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黄金科学技术 ›› 2022, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (4): 483-497.doi: 10.11872/j.issn.1005-2518.2022.04.177

• 矿产勘查与资源评价 •    

青海东昆仑西段金矿成因类型及成矿模式

刘永乐(),张爱奎,刘智刚,孙非非,何书跃,张大明,奎明娟,张建平   

  1. 青海省第三地质勘查院,青海 西宁 810008
  • 收稿日期:2021-11-24 修回日期:2022-05-14 出版日期:2022-08-31 发布日期:2022-10-31
  • 作者简介:刘永乐(1985-),男,湖南邵东人,高级工程师,从事矿床地质研究工作。281023605@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    青海省科技计划项目“东昆仑西段金矿成矿规律及找矿突破”(2019-ZJ-7009)

Metallogenic Model of Gold Deposits and Genetic Types in the Western Section of East Kunlun,Qinghai Province

Yongle LIU(),Aikui ZHANG,Zhigang LIU,Feifei SUN,Shuyue HE,Daming ZHANG,Mingjuan KUI,Jianping ZHANG   

  1. The Third Institute of Qinghai Geological Prospecting,Xining 810008,Qinghai,China
  • Received:2021-11-24 Revised:2022-05-14 Online:2022-08-31 Published:2022-10-31

摘要:

青海东昆仑西段地质构造复杂,岩浆活动频繁,成矿条件极为优越。在梳理国内外金矿分类的基础上,开展了东昆仑西段金矿成因类型厘定和主要类型金矿成矿模式的研究。结果表明:研究区金矿成因类型有造山型、接触交代型、岩浆期后中低温热液型和机械沉积型,造山型金矿是区内最为重要的矿床类型。金矿成矿模式表现为:三叠纪碰撞—后碰撞阶段,区域壳幔相互作用强烈,形成幔壳源花岗岩及与其有关的金矿成矿系统。主要金矿类型有接触交代型和岩浆期后中低温热液型,分别产于岩体外接触带和岩体顶部;在造山作用下,早期形成的韧性剪切带重复活动,控制了造山型金矿的形成,经历晚古生代—早中生代造山作用以后,区域持续处于陆内发展(盆山转换),山脉强烈隆升,在新生代形成砂金矿。

关键词: 成因类型, 成矿模式, 造山型金矿, 东昆仑西段, 青海省

Abstract:

Many gold deposits have been found in the western section of East Kunlun Mountains in Qinghai Province.This area is characterized by complex geological structure,frequent magmatic activity and excellent metallogenic conditions.The geology and prospecting potential of gold deposit were carried out and the metallogenic regularity of gold deposits was preliminarily summarized in this area.However,the late discovery of the deposit and inconvenient natural conditions restrict the systematic study of the genetic types of gold deposits and the establishment of the metallogenic model of the main types of gold deposits in the area,which seriously restricts the breakthrough of gold exploration.Based on the classification of gold deposits at home and abroad and the 27 gold deposits(points) discovered in the study area,this paper determines that the genetic types of gold deposits in the study area are orogenic type,contact metasomatic type,post magmatic medium and low temperature hydrothermal type and mechanical sedimentary type.Among the 27 deposits,there are 18 orogenic gold deposits,accounting for two-thirds.The estimated resource of orogenic gold deposits accounts for 51%.Therefore,orogenic gold deposits are the most important type in the western section of East Kunlun.Through the analysis of metallogenic environment,it is considered that orogenic gold deposits in the area mainly formed in the Late Triassic.Deep fault is the main ore controlling structure,while ductile shear zone,secondary brittle fault,structural fracture and interlayer fracture zone are good ore storage structures.The ore-forming materials come from the background of post collision compression strike slip,and tectonism provides the basis for the accumulation and precipitation of ore-forming materials.Through the study,the metallogenic model of gold deposit in the study area is preliminarily established.Regional metallogenic model of gold deposit manifested as:In the Triassic collision-post collision stage,the regional crust mantle interaction strongly formed the mantle crust derived granite and its related gold mineralization system.The main types of gold deposits are contact metasomatic type and post magmatic medium and low temperature hydrothermal type,which occur in the outer contact zone of the rock mass and the top of the rock mass respectively.The former is such as Haxiyatu deposit and Tawenchahanxi deposit,and the latter is such as Kude’erte deposit.At the same time,the whole region is under the condition of compressive strike slip deformation tectonic stress,and the deep and large fault activity is strong,which leads to the deep metamorphic hydrothermal solution and controls the development of ductile shear zone.The deep metamorphic hydrothermal fluid moves upward under the control of the ductile shear zone. In the process of metamorphism,the ore-forming materials dispersed in the formation rocks are activated into the metamorphic fluid and become the gold initially enriched in the ore bearing hydrothermal medium basic volcanic rocks and other rocks,forming the gold bearing metamorphic hydrothermal fluid.In the ductile brittle deformation transition zone of ductile shear zone,or its side brittle fracture,structural fracture and interlayer structural zone,due to the reduction of pressure and the temperature of gold bearing metamorphic hydrothermal solution,gold and other metallogenic elements precipitated and formed orogenic gold deposits.After the Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic orogeny,the region continued to develop intracontinentally (basin mountain transformation),the mountains rose strongly,and placer gold deposits were formed in Cenozoic.

Key words: genetic type, metallogenic model, orogenic gold deposits, western section of East Kunlun, Qinghai Province

中图分类号: 

  • P618.51

图1

青海东昆仑西段区域地质矿产图1.第四系;2.上新统曲果组和狮子沟组;3.渐—中新统雅西措组和干柴沟组;4.古—始新统沱沱河组;5.下—中侏罗统羊曲组和大煤沟组;6.上三叠统八宝山组和鄂拉山组;7.中三叠统希里可特组;8.下—中三叠统闹仓坚沟组;9.下三叠统洪水川组;10.下—中二叠统打柴沟组;11.上石炭统—下二叠统浩特洛哇组;12.上石炭统缔敖苏组;13.下石炭统石拐子组和大干沟组;14.上泥盆统黑山沟组;15.下泥盆统雪水河组和契盖苏组;16.奥陶系祁漫塔格群;17.奥陶系纳赤台群;18.下寒武统沙松乌拉组;19.中—新元古界万保沟群;20.中元古界小庙岩组和狼牙山组;21.中元古界金水口岩群;22.侵入岩;23.基性—超基性岩;24.韧性剪切带;25.地名;26.金矿床(点);27.砂金矿床(点);28.铁金多金属矿床(点);29.山峰"

图2

它温查汉西矿床基岩地质推断图1.下泥盆统契盖苏组;2.奥陶系祁漫塔格群;3.似斑状花岗闪长岩;4.似斑状二长花岗岩;5.矿体;6.地质界线"

图3

库德尔特矿区12号勘探线剖面图1.大理岩;2.花岗闪长岩;3.已施工探槽位置及编号;4.已施工钻孔位置及编号;5.矿体编号;6.矿体平均品位/平均厚度;7.地质界线;8.品位大于1.0×10-6金矿体;9.品位为0.5×10-6~1.0×10-6金矿化体;10.品位为0.1×10-6~0.5×10-6金矿化体"

图4

南沟矿区地质矿产图(据青海省世安矿业内部资料修改,2019)1.第四系;2.奥陶系纳赤台群哈拉巴依沟组第三岩性段;3.奥陶系纳赤台群哈拉巴依沟组第二岩性段;4.石英脉;5.逆断层及编号;6.蚀变带及编号;7.地质界线;8.产状;9.勘探线位置及编号;10.见矿钻孔位置及编号;11.见矿化钻孔位置及编号;12.未见矿钻孔位置及编号;13.矿体位置及编号"

图5

南沟矿区58号勘探线(a)和15号勘探线(b)剖面图(据青海省世安矿业内部资料修改,2019)1.第四系残坡积物;2.糜棱岩化带;3.炭质千枚岩;4.变岩屑长石砂岩;5.黄铁矿化;6.褐铁矿化;7.断层带;8.产状;9.矿体位置及编号;10.矿体平均品位(×10-6)/矿体真厚度(m);11.钻孔位置及编号;12.孔深"

图6

南沟矿区韧性剪切带(a)糜棱岩,含黄铁矿斑点千枚岩中沉积期的黄铁矿定向排列;(b)韧性剪切带;(c)左旋剪切作用; (d)旋转碎斑,显示为左行剪切;(e)剪切褶皱;(f)无根褶皱;(g)韧性剪切带中软弱岩层中的牵引褶皱,显示为左行剪切;(h)不协调褶皱;(i)早期(沉积成岩期)黄铁矿受剪切作用显示旋转现象,显示为左行剪切;(j)脆性断裂面上的擦痕,断裂面倾角为72 °;(k)脆性断裂中的破碎现象、断层泥及褶曲揉皱现象;(l)含矿破碎蚀变带宏观照片;(m)含矿破碎蚀变带蚀变现象"

表1

造山型金矿围岩Au元素含量"

地质体Au元素含量平均值
金水口岩群0.82~3.401.06
纳赤台群0.63~3.961.41
闹仓坚沟组0.30~3.481.23
沙松乌拉组0.71~5.222.13
洪水川组0.65~2.441.12
万保沟群0.50~2.361.36
祁漫塔格群0.35~6.441.61
志留纪中酸性侵入岩0.14~4.30
三叠纪中酸性侵入岩0.30~25.09
泥盆纪中酸性侵入岩0.17~1.70

图7

区域金矿成矿模式"

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