收稿日期: 2020-04-30
修回日期: 2020-05-20
网络出版日期: 2020-08-27
基金资助
中国地质调查局项目“境外大型矿产资源基地及资源潜力评价”(DD20190437)
Distribution Characteristics of Gold Deposits in Africa and Exploration Suggestions
Received date: 2020-04-30
Revised date: 2020-05-20
Online published: 2020-08-27
非洲是全球最为重要的金矿产区，也是吸引金矿勘查投资的热点地区之一。文章对非洲大陆金矿床的时空分布特点进行了简要总结。非洲大陆的矿床类型众多，包括砾岩型、造山型、VMS型、侵入岩型、斑岩型、浅成低温热液型和IOCG型等，且以前2种类型为主。金矿床主要分布在古老的克拉通，尤其是非洲南部的卡拉哈里克拉通和西北部的西非克拉通，这2个地区都是世界著名的金矿产区。少部分金矿产出于新元古代造山带上，如努比亚地盾，在其他泛非期的造山带上也有金矿床零星产出。非洲大陆上金矿的形成时代主要集中在3个时期，即太古宙、古元古代和新元古代。南非兰德盆地砾岩型金矿形成规模大，可能主要与其古沉积环境有关，即处于冲积的辫状河平原；而西非克拉通作为全球最重要的古元古代金矿产区，金的富集可能主要与地层中含有大量的碳质有关。尽管在非洲大陆已经发现了很多世界级的金矿床，但是其找矿潜力仍然很大，尤其是造山型金矿床，因为无论是非洲古老的克拉通还是克拉通周边产出的新元古代造山带都是造山型金矿床形成的有利构造环境。对于在非洲大陆开展金矿找矿勘查，建议在加强已有金矿床深部找矿的基础上，进一步关注半隐伏—隐伏矿床的寻找，尤其是在西非克拉通和刚果克拉通上的浅覆盖区，利用先进的物化遥手段，有望取得金矿找矿的突破。
江思宏 , 张莉莉 , 刘翼飞 , 李高峰 , 季根源 . 非洲大陆金矿分布特征与勘查建议[J]. 黄金科学技术, 2020 , 28(4) : 465 -478 . DOI: 10.11872/j.issn.1005-2518.2020.04.083
Africa is the most important gold producing area in the world，and one of the hot spots to attract gold exploration investment as well.Based on the systematic collection and processing of the advances of the previous research on typical gold deposits and regional metallogenesis in the African continent，the spatial and temporal distribution of gold deposits in the African continent is summarized briefly in this article，which made the achievements below.The African continent consists mainly of four ancient cratons （i.e.Kalahari Craton，West Africa Craton，Congo Craton，and Sahara Meta-Craton） and Neoproterozoic orogenic belts developed around these cratons，as well as some Mesozoic basins developed on the cratons.The gold deposits predominantly occur in the ancient craton，especially in the Kalahari Craton in southern Africa and West African Craton in north-western Africa，where are the world famous gold producing areas.A small proportion of gold deposits are distributed in the Neoproterozoic orogenic belts，such as the Nubian Shield，and other Pan-African orogenic belts.There are many types of gold deposits in African，including conglomerate，orogenic，VMS，intrusion-related，porphyry，epithermal and IOCG types，with the former two being the most important types.The ore-forming age of gold deposits in Africa is mainly concentrated in three periods，i.e.Archean，Paleoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic.The enrichment of huge-sized conglomerate-type gold deposits in the Witwatersrand Basin of South Africa may be mainly related to their paleo-sedimentary environment，i.e.the alluvial braided river plain，while the gold enrichment in West African Craton，as the most important Paleoproterozoic gold region in the world，mainly attributes to the large amount of carbonaceous in the strata.Although many world-class gold deposits have been found in the African continent，their prospecting potential remains significant，especially in the search for orogenic gold deposits，as both the ancient craton and the Neoproterozoic orogenic belt occurring around the craton are favorable tectonic environments for the formation of orogenic gold deposits.For the gold exploration in the African continent，it is suggested that not only pay much attention to the deep prospecting of discovered gold deposits，but also to searching for the semi-buried and buried deposits，especially in the shallow covered areas of West African Craton and Congo Craton.By means of advanced geophysical，geochemical and remote sensing，the breakthrough of gold prospecting is expected.
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