investment;countries with general risks are Philippines,South Africa,Australia and Mexico,which are the sub-selected areas;countries with higher risks are Russia,Kazakhstan,Kenya and Brazil,which are the cautious-selected areas.Meanwhile,more attentions should be paid to the extreme indicators which may have adversely impacts on the operations of the project.Finally,some relevant suggestions were put forward,which may be helpful for the mining companies to reduce the investment risks and provide decision basis for the government to formulate overseas mining investment policies and implement classified management.

Key words: risk factors, overseas investment, mining investment environment, Delphi method, risk evaluation, variable weight theory

CLC Number: 

  • F416.1

Table 1

Risk evaluation index system of overseas mining investment"

一级指标 二级指标 风险因素度量及数据来源
政治政策风险I 1 政局稳定性I 11 IIS发布的《中国海外投资国家风险评级(2018)》中政府稳定性得分
政府腐败程度I 12 透明国际发布的《2017年全球腐败指数报告》
中外友好程度I 13 IIS发布的《中国海外投资国家风险评级(2018)》中对华关系排名
矿业政策I 14 弗雷泽研究所矿业公司年度调查(2017年)矿业投资政策感知指数
环保标准I 15 IIS发布的《中国海外投资国家风险评级(2018)》中环境政策得分
经济金融风险I 2 物价水平I 21/% 东道国近5年通货膨胀率的均值(世界银行)
经济增长率I 22/% 东道国近5年GDP平均增长率均值(世界银行)
汇率I 23 项目所在国汇率近10年的标准差变异系数(世界银行)
信用等级I 24 标准普尔2016年对全球各国信用评级
社会文化风险I 3 人文环境I 31 联合国开发计划署(UNDP)发布的《2016年人文发展报告》HDI
社会安全I 32 经济与和平研究所(IEP)发布的《2016全球恐怖主义指数报告》
工会罢工I 33 工会罢工发生的情况(中国商务部《对外投资合作国别(地区)指南(2017)》)
基础设施风险I 4 信息传输I 41 国际电信联盟(ITU)发布的《衡量信息社会报告(2016)》IDI
交通运输I 42 东道国公路及铁路加权覆盖率(中国商务部《对外投资合作国别(地区)指南(2017)》)

Table 2

Local and global weights of each index"

一级指标 权重 二级指标 局部权重 全局权重
政治政策风险I 1 0.35 政局稳定性I 11 0.30 0.105
政府腐败程度I 12 0.15 0.0525
中外友好程度I 13 0.15 0.0525
矿业政策I 14 0.20 0.07
环保标准I 15 0.20 0.07
经济金融风险I 2 0.30 物价水平I 21 0.40 0.12
经济增长率I 22 0.10 0.03
汇率I 23 0.30 0.09
信用等级I 24 0.20 0.06
社会文化风险I 3 0.15 人文环境I 31 0.25 0.0375
社会安全I 32 0.40 0.06
工会罢工I 33 0.35 0.0525
基础设施风险I 4 0.20 信息传输I 41 0.35 0.07
交通运输I 42 0.65 0.13

Table 3

Grading rules for risk evaluation indexes"

指标 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
I 11 [0,1.2] (1.2,2.4] (2.4,3.6] (3.6,4.8] (4.8,6] (6,7.2] (7.2,8.4] (8.4,9.6] (9.6,10.8] (10.8,12]
I 12 (90,100] (80,90] (70,80] (60,70] (50,60] (40,50] (30,40] (20,30] (10,20] [0,10]
I 13 [1,6] (6,12] (12,18] (18,24] (24,30] (30,36] (36,42] (42,48] (48,54] >54
I 14 [90,100] (80,90] (70,80] (60,70] (50,60] (40,50] (30,40] (20,30] (10,20] [0,10]
I 15 (9,10] (8,9] (7,8] (6,7] (5,6] (4,5] (3,4] (2,3] (1,2] [0,1]
I 21/% ≤3 ≤3 (3,6] (3,6] (6,9] (6,9] (9,50] (9,50] >50 >50
I 22/% >9 >9 (7,9] (7,9] (5,7] (5,7] (3,5] (3,5] ≤3 ≤3
I 23 ≤1 (1,1.5] (1.5,2] (2,2.5] (2.5,3] (3,3.5] (3.5,4] (4,4.5] (4.5,5] >5
I 24 AAA AA A BBB BB B CCC CC C D
I 31 (0.9,1] (0.8,0.9] (0.7,0.8] (0.6,0.7] (0.5,0.6] (0.4,0.5] (0.3,0.4] (0.2,0.3] (0.1,0.2] [0,0.1]
I 32 [0,1] (1,2] (2,3] (3,4] (4,5] (5,6] (6,7] (7,8] (8,9] (9,10]
I 33 较少 较少 一般 一般 较多 较多
I 41 (9,10] (8,9] (7,8] (6,7] (5,6] (4,5] (3,4] (2,3] (1,2] [0,1]
I 42 >90 (80,90] (70,80] (60,70] (50,60] (40,50] (30,40] (20,30] (10,20] [0,10]

Table 4

Risk index data of each country"

指标 菲律宾 哈萨克斯坦 俄罗斯 罗马尼亚 肯尼亚 南非 巴西 加拿大 墨西哥 美国 新西兰 澳大利亚
I 11 7.9 8.9 7.3 6.8 6.8 6.7 7.5 8.3 8 7.9 8.1 6.1
I 12 34 31 29 48 28 43 37 82 29 75 89 77
I 13 40 19 25 15 33 46 52 6 30 8 1 21
I 14 38.29 60.91 60.44 49.78 56.86 42.66 55.66 81.26 65.13 79.25 64.43 73.97
I 15 4 6 6 3 6 3 4 0 5 0 0 0
I 21 2.69 7.77 8.45 1.25 6.97 5.68 7.14 1.38 3.5 1.31 0.9 1.9
I 22 6.58 3.46 0.63 3.16 5.47 1.6 -0.39 1.84 2.52 2.16 2.9 2.8
I 23 0.07 22.77 5.26 0.08 1.33 0.63 0.16 0.01 0.35 0 0.01 0.02
I 24 BBB BBB- BBB- BBB- B+ BBB+ BB AAA A AA+ AA+ AAA
I 31 0.682 0.794 0.804 0.802 0.555 0.666 0.754 0.92 0.762 0.92 0.915 0.939
I 32 7.098 0.934 5.43 0 6.578 3.531 1.74 2.518 3.723 4.877 0.23 2.742
I 33 较少 较多 较多 一般 较少 较多 较少 较多
I 41 4.67 6.79 7.07 6.48 2.91 4.96 6.12 7.77 5.16 8.18 8.33 8.24
I 42 76.07 9.11 13.79 81.3 19.66 89.91 23.8 17.44 32.7 93.57 51.11 15.7

Table 5

Grading values of risk indexes of each country"

指标 菲律宾 哈萨克斯坦 俄罗斯 罗马尼亚 肯尼亚 南非 巴西 加拿大 墨西哥 美国 新西兰 澳大利亚
I 11 7 8 7 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 6
I 12 7 7 8 6 8 6 7 2 8 3 2 3
I 13 7 4 5 3 6 8 9 1 5 2 1 4
I 14 7 4 4 6 5 6 5 2 4 3 4 3
I 15 7 5 5 8 5 8 7 10 6 10 10 10
I 21 2 6 6 2 6 4 6 2 4 2 2 2
I 22 3 7 9 7 5 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
I 23 1 10 10 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
I 24 4 4 4 4 6 4 5 1 3 2 2 1
I 31 4 3 2 2 5 4 3 1 3 1 1 1
I 32 8 1 6 1 7 4 2 3 4 5 1 3
I 33 10 2 10 4 8 8 10 6 4 8 4 8
I 41 6 4 3 4 8 6 4 3 5 2 2 2
I 42 3 10 9 2 9 2 8 9 7 1 5 9

Table 6

Constant weight evaluation results of each country"

国家 评价值 排名 风险等级
俄罗斯 6.518 1 较高
肯尼亚 6.113 2 较高
哈萨克斯坦 5.975 3 一般
巴西 5.753 4 一般
菲律宾 5.075 5 一般
南非 4.915 6 较低
墨西哥 4.840 7 较低
澳大利亚 4.515 8 较低
加拿大 4.185 9 较低
罗马尼亚 3.628 10 较低
新西兰 3.570 11 较低
美国 3.535 12 较低

Table 7

Variable weight evaluation results of each country"

指标 菲律宾 哈萨克斯坦 俄罗斯 罗马尼亚 肯尼亚 南非 巴西 加拿大 墨西哥 美国 新西兰 澳大利亚
I 11 0.117 0.116 0.108 0.125 0.106 0.113 0.113 0.128 0.118 0.133 0.132 0.119
I 12 0.059 0.056 0.056 0.062 0.057 0.057 0.057 0.047 0.061 0.054 0.048 0.050
I 13 0.059 0.049 0.050 0.052 0.053 0.061 0.060 0.039 0.054 0.049 0.041 0.054
I 14 0.078 0.065 0.063 0.083 0.067 0.076 0.069 0.063 0.068 0.072 0.077 0.067
I 15 0.078 0.069 0.066 0.089 0.067 0.081 0.075 0.093 0.076 0.097 0.096 0.090
I 21 0.098 0.123 0.119 0.091 0.115 0.117 0.119 0.090 0.109 0.094 0.093 0.103
I 22 0.027 0.032 0.033 0.037 0.029 0.036 0.034 0.039 0.036 0.041 0.040 0.038
I 23 0.062 0.105 0.102 0.068 0.069 0.062 0.060 0.068 0.062 0.070 0.070 0.065
I 24 0.058 0.056 0.054 0.064 0.060 0.059 0.059 0.045 0.054 0.056 0.055 0.043
I 31 0.036 0.032 0.028 0.034 0.036 0.037 0.033 0.028 0.034 0.029 0.029 0.027
I 32 0.069 0.039 0.060 0.045 0.063 0.059 0.047 0.059 0.059 0.070 0.046 0.057
I 33 0.064 0.041 0.059 0.056 0.057 0.061 0.062 0.062 0.051 0.069 0.057 0.064
I 41 0.075 0.065 0.058 0.075 0.076 0.076 0.066 0.069 0.072 0.065 0.064 0.060
I 42 0.118 0.152 0.143 0.117 0.145 0.107 0.145 0.169 0.146 0.101 0.150 0.163
V * 5.461 6.352 6.753 4.039 6.286 5.235 6.102 4.952 5.108 4.183 4.154 5.129

Table 8

Comparison of evaluation results between constant weight and variable weight"

国家 指标评价值 指标排名 风险等级 极端指标
常权 变权 常权 变权 常权 变权
俄罗斯 6.518 6.753 1 1 较高 较高 政府腐败程度、经济增长率、汇率、工会罢工和交通运输
哈萨克斯坦 5.975 6.352 3 2 一般 较高 政局稳定性、汇率和交通运输
肯尼亚 6.113 6.286 2 3 较高 较高 政府腐败程度、工会罢工、信息传输和交通运输
巴西 5.753 6.102 4 4 一般 较高 中外友好程度、经济增长率、工会罢工和交通运输
菲律宾 5.075 5.461 5 5 一般 一般 社会安全和工会罢工
南非 4.915 5.235 6 6 较低 一般 中外友好程度、环保标准、经济增长率和工会罢工
澳大利亚 4.515 5.129 8 7 较低 一般 环保标准、经济增长率、工会罢工和交通运输
墨西哥 4.840 5.108 7 8 较低 一般 政府腐败程度和经济增长率
加拿大 4.185 4.952 9 9 较低 较低 环保标准、经济增长率和交通运输
美国 3.535 4.183 12 10 较低 较低 环保标准、经济增长率和工会罢工
新西兰 3.570 4.154 11 11 较低 较低 环保标准和经济增长率
罗马尼亚 3.628 4.039 10 12 较低 较低 环保标准
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