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黄金科学技术 ›› 2022, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (6): 809-821.doi: 10.11872/j.issn.1005-2518.2022.06.178

• 矿产勘查与资源评价 •    

乌兰茶卡北山含矿伟晶岩地球化学特征及地质意义

王建国1,2(),张世珍3(),邢佳1,王志男1,魏生云1,胡建1   

  1. 1.青海大学地质工程系,青海 西宁 810016
    2.矿物加工科学与技术国家重点实验室,北京 102628
    3.甘肃省地质矿产勘查开发局第三地质矿产勘查院,甘肃 兰州 730050
  • 收稿日期:2021-11-26 修回日期:2022-10-18 出版日期:2022-12-31 发布日期:2023-01-06
  • 通讯作者: 张世珍 E-mail:lywjg467047@126.com;2097798599@qq.com
  • 作者简介:王建国(1972-),男,河南平顶山人,博士,副教授,研究生导师,从事成矿预测、资源勘查、地球物理及矿山安全等方面的教学和研究工作。lywjg467047@126.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目“基于微观层面分析的岩矿电阻率耦合机理及其模型:以查藏错铜铅锌矿床为例”(42164007);青海省应用基础研究计划项目“柴北缘地区铍矿床成矿约束条件、地质意义及靶区优选”(2019-ZJ-7022);矿物加工科学与技术国家重点实验室开放基金项目“典型金属矿物标型特征及其对可选性的影响”(BGRIMM-KJSKL-2020-04)

Geochemical Characteristics and Geological Significance of Ore-bearing Pegmatites in the Wulan Chakabeishan Area

Jianguo WANG1,2(),Shizhen ZHANG3(),Jia XING1,Zhinan WANG1,Shengyun WEI1,Jian HU1   

  1. 1.Department of Geological Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, Qinghai, China
    2.State Key Laboratory of Mineral Processing Science and Technology, Beijing 102628, China
    3.The Third Institute of Geology and Minerals Exploration, Gansu Provincial Bureau of Geology and Minerals Exploration and Development, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China
  • Received:2021-11-26 Revised:2022-10-18 Online:2022-12-31 Published:2023-01-06
  • Contact: Shizhen ZHANG E-mail:lywjg467047@126.com;2097798599@qq.com

摘要:

伟晶岩型矿床是稀有金属矿产的主要来源之一,我国西部地区的稀有金属矿床也以伟晶岩型为典型。柴达木盆地北缘乌兰茶卡北山地区岩浆活动频繁,伟晶岩体发育,具有形成稀有金属矿床的良好条件。为了进一步了解伟晶岩的地球化学特征,加深对区域构造演化以及稀有金属成矿和控矿条件的认识,选择该地区含矿伟晶岩作为研究对象,通过分析岩石矿物组合、岩相学特征、主微量及稀土元素组成,解释了侵入古元古界达肯大坂岩群中的伟晶岩地球化学特征。研究发现样品全碱含量较高,这与形成于大陆弧或板块碰撞环境下的成岩特征相似。稀土配分曲线为右倾型,轻重稀土分馏明显,具有Eu中等负异常,推测含矿伟晶岩源区不仅与地壳有关,而且还具有幔源镁铁质岩浆参与的可能性。研究结果表明:研究区内含矿伟晶岩属于亚碱性岩石类型,轻稀土元素富集,重稀土元素亏损,分馏程度较高,反映出在岩浆演化及伟晶岩成岩过程中幔源物质可能参与了稀有稀土金属的成矿作用。研究认为伟晶岩的物质来源不仅与地壳有关,而且还有幔源物质的参与,推断含矿伟晶岩的地质构造环境可能为后碰撞或碰撞后伸展环境。

关键词: 伟晶岩, 地球化学, 物质来源, 构造环境, 稀有金属矿床, 柴北缘

Abstract:

Rare,scattered and rare earth non-ferrous metals is new strategic key mineral resources.At present,some research understandings and breakthroughs have been made in the mineralization and prospecting of key metal deposits in China.Pegmatite type deposit is one of the main sources of rare metal mineral resources,and the rare metal deposits is the most typical of pegmatite types in western China.The magmatic activities are very frequent,and the magmatic rocks are widely distributed,mainly medium-acidic rocks,and very few basite and ultrabasic rock in the Wulan Chakabeishan area of the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin.The main types of rocks with good conditions for forming rare metal deposits,which include syenite granite,monzonitic granite,granodiorite,quartz diorite,tonalite,diorite,gabbro,etc.In order to further understand the geochemical characteristics of the ore-bearing pegmatites in the research area and deepen the understanding of regional tectonic evolution,the mineralization of rare metals and the ore-controlling conditions,the ore-bearing pegmatite was taken as the research object,and the rock mineral features,main trace and rare earth elements composition were analyzed.In the study area,pegmatite vein was band-distributed,outputed in clusters,various types,morphological pulse,beads,lens,and under obvious structural control.The types of pegmatite that closely related to the mineralization of rare metals include mainly muscovite-biotite granite,syenite granite pegmatite,monzonitic granite pegmatite,quartz diorite pegmatite and granodiorite pegmatite.The study found that the ore-bearing pegmatites have high total alkali content,which is similar to the diagenesis characteristics formed in the continental arc or plate collision environment.The partition curve of rare earth is right-leaning,and the light and heavy rare earth fractionation is obvious,and the Eu with medium negative anomaly,it is speculated that the ore-bearing pegmatite source area is not only related to the crust,but also has the possibility of mantle source mafic magma was participated.The results show that the pegmatites were classified and named by the total alkalisili-con (TAS) classification map of the igneous rock system,the samples all fall in the granite-quartz monzonite-syenite area,which belongs to the sub-alkaline rock,and ore-bearing pegmatites have the characteristics of high silicon and overaluminum,and the pegmatites may have experienced the crystallization and separation of mica and feldspar.In this research region,the light rare earth elements is enriched,the heavy rare earth elements is lossed and the fractionation degree is high about ore-bearing pegmatite,it reflects that the mantle source material may be involved in the mineralization of rare metals and rare earth in the magma evolution and diagenetic process of pegmatite.The mineralization is more likely about Rb,Th,Cs,Ce and other rare metal,Ba,Zr,Hf,Nb,Ta,Li and other rare metals have potential for mineralization,and Sr,Y and other rare metals mineralization is little possibility.It is considered that the material source of pegmatites is related to the crust and the participation of mantle source material,and it is inferred that the geological tectonic environment of ore-bearing pegmatites may be post-collision or post-collision extension.The results of the research can provide a theoretical basis for the prospecting of pegmatite type rare metal deposits in the later stage.

Key words: pegmatite, geochemistry, material source, tectonic environment, rare metal deposits, north Qaidam

中图分类号: 

  • P618.6

图1

柴北缘区域地质图(据俞军真,2021修改)1.太古宙—古元古代变质基地;2.中新元古代深变质岩石;3.新元古代(?)变质岩;4.新生代沉积岩;5.早古生代俯冲增生杂岩;6.早古生代沉积建造;7.晚古生代—中生代沉积建造;8.断层;9.HP/LT变质岩;10.超高压变质岩;11.花岗岩;12研究区"

图2

乌兰茶卡北山伟晶岩手标本照片(a)石英二长伟晶岩;(b)钠长石化白云母花岗伟晶岩;(c)二长花岗伟晶岩;(d)正长花岗伟晶岩"

图3

乌兰茶卡北山伟晶岩显微镜下照片(a)石英二长伟晶岩;(b)钠长石化白云母花岗伟晶岩;(c)二长花岗伟晶岩;(d)正长花岗伟晶岩Kfs-钾长石;Pl-斜长石;Qtz-石英;Ab-钠长石;Ms-白云母;Bt-黑云母"

表1

乌兰茶卡北山含矿伟晶岩主量元素组成"

氧化物样品编号及测试结果/%
CKBS-1CKBS-2CKBS-3CKBS-4CKBS-5CKBS-6
SiO261.3174.1762.7562.2271.3571.49
Al2O313.9012.7017.0317.2413.5613.82
CaO3.141.102.903.121.441.01
MgO4.110.251.441.400.240.25
K2O7.445.244.424.545.315.32
Na2O2.292.743.984.043.833.92
TiO20.890.241.011.070.200.32
P2O50.380.100.300.310.090.16
MnO0.080.040.060.070.030.03
TFe2O34.932.454.254.212.072.55
LOI1.011.151.691.862.111.78
K2O+Na2O9.737.988.408.589.149.24

图4

火成岩系统全碱—硅(TAS)分类图(底图据Middlemost,1994)1-橄榄辉长岩;2a-碱性辉长岩;2b-亚碱性辉长岩;3-辉长闪长岩;4-闪长岩;5-花岗闪长岩;6-花岗岩;7-硅英岩;8-二长辉长岩;9-二长闪长岩;10-二长岩;11-石英二长岩;12-正长岩;13-副长石辉长岩;14-副长石二长闪长岩;15-副长石二长正长岩;16-副长正长岩;17-副长深成岩;18-霓方钠岩/磷霞岩/粗白榴岩"

表2

乌兰茶卡北山含矿伟晶岩微量元素组成"

元素样品编号及测试结果/(×10-6
CKBS-1CKBS-2CKBS-3CKBS-4CKBS-5CKBS-6
Rb387.00266.00134.00138.50229.00234.00
Ba2 600.00454.001 680.001 665.00689.00937.00
Nb24.4015.8020.9021.4012.0019.20
Ce151.50121.00177.50192.5088.6066.60
Ta1.671.061.421.490.631.07
Sr702.0093.60771.00775.00139.00145.50
Be5.343.352.873.351.902.43
Li25.8034.5039.9046.8020.2023.60
Y29.3063.7010.5011.0034.1041.80
Cs19.655.413.134.002.703.14
Zr507.00223.00421.00438.00184.00264.00
Hf12.706.6010.0010.405.707.90
Ga21.5023.6024.7024.5022.9024.10
Pb54.8030.0043.2036.0029.5028.60
Th43.7037.6041.6048.8019.6529.70
U6.562.743.904.122.642.98
Rb/Sr0.552.840.170.181.651.61
Nb/Ta14.6114.9114.7214.3619.0517.94

图5

微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图(底图据Sun et al.,1989)"

表3

乌兰茶卡北山含矿伟晶岩稀土元素组成"

元素样品编号及测试结果/(×10-6
CKBS-1CKBS-2CKBS-3CKBS-4CKBS-5CKBS-6
La71.8061.1094.30102.0044.2030.30
Ce151.50121.00177.50192.5088.6066.60
Pr18.1013.9519.1020.4010.558.01
Nd68.9050.8065.9068.2039.1031.20
Sm12.3011.259.9110.358.798.41
Eu2.850.921.831.950.710.75
Gd8.6811.805.765.907.668.22
Tb1.141.990.670.701.211.42
Dy5.6711.302.682.676.417.85
Ho1.042.270.370.381.101.40
Er2.746.220.700.772.793.64
Tm0.360.850.080.090.380.51
Yb2.255.090.410.442.162.89
Lu0.330.720.050.060.300.39
ΣREE347.66299.26379.26406.41213.96171.59
LREE325.45259.02368.54395.4191.95145.27
HREE22.2140.2410.7211.0122.0126.32
LREE/HREE14.656.4434.3835.918.725.52
LaN/YbN22.898.61164.98166.2814.687.52
LaN/SmN5.845.439.529.865.033.60
δEu0.800.240.680.700.260.27
δCe1.000.980.970.980.971.03

图6

稀土元素球粒陨石标准化分布型式图(底图据Sun et al.,1989)"

图7

LaN/YbN-δEu物源图解(底图据陈佑纬等,2009)"

图8

构造环境判别图VAG-火山弧花岗岩;syn-COLG-同碰撞花岗岩;WPG-板内花岗岩;ORG-洋脊花岗岩;RRG-与裂谷有关的花岗岩;CEUG-与大陆造山有关的花岗岩"

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