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黄金科学技术 ›› 2020, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (5): 646-657.doi: 10.11872/j.issn.1005-2518.2020.05.110

• 绿色胶凝材料专栏 • 上一篇    下一篇

矿区典型环境污染及其充填胶凝固定化研究进展

那华1(),吕国诚1(),张丹2,王丽娟1,廖立兵1,郭利杰2,孔令常1,武丽娟1,卞健华1   

  1. 1.中国地质大学(北京)材料科学与工程学院,非金属矿物与固废资源材料化利用北京市重点实验室,北京 100083
    2.矿冶科技集团有限公司,北京 100160
  • 收稿日期:2020-06-13 修回日期:2020-07-21 出版日期:2020-10-31 发布日期:2020-11-05
  • 通讯作者: 吕国诚 E-mail:2103180038@cugb.edu.cn;guochenglv@cugb.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:那华 (1996-),男,河南淅川人,硕士研究生,从事充填胶凝材料研究工作。2103180038@cugb.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目“基于有色冶炼渣的绿色充填胶凝材料制备及其性能合作研究”(2017YFE0107000);国家自然科学基金重点项目“多金属矿山尾矿渗滤液复杂污染物的原位修复及机理研究”(41831288)

Research Progress of Typical Environmental Pollution in Polymetallic Mining Area and Its Filling and Gel Immobilization

Hua NA1(),Guocheng LÜ1(),Dan ZHANG2,Lijuan WANG1,Libing LIAO1,Lijie GUO2,Lingchang KONG1,Lijuan WU1,Jianhua BIAN1   

  1. 1.School of Materials Science and Technology,Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes,China University of Geosciences,Beijing 100083,China
    2.BGRIMM Technology Group,Beijing 110160,China
  • Received:2020-06-13 Revised:2020-07-21 Online:2020-10-31 Published:2020-11-05
  • Contact: Guocheng Lü E-mail:2103180038@cugb.edu.cn;guochenglv@cugb.edu.cn

摘要:

在矿山开采和金属冶炼过程中产生的尾矿、冶炼渣等固体废弃物堆积,已成为矿区环境保护、生产生活安全方面的主要问题。矿区典型的污染包括铅锌、铬、镉、锰及砷等污染,对矿区的地下水、土壤及人民健康造成了极大的威胁。充填采矿法不仅能够有效解决尾矿大宗固废的处置问题,而且胶结充填材料对矿区固废的重金属污染起到固定化作用。目前,国内外的研究重点多集中在材料的充填性能和胶凝机理上,针对其重金属溶出、对重金属的固定化机理等基础研究尚不充分。本文提出了矿区典型的污染物种类,综述了其充填胶凝固定化研究进展,通过分析目前存在的问题,对充填胶凝材料发展做出展望。本研究将为我国充填胶凝材料研究人员、有关部门管理者提供参考。

关键词: 矿区, 固体废弃物, 典型污染, 充填胶凝材料, 重金属固定化

Abstract:

The accumulation of solid waste such as tailings,smelting slag and mined-out areas caused by mining and smelting of mines has become the main problems in environmental protection,production and life safety in mining area.Typical pollution in mining areas includes lead-zinc,chromium,cadmium,manganese and arsenic pollution,which poses a great threat to groundwater,soil and health.Filling mining method is a new mining technology,which can not only effectively solve the problem of goaf collapse,but also immobilize the heavy metal by fill materials.At present,the reported studies mainly focus on the filling properties and gelation mechanism of filling cementitious material.However,the basic researches on the dissolution behavior and the immobilization mechanism of heavy metals are not enough yet.In this paper,the pollution features,dissolution behavior and migration mechanism of the typical contaminants in mining area,such as the lead,zinc,arsenic,chromium,cadmium,manganese and other harmful substances are presented.Through the ways of wastewater emission,atmospheric deposition,surface runoff,leaching,soil infiltration,the contaminant pollutes the atmosphere,water and soil around the mining area in the form of acid wastewater,waste gas or solid waste.The research progress on filling and immobilization of cementitious materials based on the solid waste from mining area,such as lead-zinc slag,blast furnace slag,chromium-containing slag,metal mine tailings are reviewed.The immobilization mechanism of harmful substances on the cementitious materials based on the solid waste from mining area is related to a series of physical and chemical behaviors,such as adsorption,precipitation,ions exchange,physical coating.However,the current study on the immobilization mechanism for harmful sub-stances on filling cementitious materials is not enough yet.Aiming at the present study and existing problems,prospects for the development of filling cementitious materials was put forward.The further study on filling cementitious materials could focus on the following aspects:Dissolution regulation and mechanism of heavy metals in tailings,smelting slag and cementitious materials,immobilization performance for harmful substances on cementitious materials based on solid waste,chemical composition,structure,reaction mechanism,relationship between product and solidified harmful substances,the effect on microstructure by harmful substance.This article could provide reference for the researchers and government officials for the development of filling cementitious materials.

Key words: mining area, solid waste, typical pollution, filling cementitious material, heavy metal immobilization

中图分类号: 

  • TD853

表1

矿区典型污染特征及污染物迁移转化机制"

矿区污染来源矿山毒性特点、破坏性迁移特征修复治理
铅锌污染柴北缘锡铁山铅锌矿区难降解、易富集、易致癌,污染周边土壤和水体,破坏水土平衡富集于土壤表面,整体呈现Pb、Zn元素质量浓度随土壤深度的增加而减小的趋势周边覆盖健康土壤和石块;水泥混合固化;尾矿固废物充填采空区
铬污染徐州煤矿六价铬Cr(Ⅵ)属剧毒重金属,其溶解度大、迁移能力强,过量的铬会对呼吸系统和胃肠道系统产生刺激、致癌、致突变作用煤矿周边铬含量超出土壤自降解能力范围,通过土壤渗透方式使小麦农作物吸收铬,铬含量浓度呈先下降后上升的趋势生物降解、碱矿渣胶凝材料还原固Cr(Ⅵ)
镉污染贵州野马川镇金属采矿冶炼区镉属于有毒重金属,人体内较低含量的镉即可引发肺癌等慢性疾病镉具有高迁移率和强效性,易富集于表土层,通过淋溶作用以离子交换形式向土壤深度迁移,对浅层地下水造成威胁土壤固定、有机质降解、植物吸附、矿渣充填胶凝材料
锰污染福建龙岩市软锰矿过度摄入Mn元素会导致锰中毒,损坏人体运动器官和神经系统,严重者还会出现锰中毒帕金森综合症矿物尾矿在低pH值条件下通过还原作用释放锰离子。水体微生物活动可显著促进锰元素迁移转化。pH值变化是锰在流域土壤—河流系统迁移转化的重要调控机制源头控制、防止河流酸化
砷污染湖南石门雄黄矿区砷具毒性、致畸性和致癌性,其周边村落已有“癌症村”之称含砷废弃物溶解后发生多次沉淀,且吸附的五价砷不稳定易再次释放

矿渣—钢渣基胶

凝材料固化砷

其他污染广东大宝山多金属硫化物矿区酸性矿山废水会使水体和土壤酸化,其中富含的硫酸根、铬酸根、铜离子等危害生态系统和人体健康酸性废水排放时硫酸根通过吸附和固定化形成吸附态硫和酯键硫,铜、铬酸根等受酸度影响从黄钾铁钒矿物中溶出次生矿物通过吸附/共沉淀固定钝化

表2

矿冶固废基充填胶凝材料环境行为研究现状"

矿冶固废基胶凝材料主要污染来源应用方式固化机理研究现状
铅锌矿渣基胶凝材料铅、锌、铜等污染胶凝材料原料、地聚合物、碱活化胶凝材料物理包封与化学固定、锌离子氧化物或进入钠长石中铅锌矿开发较早,基础性质研究较为成熟,深入研究机理有助于铅锌矿渣的应用发展
高炉矿渣基胶凝材料锰、镉、砷等污染混凝土掺合料、水泥替代品C-S-H凝胶包封我国对高炉矿渣的应用研究技术较为落后,对高炉矿渣基胶凝材料的固化机理研究也较为缺乏
含铬矿渣基胶凝材料铬、铬酸根等污染胶凝材料原料铬与钙矾石水合相键合、C-S-H凝胶包封、价态控制铬的性质较为复杂,多方面探究其固化机理有助于含铬矿渣的广泛应用
金属矿尾矿制备的相关材料锰、铅、铜等污染骨料、水泥替代品物理包封我国对尾矿及其所制备材料的环境行为研究较少,对有害元素的固定化机理研究较为缺乏
非金属矿尾矿/石膏基胶凝材料砷、磷、氟等污染胶凝材料原料、水泥替代品C-S-H凝胶包封与化学沉淀非金属废弃物成分、结构相对复杂,因此相较于金属矿尾矿研究较少
煤矸石基胶凝材料磷等污染碱激发地聚合物煤矸石现多用于土地复垦方面,在充填胶凝材料方面的研究十分缺乏
其他固废基胶凝材料铅、铬等污染胶凝材料原料垃圾焚烧飞灰等固体废弃物的研究多集中于其有害元素固定方面,缺乏对其固化机理的研究
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