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黄金科学技术 ›› 2020, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (5): 712-726.doi: 10.11872/j.issn.1005-2518.2020.05.105

• 矿产勘查与资源评价 • 上一篇    下一篇

湖南通道地区金矿床中黄铁矿成分标型特征及对矿床成因的启示

高华1(),谢玉华1,杨亮1,张哲1,柯新星1,刘晓敏1,罗建镖2,3,刘琦2,3,刘继顺2,3,王智琳2,3,孔华2,3()   

  1. 1.湖南省核工业地质局三〇一大队,湖南 长沙 410114
    2.中南大学有色金属成矿预测教育部重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410083
    3.中南大学地球科学与信息物理学院,湖南 长沙 410083
  • 收稿日期:2020-06-11 修回日期:2020-08-18 出版日期:2020-10-31 发布日期:2020-11-05
  • 通讯作者: 孔华 E-mail:gh301@126.com;konghua2006@126.com
  • 作者简介:高华(1968-),男,湖南衡阳人,高级工程师,从事地质找矿勘查工作。gh301@126.com
  • 基金资助:
    湖南省核工业地质局科研项目“雪峰弧形带南西段金、锑矿成矿条件分析及找矿前景研究”(KY2018-301-01)

Composition Typomorphic Characteristics of Pyrite and Its Genetic Implication for Gold Deposits in Tongdao County,Hunan Province

Hua GAO1(),Yuhua XIE1,Liang YANG1,Zhe ZHANG1,Xinxing KE1,Xiaomin LIU1,Jianbiao LUO2,3,Qi LIU2,3,Jishun LIU2,3,Zhilin WANG2,3,Hua KONG2,3()   

  1. 301.301 Brigade,Hunan Nuclear Industry Geological Bureau,Changsha 410114,Hunan,China
    2.Key Laboratory of Metallogenic Prediction of Nonferrous Metals,Ministry of Education,Central South University,Changsha 410083,Hunan,China
    3.School of Geoscience and Info-Physics,Central South University,Changsha 410083,Hunan,China
  • Received:2020-06-11 Revised:2020-08-18 Online:2020-10-31 Published:2020-11-05
  • Contact: Hua KONG E-mail:gh301@126.com;konghua2006@126.com

摘要:

通道地区位于雪峰弧形带西南段,区内金矿化较普遍,产出有茶溪、黄垢和金坑等中小型金矿床,但该区研究程度很低。为探讨矿床成因,对金矿床中不同产状的黄铁矿进行了成因矿物学研究。岩矿鉴定结果显示:3个金矿床黄铁矿晶形主要为立方体、五角十二面体和他形—半自形粒状;MLA面扫描结果显示,黄垢矿区金主要以裂隙金或包体金赋存在黄铁矿中。EPMA常量元素分析结果显示:黄铁矿总体上富铁亏硫,含少量砷。3个矿区黄铁矿的δFe、δS值分布集中,与变质热液型金矿床的特征一致。LA-ICPMS微量元素分析结果显示:金坑矿区黄铁矿的Co/Ni比值投点多数小于1,反映流体以变质热液为主;黄垢矿区的黄铁矿大致可划分为两类,其中产于细脉中的黄铁矿Co/Ni比值接近于0,为热液成因。As-Co-Ni图解显示金坑和黄垢矿区的黄铁矿主要成因类型为变质热液型,成矿温度应为中—低温。比较而言,金坑矿区黄铁矿中成矿指示元素(如Au、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn等)含量较高且稳定,暗示金坑矿区比黄垢矿区更有利于形成中—大规模的金矿。总体上通道地区金矿剥蚀较浅,深部仍有很大的找矿前景。

关键词: 黄铁矿, 成分标型, 金矿床, 矿床成因, 通道地区, 湖南省

Abstract:

Tongdao county is located in southwest of Xuefeng arc structure belt,there are some small and medium-sized gold deposit such as Jinkeng deposit,Huanggou deposit and Chaxi deposit.Few research have done in this area,in order to discuss the genesis of gold deposit,this paper focuses on the genetic mineralogy study about pyrites of different occurrence.The macroscopic geological characteristics of the three deposits show that the wall rocks of the ore body are all low-grade metamorphic sandstone slate.Strong silicification alteration and fading alteration occurred in the surrounding rocks near ore-bearing quartz veins in Jinkeng mining area.The dip angle of quartz vein is steep in Huanggou mining area,and the tendency is southeast or northwest,the fracture filled with quartz vein is shear fracture.The ore bearing quartz veins in Chaxi mining area are mainly NW steeply dipping veins and their branch gently dipping veins.The gold orebodies are mainly quartz vein type or altered rock type.The ore contains pyrite,arsenopyrite and other sulfides.Generally,the ore vein with more pyrite content has a relatively high gold grade,suggesting that pyrite is the main gold-carrying mineral.Rock-mineral determination show that pyrite is mainly cubic and pentagonal dodecahedron and other semi automorphic granular in three gold deposit.MLA(mineral liberation analyzer) scanning results show that gold was produced in pyrite farcture or pyrite intergranular in Huanggou gold deposit.Major element results analyzed by EPMA show that the pyrites in general are rich in iron and deficient in sulfur,containing a small amount of arsenic.The δFe-δS diagram shows that all points from three deposit concentrate in a narrow range,which is consistent with metamorphic hydrothermal gold deposit.Trace elements results analyzed by LA-ICPMS show that average Co/Ni value for Jinkeng pyrite samples is less than 1,which implies the fluid are from metamorphic water mainly.There are two kinds of pyrites in Huangou deposit,one produced in fine quartz vein,the Co/Ni value is near 0,the other zonal pyrite produced in wall rocks near ore,the Co/Ni value of core and edge are quite different,which implies the zonal pyrites have multi-stage growth history.As-Co-Ni diagram show that pyrites from Jinkeng and Huanggou deposit are mainly metamorphic hydrothermal type,and the metallogenic temperature should be medium low temperature.Compared with that of Huanggou gold deposit,pyrites collected from Jinkeng deposit has higher trace element content(e.g.,Au,Ag,Cu,Pb and Zn),which suggests that the Jinkeng area has more better prospecting potential.According to less private mining,we infer the gold body are eroded slightly,there is still great prospecting in deep part of the deposit.

Key words: pyrite, composition typomorphism, gold deposit, genesis of deposit, Tongdao area, Hunan Province

中图分类号: 

  • P618.51

图1

雪峰弧形构造带地质简图[22]1.白垩系—上第三系;2.上三叠统—侏罗系;3.泥盆系—上三叠统;4.震旦系—志留系;5.板溪群和冷家溪群;6.断裂;7.花岗岩体;8.矿点;9.金矿;10.锑矿;11.钨矿"

图2

金坑—黄垢矿区地质图[23]1.下震旦统洪江组灰绿色含冰碛砾砂岩;2.下震旦统大塘坡组灰黑色含炭页岩偶夹含锰灰岩;3.上震旦统江口组上段灰绿色冰碛砾长石石英砂岩夹页岩;4.上震旦统江口组下段灰绿色冰碛砾砂岩和泥岩;5.板溪群漠滨组上段灰绿色绢云母板岩夹变质砂岩;6.漠滨组下段灰绿色绢云母板岩夹变质石英砂岩;7.基性岩;8.正断层及产状;9.逆断层及产状;10.平移断层;11.性质不明断层;12.地层界线;13.矿脉及编号;14.推测矿脉;15.产状;16.平行不整合界线;17.矿区范围"

图3

茶溪矿区地质图[24]1.下震旦统南沱组;2.下震旦统湘锰组;3.下震旦统江口组第三段;4.下震旦统江口组第二段;5.地质界线;6.矿体及编号;7.产状"

表1

金矿床岩矿石样品采集信息"

矿床名称采样位置样品编号样品简单描述矿石矿物及其组合
金坑地表露头SIF硅化带24-11含硫化物石英脉毒砂、黄铁矿
地表露头V1号脉24-12含硫化物石英脉毒砂、黄铁矿、黄铜矿
ZK601中H38-718-11硅化石英砂岩黄铁矿、毒砂
黄垢Ⅰ号矿体25-02含薄膜状黄铁矿脉石英脉黄铁矿
Ⅰ号矿体25-04含硫化物细脉围岩金红石、黄铁矿、闪锌矿
Ⅱ号矿体25-16蚀变岩黄铁矿
茶溪坑道内NW向矿体26-02含矿石英脉黄铁矿、赤铁矿
坑道内SN向矿体26-06含矿石英脉黝铜矿、黄铜矿、自然银

图4

通道地区金矿床含矿石英脉野外特征(a)金坑V6脉,浅变质板岩(①)中硅化蚀变破碎带(290°~320°∠60°~80°),矿体边界有褪色化带(②),石英脉(Qtz)破碎,带内硅化强烈,见砂糖状石英颗粒(③);(b)金坑V1脉,陡倾岩壁上见多组分支复合含毒砂等硫化物石英脉;(c)黄垢矿区LD4,洞壁见蚀变破碎带石英脉(产状180°∠25°);(d)黄垢矿区BT4,岩壁上见多条含硫化物石英细脉(300°∠65°),表面具褐铁矿化;(e)茶溪矿区,缓倾含硫化物石英脉(270°∠20°);(f)茶溪矿区V7-2矿脉,陡倾石英脉(200°∠78°),有羽状分叉支脉,含绿泥石和硫化物"

图5

金坑矿区矿石显微组构(a)含硫化物团块石英脉;(b)硅化含砾砂岩中含硫化物团块;(c)黄铁矿(PyJ)被包裹在毒砂中,黄铁矿呈半自形—自形,右侧颗粒为五角十二面体;(d)半自形毒砂交代自形立方体外形黄铁矿;(e)毒砂、黄铁矿和黄铜矿共生,黄铁矿为自形五角十二面体,黄铜矿为他形粒状;(f)半自形闪锌矿交代黄铁矿,黄铁矿有五角十二面体和立方体,以五角十二面体外形为主;(g)闪锌矿呈脉状交代毒砂;(h)、(i)呈斑点状产出的自形黄铁矿被针铁矿完全交代,呈假象结构,黄铁矿呈五角十二面体和立方体外形;Apy-毒砂;Py-黄铁矿;Ccp-黄铜矿;Sp-闪锌矿;Gt-针铁矿"

图6

黄垢矿区矿石显微组构(a)裂隙中含黄铁矿石英脉;(b)蚀变砂岩,其裂隙中以脉状产出硫化物,基质中也含硫化物;(c)含硫化物团块砂质板岩;(d)PyH-1为呈脉状产出在石英脉裂隙中的他形—半自形黄铁矿;(e)PyH-2产在蚀变砂岩裂隙中,呈半自形中粗粒或他形—半自形细粒;(f)PyH-3为产于蚀变砂岩中自形的具五角十二面体外形黄铁矿;(g)金红石交代半自形黄铁矿,金红石晚于黄铁矿生成;(h)PyH-4为自形立方体外形的黄铁矿,具环带结构,核部裂隙凹坑多,向边部变纯净,PyH-5为前者周围他形—半自形较细粒黄铁矿;(i)毒砂被拉长呈拔丝状,与黄铁矿共生,并交代黄铁矿;(j)毒砂交代黄铁矿,晚于黄铁矿生成;(k)针铁矿交代自形黄铁矿呈骸晶结构;(l)针铁矿交代自形黄铁矿呈假象结构;Apy-毒砂;Py-黄铁矿;Rt-金红石;Gt-针铁矿"

图7

茶溪矿区矿石显微组构(a)含硫化物绿泥石化石英脉;(b)黝铜矿裂隙中含少量黄铁矿及自然银;(c)产于石英脉裂隙中的半自形黄铁矿;(d)半自形黝铜矿与少量黄铜矿;(e)黄铁矿沿石英颗粒边缘产出,部分黄铁矿被针铁矿完全交代呈假象结构;(f)针铁矿沿裂隙充填;Py-黄铁矿;Slv-自然银;Ccp-黄铜矿;Gt-针铁矿;Td-黝铜矿"

图8

黄垢矿区金的赋存状态(a)银金矿包裹于黄铁矿中;(b)自然金产于绿泥石与黄铁矿粒间;(c)银金矿产于黄铁矿粒间;Py-黄铁矿;Gt-针铁矿;Au-自然金;Chl-绿泥石"

表2

黄铁矿电子探针分析结果"

样号类别产状自形程度AsSFeS/Fe
24-11-17PyJ石英大脉中半自形0.2654.3347.372.00
24-11-19PyJ石英大脉中半自形0.3554.3247.262.01
24-12-10PyJ石英大脉中半自形0.2754.3047.302.00
25-02-02PyH-1细脉中他形0.2354.0147.182.00
25-02-03PyH-1细脉中他形0.1853.8946.882.01
25-02-04PyH-1细脉中他形0.2253.7646.632.01
25-02-05PyH-1细脉中他形0.1753.9046.902.01
25-02-06PyH-1细脉中他形0.2353.9147.591.98
25-04-01PyH-3细脉中他形0.2053.7747.341.98
25-04-04PyH-3细脉中他形0.6153.2246.811.99
25-04-05PyH-3细脉中他形0.1853.8247.611.97
25-04-06PyH-3细脉中他形0.3452.1146.761.95
25-04-09PyH-3细脉中他形0.3653.9747.401.99
25-04-10PyH-3细脉中他形0.1853.9247.291.99
25-04-11PyH-3细脉中他形0.2253.4946.931.99
25-16-01PyH-4环带自形(核)0.3653.4547.611.96
25-16-02PyH-4环带自形0.9253.7147.331.98
25-16-07PyH-4环带自形(核)0.3553.3347.741.95
25-16-08PyH-4环带自形0.2253.7447.571.97
25-16-09PyH-4环带自形0.4053.5647.591.97
25-16-10PyH-4环带自形(边)0.2053.8947.811.97
25-16-11PyH-4环带自形(核)0.6151.8246.311.95
25-16-12PyH-4环带自形0.2053.8947.301.99
25-16-16PyH-4环带自形0.1953.9147.651.98
25-16-19PyH-4环带自形(核)0.3153.5047.771.96
25-16-20PyH-4环带自形0.2253.6347.811.96
25-16-21PyH-4环带自形0.1853.9447.801.97
25-16-22PyH-4环带自形0.4353.5546.911.99
25-16-23PyH-4环带自形(边)0.2753.9347.741.97
25-16-27PyH-4环带自形0.4453.6047.421.97
25-16-28PyH-4环带自形0.1754.2747.432.00
25-16-29PyH-4环带自形(边)0.2054.3647.212.01
25-16-24PyH-5细粒黄铁矿他形0.2154.3647.092.02
25-16-25PyH-5细粒黄铁矿半自形2.8352.3546.651.96
26-02-03PyC石英大脉中他形1.8852.1846.461.96
26-02-04PyC石英大脉中他形0.8953.846.902.00
26-02-05PyC石英大脉中他形2.5252.1447.061.93

表3

黄铁矿LA-ICPMS微量元素分析结果"

类别样号FeAsAuCoNiCuZnPbAgTiCrCo/Ni
PyJ24-11-01L46.45646.132.212.337.0719.2830.152.157.704.610.820.33
24-11-02L46.391 431.283.634.9811.70139.1732.731.3610.493.770.770.43
24-11-03L46.371 828.242.5722.9117.0520.3631.112.523.683.500.251.34
24-11-04L46.43978.372.5618.1118.3027.9215.935.2118.903.300.470.99
24-11-05L46.351 062.6814.0730.6317.8224.9413.815.3428.893.170.771.72
PyH-125-02-01L46.4441.850.021.734.145.460.000.000.003.412.040.42
25-02-02L46.498.890.010.9911.6838.562.150.010.293.090.780.08
25-02-03L46.4962.290.001.2410.256.160.000.000.482.665.330.12
25-02-04L46.4819.530.012.9919.3711.873.100.000.244.180.260.15
25-02-05L46.4827.910.020.160.9288.751.930.000.053.780.800.17
PyH-225-04-01L46.4910.410.00126.04116.601.260.000.700.003.480.221.08
25-04-07L46.5114.080.005.3521.690.350.000.120.013.600.380.25
25-04-08L46.42122.170.01782.49204.351.086.991.030.033.220.163.83
25-04-09L46.493.350.0173.3073.120.576.930.440.032.910.161.00
25-04-10L46.527.140.009.7628.380.547.670.220.013.020.260.34
PyH-325-04-02L46.41801.530.15323.7594.965.322.162.410.163.840.143.41
25-04-03L46.482.840.001.166.893.062.810.000.013.670.890.17
25-04-04L46.475.900.0316.5935.34158.201.170.080.203.140.760.47
25-04-05L46.486.790.0052.09118.15108.532.140.000.593.820.590.44
25-04-06L46.5010.420.003.8711.6522.233.890.000.173.740.680.33
PyH-425-16-01L45.872 658.040.044.5983.002.146.070.020.0710.744.180.06
25-16-02L46.5066.780.003.1669.480.770.000.000.032.640.500.05
25-16-03L46.5321.090.000.325.352.510.000.010.012.710.080.06
25-16-05L46.401 201.340.005.2590.481.854.540.020.003.450.870.06
25-16-06L46.233 594.840.000.328.543.800.000.010.043.381.390.04
25-16-07L46.5117.910.000.061.460.217.710.000.003.730.140.04
PyH-525-16-04L46.431 149.250.015.2285.031.370.000.010.003.760.170.06
25-16-08L45.2966.900.002.1655.1041.180.000.030.0713.876.920.04
25-16-09L46.4770.510.012.3063.4351.670.000.020.023.973.560.04
25-16-10L46.46286.990.002.0261.754.754.750.000.003.650.290.03

图9

黄铁矿δFe-δS(a)和(Fe+S)-As图解(b)[20]"

图10

黄铁矿As-S(a)和Co-Ni(b)相关性图解"

图11

黄铁矿As-Co-Ni图解[17]注:Ⅰ和Ⅱ区完全重合,分别表示火山热液和岩浆热液;Ⅲ区表示热水淋滤型(卡林型);Ⅳ区表示变质热液型"

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